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Jauni nodarbinātības veidi

Jauni nodarbinātības veidi ir visaptverošs termins, lai apzīmētu visdažādākās nodarbinātības formas, kas rodas vai kļūst arvien nozīmīgākas kopš 2000. gada. Papildus tradicionālajām darba attiecībām jaunus darba veidus raksturo mainīgi darba modeļi, līgumattiecības, vietas, darba ilgums un grafiks, plašāka informācijas un komunikācijas tehnoloģiju (IKT) izmantošana vai to kombinācija. 

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Recent updates

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Šajā ziņojumā ir izklāstīts Eurofound pētījums par tāldarbu Covid-19 pandēmijas laikā 2020.–2021. gadā. Tajā ir pētītas tāldarba biežuma, darba apstākļu izmaiņas, ar kādām saskārās darbinieki, strādājot no mājām, un izmaiņas...

8 Decembris 2022
Publication
Research report

ES konteksts

Eiropas sociālās, ekonomiskās un tehnoloģiskās pārmaiņas ir veicinājušas jaunu nodarbinātības veidu attīstību Eiropā. Covid-19 pandēmija ir arī palielinājusi jaunu nodarbinātības veidu mērogu un tvērumu. Daudzi no tiem ļoti atšķiras no tradicionāla “darba”. Tie pārveido tradicionālās “viens pret vienu” attiecības starp darba devējiem un darbiniekiem. Tiem ir arī raksturīgi netradicionāli darba modeļi un darbavietas.

ES politikas veidotāji vēlas zināt, kā šie jaunie nodarbinātības veidi var palīdzēt veidot elastīgāku un iekļaujošāku darba tirgu. Diskusija arī izvēršas par to, kā nodrošināt atbilstošu sociālo aizsardzību un pienācīgus darba apstākļus. Šajās debatēs vissvarīgākais ir jautājums par to, kā panākt, lai šie jaunie nodarbinātības veidi darbiniekiem nebūtu nelabvēlīgāki par tradicionālākiem nodarbinātības veidiem.

Eiropas Komisija, Eiropas Parlaments un Padome 2017. gadā izsludināja Eiropas sociālo tiesību pīlāru, nosakot 20 pamatprincipus, kas ir būtiski labi funkcionējošiem darba tirgiem. Pievienotajā 2021. gada rīcības plānā ir norādīts, ka digitalizācija un izmaiņas, ko pandēmija radījusi darba pasaulē, attaisno plašas politikas debates, kurās galvenā uzmanība tiks pievērsta ne tikai līdzdalības līmenim darba tirgū, bet arī pienācīgiem darba apstākļiem, nodrošinot kvalitatīvas darbvietas.

Komisija jautājumu par darba apstākļiem izvirzīja arī paziņojumā “Eiropas digitālās nākotnes veidošana”. Labi darba apstākļi ir pamatā sekmīgai digitālai pārveidei, kas veicinātu inovāciju un tehnoloģiju izplatīšanu.

Eurofound darbs pie jauniem nodarbinātības veidiem saistībā ar Komisijas 2019.–2024. gada prioritāti par digitālajam laikmetam gatavu Eiropu

Galvenie vēstījumi

  • Standarta nodarbinātība joprojām dominē visā ES, bet Eiropas darba tirgiem ir raksturīgi arvien daudzveidīgāki nodarbinātības veidi. 
  • Joprojām paredzams dažu jaunu nodarbinātības veidu pieaugums, ņemot vērā divējādo pāreju uz digitālo laikmetu un bezoglekļa ekonomiku. Tomēr Covid-19 ietekme uz ekonomiku un darba tirgu var negatīvi ietekmēt dažus jaunus nodarbinātības veidus.
  • Darba devēju/klientu vai darbinieku elastības nepieciešamība veicina daudzus jaunus nodarbinātības veidus. Attīstot jaunus nodarbinātības veidus, ir ļoti svarīgi nodrošināt, ka šī elastība nemazina darbinieku aizsardzību.
  • Attiecībā uz vairākiem jauniem nodarbinātības veidiem, tostarp uz IKT balstītu mobilo darbu, platformu darbu, gadījuma darbu un uz kuponu sistēmu balstītu darbu, ir jādomā par darba laiku, pārstāvību, kā arī veselību un drošību.
  • Attiecībā uz dažiem jauniem nodarbinātības veidiem darbinieku nodarbinātības statusa nenoteiktība varētu veicināt darba tirgus segmentāciju.

