Authors
John Hurley
Dragoș Adăscăliței
Elisa Staffa
Abstract

Evropski trg dela je po pandemiji covida-19 močno okreval. Do konca leta 2021, malo več kot 18 mesecev po začetku pandemije, so bile stopnje zaposlenosti v EU skoraj na ravni pred krizo. V tem poročilu so povzeta gibanja na trgu dela v letih 2020 in 2021, pri čemer so uporabljeni četrtletni podatki iz raziskave EU o delovni sili. Povzetki temeljijo na strukturnih vidikih, s poudarkom na podatkih posameznih sektorjev in poklicev ter ključnih demografskih spremenljivkah, kot sta spol in starost. Čeprav se stopnje zaposlenosti v državah članicah EU vračajo na raven pred pandemijo, se bo sestava zaposlovanja bistveno spremenila. Pandemija covida-19 je pospešila nekatere predhodne trende, kot sta poklicno napredovanje z večjo zaposlenostjo na bolj kakovostnih in bolje plačanih delovnih mestih ter delo na daljavo, na načine, ki bodo verjetno trajno vplivali na strukturo zaposlovanja v EU.

Okrevanje po pandemiji covida-19: struktura zaposlovanja v EU se spreminja

slovenščina (451.85 KB - PDF)

Key findings

Vpliv pandemije covida-19 na trge dela v letu 2020 je bil kratek in močan, vendar je bilo okrevanje hitro, k čemur so prispevali ukrepi politike in znatna javna podpora na nacionalni ravni in ravni EU. Na splošno se je stopnja zaposlenosti v EU na raven pred pandemijo vrnila v dveh letih, kar je po svetovni finančni krizi trajalo skoraj osem let.

Okrevanje po pandemiji covida-19 je po sektorjih potekalo zelo neenakomerno. Medtem ko se je število zaposlenih v nastanitvenih in gostinskih dejavnostih, trgovini na debelo in drobno ter prometu med letoma 2019 in 2021 skupaj zmanjšalo za 1,4 milijona delavcev, je informacijski in komunikacijski sektor v istem obdobju ustvaril milijon novih delovnih mest.

Čeprav je pandemija pospešila nekatere že obstoječe strukturne trende, kot je digitalizacija, je hkrati tudi močno zaznamovala zaposlovanje v storitvenih sektorjih, v katerih je fizična prisotnost nujna, ki so bili zaradi omejevanja fizičnih stikov zato tudi najbolj prizadeti. Prvič v generaciji so oblikovalci politik bolj zaskrbljeni zaradi pomanjkanja delavcev, tj. manjše ponudbe delovne sile od povpraševanja, in ne zaradi brezposelnosti.

Čeprav je bila izguba delovnih mest med pandemijo največja med slabo plačanimi delovnimi mesti, je k okrevanju ravni zaposlenosti v letu 2021 pripomogla rast dobro plačanih delovnih mest in poklicev. V obdobju 2019–2021 se je v EU-27 število dobro plačanih delovnih mest bolj povečalo pri ženskah kot moških, hkrati pa je bila izguba zaposlitve najbolj pereča pri ženskah na slabo plačanih delovnih mestih.

Povečevanje dela na daljavo bo najverjetneje še naprej najbolj očitna posledica pandemije covida-19, saj je tudi v letu 2021 še naprej naraščalo v skoraj vseh državah članicah EU in preseglo dramatično povečanje, zabeleženo na začetku pandemije. Kriza je spodbudila rast zaposlovanja v tistih sektorjih in poklicih, v katerih je delo na daljavo lažje izvedljivo: med letoma 2019 in 2021 je bil strokovnjak na področju informacijske in komunikacijske tehnologije (IKT) najhitreje rastoč poklic, v letu 2021 pa poklic z največjim deležem dela na daljavo.

Executive summary

Recovery from COVID-19: The changing structure of employment in the EU

Author(s):
Eurofound

Recovery from COVID-19: The changing structure of employment in the EU

English (65.89 KB - PDF)

The report contains the following lists of tables and figures

List of tables

  • Table 1: Job vacancy rates, by sector, EU27, 2021 (%)
  • Table 2: Year-on-year changes in employment levels and actual weekly hours worked, 2019–2021, EU27
  • Table 3: Year-on-year changes in employment levels and weekly hours worked, by gender and age, 2020–2021, EU27
  • Table 4: Year-on-year changes in employment levels and weekly hours worked for the 15–24 age group, by gender, Q4 2020–Q4 2021, EU27
  • Table 5: Year-on-year changes in employment by gender and sector, Q4 2019–Q4 2021, EU27 (%)
  • Table 6: Year-on-year changes in average number of actual weekly working hours, by age, gender and sector, Q4 2020–Q4 2021, EU27 (hours)
  • Table 7: Main broad occupational trends in employment and hours year on year, Q4 2019–Q4 2020, EU27
  • Table 8: Top three jobs with biggest employment gains and losses, Q4 2019–Q4 2021, EU27

List of figures

  • Figure 1: Actual and trend estimates of employment levels among workers aged 15 and older, 2019–2020, EU27 (millions)
  • Figure 2: People employed but not working, EU27 (percentage point difference from pre-COVID-19 baseline – same quarter in 2019)
  • Figure 3: People employed but not working, by sector, Q4 2019–Q4 2021, showing peak incidence in Q2 2020, EU27 (%)
  • Figure 4: Year-on-year changes in unemployment levels, by age, 2020–2021, EU27 (percentage points)
  • Figure 5: Labour market slack, 2019–2020, EU27 (% of the extended labour force)
  • Figure 6: Labour market slack, by country, Q4 2021, EU27 (percentage of the extended labour force)
  • Figure 7: The components of labour market slack, by age and gender, Q4 2021 (percentage of the extended labour force)
  • Figure 8: Transitions in labour market status, EU27, Q3 2021–Q4 2021 (million people)
  • Figure 9: Net flows between employment and inactivity, by country and gender, Q3 2021–Q4 2021, EU27 (thousands)
  • Figure 10: Employment shifts by job–wage quintile comparing the financial crisis (2008–2010) and the pandemic (Q4 2019–Q4 2021), EU27 (millions)
  • Figure 11: Employment shifts by job–wage quintile, Q4 2019–Q4 2021, EU27 (millions)
  • Figure 12: Employment shifts by job–wage quintile, by gender, Q4 2019–Q4 2021, EU27 (millions)
  • Figure 13: Employment shifts, by job–wage quintile and broad sector, Q2 2019–Q4 2020, EU27 (millions)
  • Figure 14: Employees working from home, by country, 2019–2021, EU27 (%)
  • Figure 15: Employees working from home, by occupation, 2019–2021, EU27 (%)
  • Figure 16: Change in employment, by occupation and teleworking incidence, Q4 2019–Q4 2021, EU27 (%)
  • Figure 17: Employees working from home, by sector, 2019–2021, EU27 (%)
  • Figure 18: Employees working from home, by gender, EU27
  • Figure 19: Employees working from home, by gender and country, 2021, EU27 (%)
  • Figure 20: Employees in teleworkable jobs, by gender and country, 2020, EU27 (%)
  • Figure 21: Employees working from home, by age, 2016–2021, EU27 (%)
Number of pages
46
Reference nº
EF22022
ISBN
978-92-897-2286-5
Catalogue nº
TJ-09-22-521-EN-N
DOI
10.2806/321685
Permalink
eurofound.link/ef22022

Cite this publication

Eurofound (2022), Recovery from COVID-19: The changing structure of employment in the EU, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.

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