European Jobs Monitor

• There were over 13 million more persons in employment in the EU27 in 2022 compared to 2011 and over 9 million of this increase was in well-paid, top-quintile jobs. 
• 2011–2022 has been a period of employment upgrading in the EU as a whole and the majority of Member States experienced stronger employment growth in well-paid compared to low-paid or mid-paid jobs (only exceptions: Italy, Bulgaria). 
• The EU27 female workforce has expanded faster than the male workforce notably in mid- and high-paid jobs.
   

• The COVID-19 crisis appears to have reinforced employment upgrading – by accelerating the growth in well-paid employment in the digital economy but also the contraction of lower-paid, in-person services employment. 
• While nearly all of the net new employment over the last decade has come in services, manufacturing has also contributed positively to employment growth especially in high-paid jobs (science/engineering as well as business/administration professionals).
• The share of employment in the EU27 that is ‘core’ or standard has been increasing. While there has been some growth in part-time employment, this have been offset by greater declines in self- and temporary employment and family workers. Nonetheless, non-standard employment has increased in well-paid jobs accounting for nearly one in three of net new top-quintile jobs (2.7 million of 9.1 million). Non-standard employment therefore has also been upgrading.
   

The EJM methodology is adapted from the pioneering work of Joseph Stiglitz and Erik Olin Wright / Rachel Dwyer in the USA in the 1990s. Jobs, classified by sector and occupation, are ranked according to mean hourly wage; this classification is then used to study on a continuous basis the changes in the structure of employment in different countries, as well as at aggregate EU level.

• An adapted version of the 2011 report was used as a chapter of the European Commission’s Employment and Social Developments in Europe 2011
• Transformations of the Employment Structure in the EU and the USA, 1995-2007 (2012, edited by Eurofound staff) 
• Fernandez-Macias, E. (2012), Job Polarization in Europe? Changes in the Employment Structure and Job Quality, 1995-2007, Work and Occupations (2012)
• Fernández-Macías, E. and Hurley, J. (2017). Routine-biased technical change and job polarization in Europe, Socio-Economic Review, Volume 15, Issue 3, July 2017