Eurofound research

To fill existing knowledge gaps, since 2013 Eurofound has been exploring the characteristics of emerging forms of employment in EU Member States. The research looks at the implications for working conditions and the labour market.

Categorising new forms of employment

In 2015, Eurofound conducted a Europe-wide mapping exercise to identify emerging trends. This exercise led to the categorisation of nine broad types of employment forms that are new or have become increasingly important in European Member States since 2000: employee sharing, job sharing, voucher-based work, interim management, casual work, ICT-based mobile work, platform work, portfolio work and collaborative employment. A range of case studies, carried out as part of the study, show how these new employment forms operate in Member States and their effects on working conditions and the labour market.

In 2020, Eurofound conducted a follow-up review of new forms of employment which tracked their scale, scope and incidence and highlighted their increasing relevance for European labour markets. 

 

New trends emerging

Eurofound continues to examine in more detail some of the new trends identified. Research in 2016 looked in particular at the win–win potential of strategic employee sharing for both employers and employees. In 2020, a study on telework and ICT-mobile work (T/ICTM) analysed the implications of these arrangements on employment and working conditions. 

Key outputs

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Although standard employment (generally full-time and permanent) remains the dominant employment type across the EU, European labour markets are increasingly characterised by a variety of different forms. These new forms...

15 Decembris 2020
Publication
Research report
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We hear more and more about the platform economy, with the debate often revolving around the potential long-term implications of its growth on the labour market and the impact on...

Blog

Current and ongoing research

Lai novērstu pastāvošo zināšanu trūkumu, Eurofound kopš 2013. gada ir pētījis jauno nodarbinātības veidu iezīmes ES dalībvalstīs. Pētījumā ir aplūkota to ietekme uz darba apstākļiem un darba tirgu.

Jaunu nodarbinātības veidu kategorizēšana

Eurofound 2015. gadā veica Eiropas mēroga kartēšanu jauno tendenču apzināšanai. Tā rezultātā tika iedalīti kategorijās deviņi plaši nodarbinātības veidi, kas ir jauni vai kļuvuši kopš 2000. gada arvien nozīmīgāki Eiropas dalībvalstīs: darbinieku rotācija, darba vietu rotācija, uz kuponu sistēmu balstīts darbs, pagaidu pārvaldība, gadījuma darbs, uz IKT balstīts mobils darbs, platformu darbs, portfeļa darbs un sadarbīga nodarbinātība. Pētījumā veiktās plašās gadījumu izpētes rezultāti parāda, kā šie jaunie nodarbinātības veidi tiek piemēroti dalībvalstīs un kā tie ietekmē darba apstākļus un darba tirgu.

Eurofound 2020. gadā veica jaunu nodarbinātības veidu turpmāku apsekojumu, kurā tika noskaidrots to mērogs, tvērums un biežums, kā arī uzsvērta to pieaugošā nozīme Eiropas darba tirgos.

Jaunas tendences

Eurofound turpina pētīt sīkāk dažas no jaunajām apzinātajām tendencēm. Pētījumā 2016. gadā galvenokārt tika aplūkotas darba devējiem un darbiniekiem abpusēji izdevīgas stratēģiskās darbinieku rotācijas iespējas. Šo pasākumu ietekme uz nodarbinātību un darba apstākļiem tika analizēta 2020. gada pētījumā par tāldarbu un IKT mobilo darbu (T/IKTM).

 

 

 

Eurofound expert(s)

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Dragoș Adăscăliței is a research officer in the Employment unit at Eurofound. His current research focuses on topics related to the future of work, including the impact of...

Research officer,
Employment research unit
Publications results (24)

The European Working Time Directive lays down minimum safety and health requirements for the organisation of working time in the EU by, for example, establishing that all workers have the right to a limit to weekly working time of 48 hours.

