Working conditions and sustainable work
Abstract
Šajā pamatziņojumā ir apkopoti Eurofound 2017.–2020. gada plānošanas periodā veiktā pētījuma par darba apstākļiem galvenie konstatējumi. Tajā ir sniegts pārskats par progresu, kas kopš 2000. gada panākts darba apstākļu uzlabošanas jomā, un analizēts, vai pozitīvās pārmaiņas ir vienlīdz skārušas visus darba ņēmējus. Tajā ir uzsvērts, kurām grupām ir vislielākais risks saskarties ar sliktiem darba apstākļiem un atpalikt. Ņemot vērā pārmaiņas darba pasaulē, ir apzinātas jaunas problēmas saistībā ar darbvietu labu kvalitāti. Ziņojumā ir arī sniegti pierādījumi par pasākumiem, kas varētu vēl vairāk uzlabot darbu un panākt taisnīgus darba apstākļus visiem strādājošajiem ES.
Analīze liecina, ka kopumā darbvietu kvalitāte ES uzlabojas, lai gan lēni. Tomēr ne visi darba ņēmēji ir guvuši vienādu labumu. Turklāt dzimums, vecums un līgumiskais statuss būtiski ietekmē personas darba apstākļus. Lai gan digitalizācija palīdz risināt dažus ar darbvietu kvalitāti saistītus jautājumus, tā arī rada jaunas problēmas. Covid-19 pandēmija ir pastiprinājusi tendences, palielinājusi bažas un parādījusi, cik svarīgi ir panākt labu darbvietu kvalitāti visiem.
Key findings
Darba ņēmējiem ES vidēji pašlaik ir labāki darba apstākļi nekā tūkstošgades sākumā. Darba laika kvalitāte ir nepārprotami uzlabojusies, kā arī fiziskā vide – jo īpaši tur, kur tā ir vissvarīgākā, proti, profesijās, kur ir augsts fiziskais risks.
Mūsdienās darbvietās ir vajadzīgs vairāk prasmju, un tajās piedāvā vairāk autonomijas nekā agrāk. Tas atspoguļojas augstākā prasmju un rīcības brīvības indeksā.
Darba ņēmēju prasmju attīstību kavē nevienlīdzīga piekļuve darba devēju apmaksātai apmācībai, kā arī nevienlīdzīga šīs iespējas izmantošana. Gados vecāki darba ņēmēji mazāk piedalās apmācībā, un palielinās piekļuves plaisa starp darba ņēmējiem ar atšķirīgu līgumisko statusu (pilna laika vai nepilnas slodzes, kā arī beztermiņa darba līgumi vai darba līgumi uz noteiktu laiku).
Pastāvīgā dzimumu segregācija darba tirgū atspoguļojas vīriešu un sieviešu darbvietu kvalitātē. Šādā situācijā neviens nav ieguvējs. Dzimumu atšķirības var kaitēt arī vīriešiem, piemēram, attiecībā uz fizisko vidi.
Lai gan vīriešu un sieviešu karjeras iespējas kopumā ir uzlabojušās, vīrieši ir saglabājuši savas priekšrocības saistībā ar šo darbvietu kvalitātes dimensiju. Iespējamais iemesls ir nevienlīdzīgais aprūpes pienākumu sadalījums, kas izpaužas kā ilgāki pārtraukumi karjerā un atšķirīgs darba laiks sievietēm.
Based on the European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) 2015 analysis, the data below accompany Eurofound's flagship report on working conditions and sustainable work and focus on job quality for different occupational profiles.
- Data: Job quality in the EU
The flagship report also has the following list of tables and figures.
