Anticipating and managing the impact of change
Zelená, čistá a usilujúca sa o konvergenciu? Konvergenčná analýza kvality života z environmentálneho hľadiska v EÚ
Published:
03 August 2023
Research report
Abstract
V tejto správe sa pozornosť venuje dynamike environmentálneho správania členských štátov EÚ a rozsahu, v akom sa rozdiely v ich výkonnosti od začiatku 20. storočia zmenšili. Táto správa vznikla vďaka spolupráci medzi nadáciou Eurofound a Európskou environmentálnou agentúrou, pričom technické odborné znalosti nadácie v oblasti konvergencie sa v nej prepojili s odbornými znalosťami agentúry v oblasti európskych environmentálnych otázok. Zameriava sa na tri úrovne analýzy: hlavné ukazovatele, ukazovatele na úrovni obytných oblastí a ukazovatele na úrovni domácností.
V správe sa prostredníctvom konvergenčnej analýzy skúmajú environmentálne indikátory, aby sa mohla preskúmať mnohostranná problematika kvality života z environmentálneho hľadiska v EÚ. Z výsledkov vyplýva, že EÚ je na správnej ceste k dosiahnutiu uhlíkovej neutrality, hoci rýchlosť procesu ekologizácie sa v jednotlivých členských štátoch líši. V prípade väčšiny ukazovateľov možno pozorovať rýchle a stabilné zlepšenie výkonnosti. Jedným pozoruhodným zistením je, že hospodársky pokles v uplynulých dvoch desaťročiach negatívne ovplyvnil ukazovatele skúmané na úrovni domácností, ktoré sa zameriavali na energetickú chudobu.
Key findings
V uplynulých dvoch desaťročiach sa rozdiely medzi členskými štátmi EÚ zmenšili a výkonnosť sa vo vzťahu k mnohým environmentálnym indikátorom zlepšila. Intervencie by sa mali zamerať na tri oblasti, v ktorých boli zistené rozdiely: kvalita bývania, energetická chudoba a verejná doprava.
Finančná kríza v rokoch 2008 – 2013 mala výrazný negatívny vplyv na ukazovatele na úrovni domácností, ktoré merajú energetickú chudobu a kvalitu bývania. Obnova, ktorá nasledovala, ukazuje, že niektoré ekonomiky boli dostatočne odolné.
Ešte stále prevládajú veľké nerovnosti medzi ľuďmi s rôznymi úrovňami príjmov: obyvatelia s nízkymi príjmami sú na tom výrazne horšie, pokiaľ ide o kvalitu okolia obytných oblastí a bývania. Lepšie výsledky ukazovateľov na úrovni obytných oblastí – merajúce znečistenie, recykláciu a využívanie verejnej dopravy – však naznačujú, že miestne obytné oblasti sú čoraz obývateľnejšie.
Environmentálne ciele na úrovni obytných oblastí a domácností môžu vyžadovať, aby sa prijali prísnejšie alebo včasnejšie politické opatrenia, než sú tie, ktoré sa momentálne uplatňujú. Je potrebné nájsť riešenia na vysokej úrovni, ale aj riešenia zamerané na každodenné problémy. Miestne a vnútroštátne orgány, ktoré sa usilujú o ekologizáciu, by sa mohli riadiť osvedčenými postupmi navrhnutými členskými štátmi a na úrovni EÚ.
Diverzifikáciou využívania energie a materiálov v EÚ vďaka opatreniam v oblasti energií z obnoviteľných zdrojov a obehového hospodárstva by sa urýchlila zelená transformácia, zmiernili by sa účinky budúcich energetických a materiálnych kríz a ochránili by sa najmä občania s nízkymi príjmami.
The report contains the following lists of tables and figures.
