Living conditions and quality of life
Maa- ja linnapiirkondade lõhe ületamine: ebavõrdsuse vähendamine ja kogukondade võimestamine
Published:
18 October 2023
Uuendatud:
20 oktoober 2023
Research report
Abstract
Lissaboni lepinguga kehtestati Euroopa ühtekuuluvuse kolmanda mõõtmena territoriaalne ühtekuuluvus. Vaatamata sellele, et poliitikas omistatakse suurt tähtsust geograafiliselt tasakaalustatud majandusarengu saavutamisele, esineb maa- ja linnapiirkondade vahel endiselt erinevusi elamistingimustes. Mõnel juhul need erinevused suurenevad. Käesolevas aruandes kajastatakse maa- ja linnapiirkondade sotsiaalsete, poliitiliste, kultuuriliste ja majanduslike näitajate erinevusi. Need erinevused võivad tõsiselt ohustada sotsiaalset ühtekuuluvust Euroopas. Aruandes leitakse, et maapiirkondade elanikud tajuvad end sagedamini valitsuse poolt eiratuna ning nende usaldus valitsuste ja institutsioonide vastu on väiksem kui linnaelanikel. Lisaks on avalike teenuste osutamine maapiirkondades halvem kui linnapiirkondades ning teenuste osutamises on pidevalt lünki. Et tagada helge tulevik kõigile piirkondadele, tuleb leida uuenduslikud lahendused võitluseks majanduslanguse vastu. Aruandes kirjeldatakse liikmesriikides kasutusele võetud loomingulisi lahendusi teenuste osutamiseks äärealadel.
Key findings
• Kõigis Euroopa piirkondades tasakaalustatud geograafilise arengu tagamise eesmärk on sätestatud Lissaboni lepingus. Sellele püüdlusele vaatamata püsivad Euroopa maa- ja linnapiirkondade vahel siiski märkimisväärsed sissetulekute ja elamistingimuste erinevused, kusjuures linnapiirkondades on keskmiselt suurem tööhõive määr ja kõrgem inimkapitali tase, ning mediaansissetuleku lõhe on viimasel aastakümnel suurenenud peaaegu 20%.
• Maapiirkondade elanikud on eelisseisundis eluasemekulude ja -tingimuste osas: ainult 6%-l leibkondadest on liiga suured eluasemekulud, võrreldes 9%-ga linnapiirkondade leibkondadest. Maaelanikud on suurema tõenäosusega oma eluruumi omanikud ja elavad suuremates eluruumides ning kogevad vähem saastatust ja kuritegevust. Looduskeskkond, kus nad elavad, pakub ka võimalusi kliimaneutraalsuse saavutamiseks.
• On oluline, et kvaliteetsed avalikud teenused oleksid kättesaadavad kõigis valdkondades, et suurendada usaldust kodanike seas, kes tunnevad, et nende kogukonnad on kõrvale jäetud, sest tähelepanekud tõendavad, et ebavõrdsed võimalused ja tunnustuse puudumine võivad suurendada rahulolematust, õõnestades sotsiaalset sallivust ja usaldust. See üldine usalduse puudumine maapiirkondade elanike seas on eriti murettekitav, seetõttu on vaja pöörata suuremat poliitilist tähelepanu maapiirkondadele ja nende majandusinvesteeringutele.
• Maapiirkondade naised kogevad lisaprobleeme, sealhulgas suuremat soolise tööhõive lõhet ja konservatiivsemaid hoiakuid. Poliitikameetmed peaksid seega julgustama maapiirkondade naisi sisenema tööjõuturule ja seal püsima. Selle oluline komponent on kvaliteetsete lapsehoiuteenuste kättesaadavuse tagamine maapiirkondades.
• On äärmiselt oluline, et liikmesriigid prioriseeriksid investeeringuid maakogukondade haridusse ja koolitusse, sest maaelanikel ei ole samasugust juurdepääsu teenustele ja taristule, sealhulgas koolidele ja kiirele lairibaühendusele, kui linnapiirkondades. Need erinevused maa- ja linnapiirkondade elamistingimustes ja avalikes teenustes näivad mõjuvat sotsiaalsele kapitalile, kusjuures maapiirkondade elanikud tunnevad tõenäolisemalt, et keskvalitsused ei tunnusta nende endi ega nende kogukondade rolli.
The report contains the following lists of tables and figures.