List of tables
- Table 1: Change in the composition of the workforce, EU27 and the UK, 2002–2019
- Table 2: Elements of the job demands–resources model based on the EWCS
List of figures
- Figure 1: The seven dimensions of job quality and the indicators composing each dimension
- Figure 2: Indexed change in job quality indices, EU27 and the UK, 2000–2015
- Figure 3: Physical environment index: mean and standard deviation, by occupational category, EU27 and the UK, 2000–2015
- Figure 4: Work intensity index: mean and standard deviation, by sector, EU27 and the UK, 2000–2015
- Figure 5: Work intensity index: mean and standard deviation, by country cluster, EU27 and the UK, 2000–2015
- Figure 6: Skills and discretion index: mean and standard deviation, by occupational category, EU27 and the UK, 2000–2015
- Figure 7: Skills and discretion index: mean and standard deviation, by country cluster, EU27 and the UK, 2000–2015
- Figure 8: Participation in paid training (%), by employment and contractual status, EU27 and the UK, 2005–2015
- Figure 9: Associations between working time quality and occupational category, by country cluster
- Figure 10: Working time quality index: mean and standard deviation, by country cluster, EU27 and the UK, 2000–2015
- Figure 11: Long working hours (%), by employment status, EU27 and the UK, 2000–2015
- Figure 12: Prospects index: mean and standard deviation, by occupational category, EU27 and the UK, 2005–2015
- Figure 13: Prospects index: mean and standard deviation, by country cluster, EU27 and the UK, 2005–2015
- Figure 14: Scores on Prospects index, by employment and sociodemographic characteristics, EU27 and the UK, 2005 and 2015
- Figure 15: Receipt of support from colleagues and managers (%), EU27 and the UK, 2005–2015
- Figure 16: Receipt of support from colleagues and managers (%), by age group, EU27 and the UK, 2005 and 2015
- Figure 17: Exposure to adverse social behaviour (%), by gender, EU27 and the UK, 2010 and 2015
- Figure 18: Perception of fair pay (%), by Member State and the UK, 2005–2015
- Figure 19: Perceived appropriateness of pay, by country cluster, EU27 and the UK, 2005–2015
- Figure 20: Job quality profiles: Scores on seven job quality indices, EU27 and the UK, 2015
- Figure 21: Distribution of workers according to job quality profiles, EU27 and the UK, 2015
- Figure 22: Job quality profiles of men, by job quality indices, EU27 and the UK, 2015
- Figure 23: Job quality profiles of women, by job quality indices, EU27 and the UK, 2015
- Figure 24: Distribution of employees according to predominant gender in occupation (%), by gender, EU27 and the UK, 2010 and 2015
- Figure 25: Gender of immediate manager (%), by worker’s gender, EU27 and the UK, 2005–2015
- Figure 26: Female employees reporting good prospects for career advancement and gender gap (%), EU27 and the UK, 2005–2015
- Figure 27: Good prospects for career advancement (%), by age and gender, EU27 and the UK, 2005–2015
- Figure 28: Job insecurity according to predominant gender in occupation (%), by gender, EU27 and the UK, 2010 and 2015
- Figure 29: Employability according to predominant gender in occupation (%), by gender, EU27 and the UK, 2010 and 2015
- Figure 30: Employees reporting difficulty making ends meet according to occupation type (%), by gender, EU27 and the UK, 2015
- Figure 31: Employees reporting difficulty making ends meet according to household type (%), by gender, EU27 and the UK, 2015
- Figure 32: Employee experience of selected emotional demands (%), by gender, EU27 and the UK, 2010 and 2015
- Figure 33: Average weekly working hours of employees across the life course, by gender, EU27 and the UK, 2015
- Figure 34: Flexibility to take time off according to predominant gender in occupation (%), by gender, EU27 and the UK, 2010 and 2015
- Figure 35: Additional components of earnings from main job (%), by gender, EU27 and the UK, 2005–2015
- Figure 36: Employees’ perception of their work–life balance (%), by age, EU27 and the UK, 2015
- Figure 37: Employees’ participation in training (%), by age and training classification, EU27 and the UK, 2015
- Figure 38: Associations between demands and resources and workers’ health and well-being
- Figure 39: Proportion of workers with flexitime schedules and engaged in TICTM (%), EU27 and the UK, 2015
- Figure 40: Workers reporting work–life balance problems (%), by work arrangement and presence or absence of children, EU27 and the UK, 2015
- Figure 41: Multiple-job holders as a proportion of total employment (%), by gender and country, EU27 and the UK, 2018
- Figure 42: Job quality profiles of multiple-job holders’ main jobs, by gender, EU27 and the UK, 2015
- Figure 43: Job quality of selected critical occupations in relation to the workforce average
- Figure 44: Emotional demands on ISWs and extent of those demands (%), EU27 and the UK, 2015
- Number of pages
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80
- Reference nº
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EF20021
- ISBN
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978-92-897-2150-9
- Catalogue nº
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TJ-03-21-030-EN-N
- DOI
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10.2806/938302
- Permalink
Members of Eurofound’s Management Board provide their reactions to and insights into Eurofound’s 2021 flagship report on Working conditions and sustainable work: An analysis using the job quality framework.
- Impact of the Covid-19 pandemic
Interview with Juha Antila, Head of Research and Development SAK, Central Organisation of Finnish Trade Unions.
- Digitalisation
Interview with Mario van Mierlo, Deputy Director, Social Affairs, The Dutch Confederation of Industry and Employers (VNO-NCW).
- Making work sustainable
Interview with Alain Piette, Ergonomist at the Belgian Federal Public Service Employment, Labour and Social Dialogue.
- Role of different actors in improving job quality
Interview with Rebekah Smith, Deputy Director for Social Affairs, BusinessEurope.
- Persisting challenges
Interview with Nelson Ferreira, Deputy General Inspector ACT, Portugal Labour Conditions Authority.
- Remote working
Interview with Esther Lynch, Deputy General Secretary of the European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC).
Cite this publication
Eurofound (2021), Working conditions and sustainable work: An analysis using the job quality framework, Challenges and prospects in the EU series, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.
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