Denne rapport, der er en del af en årlig serie om mindstelønninger, sammenfatter den vigtigste udvikling i løbet af 2019 og begyndelsen af 2020 i forhold til EU-initiativet om rimelige lønninger og inddrager de nationale debatter om fastsættelsen af niveauerne for 2020 og derefter i denne sammenhæng. Rapporten beskriver, hvordan mindstelønningerne blev fastsat, og arbejdsmarkedsparternes rolle. Den drøfter udviklingen inden for de lovbestemte mindstelønninger og fremlægger data om mindstelønsniveauer i kollektive overenskomster vedrørende 10 lavtlønnede job for lande uden lovbestemte mindstelønninger. Rapporten indeholder også et afsnit om den regionale dimension af mindstelønninger og præsenterer den seneste forskning i virkningerne af mindstelønsændringer for løn, beskæftigelse, fattigdom blandt personer i arbejde, priser og fortjeneste.
Key findings
I 2019 var der mange lande, der drøftede en yderligere væsentlig stigning i mindstelønnen efter 2020, delvist i forhold til et relativt mål, delvis i absolutte tal.
De lovbestemte mindstelønninger er blevet mere retfærdige i forhold til andre arbejdstageres lønninger siden begyndelsen af dette årtusind (når man sammenligner de lovbestemte mindstelønninger med medianlønnen for alle arbejdstagere).
På trods af denne opadgående tendens ligger mindstelønnen i de fleste lande fortsat under 60 % eller endda under 50 % af medianlønnen. Dette gælder især i de central- og østeuropæiske medlemsstater, som startede på et meget lavt niveau i begyndelsen af årtusindet, og som fortsat har mål på omkring eller under 50 % i deres mindstelønslovgivning.
Samlet set oplyser 7 ud af 10 arbejdstagere på mindsteløn, at det til en vis grad er vanskeligt at få enderne til at nå sammen, sammenlignet med mindre end 5 ud af 10 andre arbejdstagere. Disse tal varierer dog betydeligt på tværs af landene. F.eks. finder under 10 % af arbejdstagerne på mindsteløn i Danmark, Finland, Tyskland og Sverige det vanskeligt til meget vanskeligt sammenlignet med 50 % til 60 % i Bulgarien, Kroatien og Cypern, og 80 % i Grækenland.
Regeringerne i hele Europa reagerer med indkomststabiliseringsforanstaltninger for dem, der er berørt af covid-19-krisen. Mindstelønninger kan spille en rolle i policy-mixet til stabilisering af indkomsterne og følgelig efterspørgslen og dermed modvirke en nedadgående spiral mod økonomisk tilbagegang eller økonomisk krise.
Data
Find data on statutory minimum wages in the EU.
- Data: Proportion of minimum wage workers who find it difficult to make ends meet, EU average
- Data: Minimum wage developments in real terms, 15 euro area countries, 2015 price levels
- Data: Proportion of minimum wage workers who find it difficult to make ends meet
- Data: Statutory minimum wages - Minimum wages in the EU in 2020
List of tables
- Table 1: Social partners’ first reactions to the announced initiative on fair wages
- Table 2: Overview of main arguments and proposals concerning an EU minimum wage initiative from social partners
- Table 3: Gross minimum wages, selected EU Member States and the UK, 2019 and 2020
- Table 4: Sub-minimum rates for selected EU Member States and the UK as at 1 January 2020
- Table 5: Further statutory minimum wage rates for private sector workers in selected EU Member States
- Table 6: Number of collective agreements covering low-paying job categories for countries without statutory minimum wages
- Table 7: Minimum wages in collective agreements, applicable in 2019 for selected low-paid jobs
- Table 8: Collective agreement coverage in Finland
- Table 9: Overview of debates during 2019 on aspects of the minimum wage setting processes
- Table 10: Demands for and agreements on targets for future minimum wages to address adequacy in selected EU Member States and the UK
- Table 11: Regional statutory minimum wage rates
- Table 12: Latest minimum wage research in EU Member States and the UK
- Table 13: Overview of recent empirical research in the EU, Norway and the UK on employment impacts of minimum wage increases, 2019
- Table 14: Policies influencing in-work poverty
- Table A1: Network of Eurofound Correspondents – Members participating in the research
List of figures
- Figure 1: Conceptualising adequate minimum wages
- Figure 2: Estimated share of employees earning 90% to 110% of the minimum wage, EU Member States, 2017
- Figure 3: Proportions of female and male employees, EU level, 2017
- Figure 4: Proportion of minimum wage workers per sector, EU level, 2017
- Figure 5: Proportion of minimum wage workers per occupation (top 10), EU level, 2017
- Figure 6: Hourly minimum wages, selected EU Member States, 2020
- Figure 7: Minimum wage developments in real terms, 15 euro area countries, 2015 price levels
- Figure 8: Minimum wage developments in real terms, non-euro area, 2015 price levels
- Figure 9: Impact of purchasing power on the minimum wage value for selected EU Member States and the UK, as at 1 January 2020
- Figure 10: Relative distance between purchasing power of lowest and median minimum wage EU Member States and the UK and highest minimum wage EU Member States and the UK, 2010–2020
- Figure 11: Process for determining minimum wage rates for 2020
- Figure 12: Number of minimum wage rate updates, EU Member States with statutory minimum wages and the UK, since 2010
- Figure 13: Longer-term trend of development of statutory minimum wages relative to median wages of full-time employed workers, selected countries within the EU and the UK, 2000–2018
- Figure 14: Proportion of minimum wage workers who find it difficult to make ends meet, EU average
- Figure 15: Proportion of minimum wage workers who find it difficult to make ends meet
- Figure 16: Making ends meet and minimum wages in relative and absolute terms
- Figure 17: Monthly minimum wage as a proportion of the mean value of average monthly earnings by NUTS1 region, reference year 2016
- Figure 18: Regional variation of relative monthly minimum wages, by NUTS1 region, 2016
- Figure 19: Examples of countries with higher interregional differences in the proportion of minimum wage workers
- Number of pages
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86
- Reference nº
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EF20005
- ISBN
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978-92-897-2068-7
- Catalogue nº
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TJ-AS-20-001-EN-N
- DOI
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10.2806/999852
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