Industrial relations and social dialogue
Kolektivni delovni spori v EU
Published:
07 February 2022
Research report
Abstract
Z izjemo nekaj nenadnih povečanj je v zadnjih letih sindikalno ukrepanje v državah članicah na splošno upadlo. Med pandemijo covida-19 se je ta trend nadaljeval, pri čemer ne preseneča, da so se najpomembnejši delovni spori pojavljali v sektorju zdravstvenih in socialnih storitev, izobraževalnem sektorju ter sektorju prometa in logistike. To poročilo analizira podatke, ki jih je Eurofound zbral v letih 2018–2019 med poskusnim oblikovanjem svoje zbirke podatkov Industrial Action Monitor (IAM). V okviru raziskave je bilo sindikalno ukrepanje v Evropi na podlagi analize skupine razvrščeno v pet kategorij: nacionalni interesni spori in spori o pravicah, ki se včasih nanašajo na različne oblike zaposlitve; razširjeni spori o kolektivnih pogodbah o plačah; lokalizirani spori o težavah glede zaposlovanja, delovnega časa in prestrukturiranja s kratkimi prekinitvami dela; lokalizirani spori o pravicah delavcev in pritožbah glede politik podjetja; in spori v zvezi z javnimi politikami.
Kar zadeva posebna vprašanja, se je več kot 40 % sporov nanašalo na težave glede plače, 20 % na težave pri zaposlovanju, 16 % na druge vidike delovnih pogojev in 13 % na proteste. Ob pomanjkanju popolnih podatkov o sindikalnem ukrepanju v Evropi analiza kaže, da bi bilo treba v prihodnje sistematično zbirati empirične dokaze, ki bi bili trdna podlaga za primerjalno analizo.
Key findings
Več kot tretjina sporov v EU se je nanašala na kolektivna pogajanja, četrtina na pritožbe glede politik na ravni podjetja, nadaljnjih 18 % vseh sporov pa na pritožbe glede javne politike.
Več kot 40 % sporov se je nanašalo na težave v zvezi s plačo, 20 % na težave pri zaposlovanju, 16 % na druge vidike delovnih pogojev, 13 % vseh sporov pa na proteste. Več kot 80 % sporov se je nanašalo na zadeve v javnem interesu.
Obstoječi podatki o kolektivnih ukrepih v Evropi so nepopolni. Potrebno bo sistematično zbiranje, da se zagotovi podlaga za primerjalno analizo na podlagi jasnih opredelitev, dogovorjenih na mednarodni ravni, kar bo omogočilo združevanje z drugimi podatki, na podlagi česar bo mogoče izračunati gospodarske stroške sporov za delodajalce in delavce.
Spori v EU so razvrščeni v pet glavnih sklopov, ki se uporabljajo v tipologiji: nacionalni spori v zvezi z nasprotjem interesov in pravicami; razširjeni spori v zvezi z nasprotjem interesov na področju kolektivnih pogodb (pogodb o plačah); lokalizirani spori v zvezi z nasprotjem interesov, težavami pri zaposlovanju, delovnim časom in prestrukturiranjem s kratkimi prekinitvami dela; lokalizirani spori na področju pravic delavcev in pritožb v zvezi s politikami podjetij; spori glede javnih politik.
Razširjenost teh vrst sporov po državah ne ustreza nobenemu od vzorcev, ki bi jih lahko pričakovali na podlagi petih obstoječih tipologij iz literature, tj. tipologij, ki temeljijo na nacionalnih razlikah med različicami kapitalizma, v gostoti sindikatov, intenzivnosti stavkovnih dejavnosti ter vrstah demokracije odnosov med delavci in delodajalci in kolektivnih pogajanjih.
The report contains the following lists of tables and figures
List of tables
Table 1: Information captured for each record type
Table 2: Types of events recorded
Table 3: Continuous variables in the clusters: mean values
Table 4: Categorical variables: distribution of indicator categories within clusters (percentages in columns)
Table 5: Categorical variables: distribution of indicator categories between clusters (percentages in rows)
Table A1: Overview of parameters covered and gaps in national statistics on industrial action and collective labour disputes
Table A2: Number of realised industrial action events by country and sector from the IAM database, EU27 and UK
Table A3: Number of strikes and lockouts by country and sector from the ILO data for the latest year available, EU27 and UK
Table A4: Number of workers involved in realised industrial action events by country and sector from the IAM database (in thousands), EU27 and UK
Table A5: Number of workers involved in strikes and lockouts by country and sector from the ILO data for the latest year available (thousands)
Table A6: Number of days not worked as a result of realised industrial action events by country and sector from the IAM database (in thousands), EU27 and UK
Table A7: Number of days not worked as a result of strikes and lockouts by country and sector from the ILO data for the latest year available (in thousands), EU27 and UK
Table A8: Correlations of transformed variables from the second categorical principal components analysis model
Table A9: Amount of indicator variance accounted for in the four-dimensional solution from the second categorical principal components analysis model
Table A10: Cluster breakdown by country: distribution of disputes across clusters, EU27 and UK
Table A11: Cluster breakdown by country: distribution of disputes within clusters, EU27 and UK
Table A12: Cluster breakdown by sector: distribution of disputes across clusters
Table A13: Cluster breakdown by sector: distribution of disputes within clusters
Table A14: A representation of five typologies across countries showing (the lack of) relationships, EU27 and UK
List of figures
Figure 1: Eurofound’s concept of a labour dispute
Figure 2: Context of disputes in the IAM database
Figure 3: Main issue of disputes in the IAM database
Figure 4: Matters of rights or interest for disputes in the IAM database
Figure 5: Context of disputes in the data to be analysed
Figure 6: Main issue of disputes in the data to be analysed
Figure 7: Matters of rights or interest for disputes in the data to be analysed
Figure 8: Context in which the labour disputes emerged, by sector (number)
Figure 9: Context in which the labour disputes emerged, by country (%), EU27 and UK
Figure 10: Detailed breakdown of main dispute issues (number)
Figure 11: Labour disputes in non-standard forms of employment, by sector (number)
Figure 12: Correspondence plot for clusters and countries, EU27 and UK
Figure 13: Correspondence plot for clusters and sectors
Figure 14: Dispute resolution by cluster (%)
Figure 15: Dispute resolution involving a collective agreement by cluster (%)
Figure 16: Typology of labour disputes by cluster and varieties of capitalism
Figure A1: Dendrogram from the application of Ward’s method of clustering
Figure A2: Relating Eurofound’s typology of labour disputes to the union density typology, EU27 and UK
Figure A3: Relating Eurofound’s typology of labour disputes to the intensity of strike activity typology, EU27 and UK
Figure A4: Relating Eurofound’s typology of labour disputes to the industrial democracy typology, EU27 and UK
Figure A5: Relating Eurofound’s typology of labour disputes to the collective bargaining typology, EU27 and UK
- Number of pages
-
72
- Reference nº
-
EF21026
- ISBN
-
978-92-897-2241-4
- Catalogue nº
-
TJ-05-21-371-EN-N
- DOI
-
10.2806/060345
- Permalink
Cite this publication
Eurofound (2022), Collective labour disputes in the EU, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.