List of tables
- Table 1: Macro-level indicators of environmental performance
- Table 2: Meso-level indicators of environmental performance
- Table 3: Micro-level indicators of environmental performance
- Table 4: Summary of convergence analysis of macro-level indicators
- Table 5: Share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption in 2005 and targets for and effective rates in 2020, EU Member States
- Table 6: Summary of convergence analysis of meso-level indicators
- Table 7: Summary of convergence analysis of meso-level indicators
- Table 8: Correlation matrix of environmental and socioeconomic variables, EU27
List of figures
- Figure 1: Conceptualisation of European environmental quality of life
- Figure 2: Timeline of the EU environmental acquis
- Figure 3: Sigma-convergence in net greenhouse gas emissions, EU27, 1990–2019
- Figure 4: Net greenhouse gas emissions, EU Member States, 1990 and 2020
- Figure 5: Sigma-convergence in years of life lost due to PM2.5 exposure, EU27, 2005–2019
- Figure 6: Comparison of years of life lost due to PM2.5 exposure, EU Member States, 2005 and 2019
- Figure 7: Share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption, EU27, 2004–2020 (%)
- Figure 8: Share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption, EU Member States, 2008 and 2020 (%)
- Figure 9: Delta-convergence in national targets for renewable energy, EU27, 2004–2020
- Figure 10: Circular material use rate, EU27, 2010–2021 (%)
- Figure 11: Sigma-convergence in circular material use rate, EU27, 2010–2021 (%)
- Figure 12: Share of population reporting pollution, grime or other environmental problems, for total population and population at risk of poverty, EU27, 2008–2020 (%)
- Figure 13: Share of population reporting pollution, grime or other environmental problems, by total population and population at risk of poverty, EU Member States, 2020 (%)
- Figure 14: Share of population reporting pollution, grime or other environmental problems, by degree of urbanisation, EU Member States, 2020 (%)
- Figure 15: Recycling rate of municipal waste, EU27, 2008–2021 (%)
- Figure 16: Sigma-convergence in the recycling rate of municipal waste, EU27, 2008–2021
- Figure 17: Sigma-convergence in the share of buses and trains in inland passenger transport, 2008–2020, EU27
- Figure 18: Share of buses and trains in inland passenger transport, EU27, 2000–2020 (%)
- Figure 19: Changes in the share of buses and trains in inland passenger transport during the COVID-19 pandemic, EU Member States, 2019 and 2020 (%)
- Figure 20: Sigma-convergence in the share of the population experiencing noise pollution, by total population and population at risk of poverty, EU27, 2008–2020
- Figure 21: Share of households experiencing noise pollution, by total population and population at risk of poverty, EU27, 2008–2020 (%)
- Figure 22: Share of households experiencing noise pollution, by total population and population at risk of poverty, EU Member States, 2020 (%)
- Figure 23: Sigma-convergence in population living in dwellings with damp, leaks or rot, EU27, 2009–2020 (%)
- Figure 24: Share of the population living in dwellings with damp, leaks or rot, EU Member States, 2009 and 2020 (%)
- Figure 25: Share of the population living in dwellings with damp, leaks or rot, EU Member States, 2019 and 2020 (%)
- Figure 26: Sigma-convergence in the share of the population living in dwellings with damp, leaks or rot, EU27 without Cyprus, 2009–2020
- Figure 27: Sigma-convergence in share of households in arrears on utility bills, by total population and population at risk of poverty, EU27, 2008–2021 (%)
- Figure 28: Share of households reporting arrears on utility bills, by total population and population at risk of poverty, EU27, 2008–2021 (%)
- Figure 29: Share of population in arrears on utility bills, EU Member States, 2008, 2019 and 2021 (%)
- Figure 30: Sigma-convergence in the share of the population unable to keep home adequately warm, by total population and population at risk of poverty, EU27, 2005–2021
- Figure 31: Share of the population unable to keep home adequately warm, by total population and population at risk of poverty, EU27, 2008–2021 (%)
- Figure 32: Inequalities in the population unable to keep home adequately warm in 2021, by total population and population at risk of poverty, EU Member States (%)
- Figure 33: Correlation between years of life lost due to air pollution and mean and median income, EU27, 2005–2019
- Figure 34: Correlation between the share of the population experiencing noise pollution and mean and median income, EU27, 2003–2020
- Figure 35: Correlation between the share of the population experiencing noise pollution and educational attainment, EU27, 2003–2020
- Figure 36: Correlation between circular material use rate and income and GDP, EU27, 2008–2019
- Figure 37: Correlation between municipal recycling rate and income and GDP, EU27, 2004–2020
- Figure 38: Correlation between the share of the population living in dwellings with no indoor toilet or shower and mean and median income and GDP per capita, 2009–2020, EU27
- Figure 39: Correlation between the share of the population living in dwellings with damp, leaks or rot and educational attainment and employment rate, EU27, 2009–2020
- Figure 40: Correlation between the share of population in arrears on utility bills and the AROPE or NEET share of the population, EU27, 2015–2021
- Figure 41: Correlation between the share of the population unable to heat their home adequately and mean and median income and GDP per capita, EU27, 2005–2021
- Number of pages
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80
- Reference nº
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EF23022
- ISBN
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978-92-897-2345-9
- Catalogue nº
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TJ-04-23-785-EN-N
- DOI
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10.2806/576287
- Permalink
Cite this publication
Eurofound and EEA (2023), Green, clean and keen to converge? A convergence analysis of environmental quality of life in the EU, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.