12 June 2015

Across Europe, new forms of employment are emerging that are different from traditional standard or non-standard employment in a number of ways. Some transform the relationship between employer and employee, some change work organisation and work patterns, and some do both. This report identifies

12 March 2015

Self-employment and job creation is a key policy area in Europe and is considered to be an important element in fostering economic growth and employment. The financial and economic crisis has had a negative impact on self-employment andconsequently policy focus has been directed at fostering job

24 January 2012

The current policy and public debate on the overall topic of ‘entrepreneurship’ pays little attention to more specific or emerging forms of entrepreneurship such as one-person enterprises and self-employment, part-time entrepreneurs, parallel and serial entrepreneurs, and business transfer and

21 March 2011

Online resources results (7)

Platform work and employment conditions Informal meeting of EU Employment and Social Policy Ministers (EPSCO), 19 July 2018, Vienna, Austria Presentation by Juan Menéndez-Valdés, Director, Eurofound

19 Jūlijs 2018

Italy: Renewal of the collective agreement in the logistics sector to meet old and new challenges

In December 2017, social partners renewed the collective agreement for the Italian logistics sector, which had expired two years earlier. The agreement, after a period of unrest, addresses continuing developments in the sector, which are significantly reshaping sectoral business and employment

Italy: New rules to protect call centre workers

Measures have been introduced in Italy to protect its 80,000 call centre workers from the negative effects of increasing competitive pressures on employment, delocalisation and working conditions. Employers and unions in the sector have also adopted new rules aimed at avoiding social dumping

Italy: New voucher-based work scheme provokes debate

Italy’s parliament has introduced new voucher-based work schemes for occasional work. The regulations cap the amount that can be earned or paid in this way, and companies with more than five permanent employees may not use vouchers. However, there are few other limits on voucher-based work and the

UK: Plans to outlaw exclusivity clauses for zero hours contracts

A bill banning exclusivity clauses in zero hours contracts was introduced to parliament in July 2014 (although the government has resisted calls for an outright ban on such contracts). Exclusivity clauses stop workers from seeking work with other employers, even when no amount of work is set out in

New rules on hiring casual labour

/In Norway, new rules to protect hired labourers have been introduced. Both trade unions and the Labour Inspection Authority have been given greater powers to ensure that the hiring of labour complies with the law. Employer organisations are highly critical of the changes made to the legal framework

Improved quality of work for casual workers

In 1997, a form of employment was introduced based on the ‘casual employee booklet’, the so-called ‘blue booklet’ (/Alkalmi munkavállalói könyv/ or /Kék könyv/), and on the payment of reduced employer rates and taxes, as set out by Act 1997/LXXIV. The law enables the employer to pay wage

Blogs results (9)
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Whether it is couch surfing, baby-sitting, pizza delivery or getting Ikea furniture assembled by somebody who can do it better, platforms can mediate all kinds of voluntary or professional services. Platform work is at the heart of the ‘sharing economy’. But while this may sound like a new form of

31 Marts 2022
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While 2020 may come to be seen as the year platform work gathered pace and started to go mainstream – thanks in large part to COVID-19 containment measures sparking an increase in food and grocery delivery – 2021 could be the year that regulation of platform work is set in motion. The well-known tax

24 Februāris 2021
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Standard employment is not simply being replaced by non-standard work; employment is becoming more diverse, and policy must accordingly become more tailored. The last decade has seen much public and policy debate on the future of work. Standard employment – permanent, full-time and subject to labour

15 Decembris 2020
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We hear more and more about the platform economy, with the debate often revolving around the potential long-term implications of its growth on the labour market and the impact on traditional and established businesses and industries.

28 Janvāris 2020
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It feels like every day there are new articles or blog posts about how Uber drivers are exploited, or on the bad working conditions and safety standards for Deliveroo riders. In an era of ‘fake news’ can we trust that these are accurate? They most likely are, and I agree that things are not all rosy

17 Oktobris 2019
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Imagine you’re at work and something happens: you have to leave to visit a client, you have to go home to let in the plumber, or you have to collect the kids from school as the football training has just been cancelled. If you’re lucky, your employer gives you the flexibility to do this. If you’re e

14 Maijs 2019
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In the abstract, platform work is the matching of supply and demand for paid work through an online platform. In practice, most people are likely to have encountered it through big online platforms such as Uber, Deliveroo or Amazon Mechanical Turk. This is a new form employment that began to emerge

2 Novembris 2018
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Digital technologies are transforming work, but the implications have not yet been fully grasped. In a recent Eurofound report, we focus on three main vectors of change to discuss the effects of digital technologies on work and employment and the policy responses such change demands.

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Most discussions on the future of work are dominated by the impact of key changes in society, such as the digital revolution and demographic changes. These changes raise various issues of concern, sometimes suggesting contradictory trends such as labour shortages linked to an ageing population, or n

25 Jūlijs 2016

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