List of tables
- Table 1: Indicators used to assess the rural–urban divide in income, poverty and living conditions
- Table 2: Summarising rural–urban gaps in income, poverty and living conditions
- Table 3: Indicators used to assess the rural–urban divide in employment and opportunity
- Table 4: Summarising rural–urban gaps in employment and opportunities, 2012–2021
- Table 5: Individual and community recognition gaps
- Table 6: Variables from the EVS used to measure cultural differences
- Table 7: List of survey questions used to analyse political participation
- Table 8: Political participation indicators, by degree of urbanisation and political participation type, EU27, 2022 (%)
- Table 9: Political participation variables in Eurofound’s Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey
List of figures
- Figure 1: Distribution of population, by degree of urbanisation, EU27, 2020 (%)
- Figure 2: Urban population as a share of the total population, by region, 1960–2021 (%)
- Figure 3: Financial hardship in rural and urban areas throughout the COVID-19 crisis
- Figure 4: Employment situation of rural and urban residents throughout the COVID-19 crisis
- Figure 5: Median income, by Member State and degree of urbanisation, 2021 (€)
- Figure 6: Convergence trends in median income rate, by degree of urbanisation, 2012–2021 (€)
- Figure 7: AROPE rate, by Member State and degree of urbanisation, 2021 (%)
- Figure 8: Convergence trends in AROPE rate, by degree of urbanisation, 2012–2021 (%)
- Figure 9: Capacity to meet living costs (a) and ownership of assets and appliances (b) as proxies of the rural–urban gap in living standards
- Figure 10: Housing cost overburden rate, by Member State and degree of urbanisation, 2021 (%)
- Figure 11: Convergence trends in housing cost overburden rate, 2012–2021 (%)
- Figure 12: Aggregate home and neighbourhood characteristics (a) and structural quality (b) as proxies of the rural–urban gap in housing conditions
- Figure 13: Employment rate among 20- to 64-year-olds, by Member State and degree of urbanisation, 2021 (%)
- Figure 14: Convergence in employment rate, by degree of urbanisation, 2012–2021 (%)
- Figure 15: NEET rate, by Member State and degree of urbanisation, 2021 (%)
- Figure 16: Convergence in NEET rate, by degree of urbanisation, 2012–2021 (%)
- Figure 17: Tertiary educational attainment, by Member State and degree of urbanisation, 2021 (%)
- Figure 18: Convergence in tertiary educational attainment, by degree of urbanisation, 2012–2021 (%)
- Figure 19: Population with at least basic digital skills, by Member State and degree of urbanisation, 2021 (%)
- Figure 20: Individual recognition gap, by Member State and degree of urbanisation (%)
- Figure 21: Community recognition gap, by Member State and degree of urbanisation (%)
- Figure 22: Individual and community recognition gaps
- Figure 23: Gender equality index, by Member State and degree of urbanisation, 2017
- Figure 24: Liberal morality index, by Member State and degree of urbanisation, 2017
- Figure 25: Immigrant acceptance index, by Member State and degree of urbanisation, 2017
- Figure 26: Estimate of urbanisation level as a predictor of views of gender equality, liberal morality, immigrant acceptance and social tolerance, 2008 and 2017
- Figure 27: Share of respondents who voted in their last national election, by Member State and degree of urbanisation (%)
- Figure 28: Share of respondents who have attended a meeting of a trade union, political party or political group, by Member State and degree of urbanisation (%)
- Figure 29: Share of respondents who have contacted a politician or a public official, by Member State and degree of urbanisation (%)
- Figure 30: Share of respondents who have attended a protest or demonstration, by Member State and degree of urbanisation (%)
- Figure 31: Share of respondents who have signed a petition, by Member State and degree of urbanisation (%)
- Figure 32: Share of respondents who have commented on an issue online, by Member State and degree of urbanisation (%)
- Figure 33: Share of respondents who have boycotted a product or service of a company, by Member State and degree of urbanisation (%)
- Figure 34: Logistic regression results for formal and informal political participation, by degree of urbanisation
- Figure 35: Trust in government, trust in the EU, and satisfaction with democracy, by degree of urbanisation, EU27
- Figure 36: Trust in government, by Member State and degree of urbanisation (%)
- Figure 37: Trust in the EU, by Member State and degree of urbanisation (%)
- Figure 38: Satisfaction with democracy, by Member State and degree of urbanisation (%)
- Figure 39: Logistic regression results for trust in institutions and satisfaction with democracy, by degree of urbanisation, 2022
- Figure 40: Likelihood of perceiving services as poor quality, by degree of urbanisation
- Number of pages
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92
- Reference nº
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EF22027
- ISBN
-
978-92-897-2350-3
- Catalogue nº
-
TJ-04-23-916-EN-N
- DOI
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10.2806/647715
- Permalink
Cite this publication
Eurofound (2023), Bridging the rural–urban divide: Addressing inequalities and empowering communities, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.