Anticipating and managing the impact of change
Zeleni, čisti in zavzeti za zbliževanje? Analiza konvergence na področju okoljske kakovosti življenja v EU
Published:
03 August 2023
Research report
Abstract
V tem poročilu je obravnavana dinamika okoljske uspešnosti držav članic EU in obseg, v katerem so se razlike v njihovi uspešnosti od začetka leta 2000 zmanjšale. Poročilo je plod sodelovanja med Eurofoundom in Evropsko agencijo za okolje, pri čemer so se Eurofoundovo tehnično strokovno znanje in izkušnje na področju konvergence združili s strokovnim znanjem in izkušnjami Evropske agencije za okolje na področju evropskih okoljskih vprašanj. Osredotoča se na tri ravni analize: glavne kazalnike, kazalnike na ravni naselij in kazalnike na ravni gospodinjstev.
Da bi raziskali večplastno vprašanje kakovosti življenja v EU, so proučeni okoljski kazalniki z vidika analize konvergence. Rezultati kažejo, da je EU na pravi poti k ogljični nevtralnosti, čeprav se hitrost procesa ekologizacije po državah članicah razlikuje. Pri večini kazalnikov je mogoče opaziti hitro in stalno izboljševanje uspešnosti. Pomembna ugotovitev je, da je upad gospodarske rasti v zadnjih dveh desetletjih negativno vplival na proučevane kazalnike na ravni gospodinjstev, ki odražajo stanje na področju energetske revščine.
Key findings
V zadnjih dveh desetletjih so se razlike med državami članicami EU zmanjšale, uspešnost pa se je pri številnih okoljskih kazalnikih izboljšala. Ukrepi bi se morali osredotočiti na tri področja, na katerih so bile ugotovljene razlike: kakovost stanovanj, energetska revščina in javni promet.
Finančna kriza v obdobju 2008–2013 je zelo negativno vplivala na kazalnike na ravni gospodinjstev, ki merijo energetsko revščino in kakovost stanovanj, vendar kasnejše okrevanje kaže, da so bila nekatera gospodarstva dovolj odporna.
Še vedno obstajajo velike neenakosti med ljudmi iz različnih dohodkovnih razredov: prebivalci z nizkimi dohodki so v bistveno slabšem položaju glede kakovosti sosesk in stanovanj. Kljub temu izboljšanje kazalnikov na ravni naselij (s katerimi se meri onesnaženost, recikliranje in uporaba javnega prevoza) kaže, da so lokalna naselja postala prijetnejša za prebivanje.
Za uresničitev okoljskih ciljev na ravni naselij in gospodinjstev bodo morda potrebni strožji ali pravočasnejši politični ukrepi od obstoječih. Potrebne so rešitve na visoki ravni kakor tudi vsakodnevno ukrepanje, prav taki pa bi lokalni in nacionalni organi, ki si prizadevajo za ekologizacijo, morali upoštevati uveljavljene prakse, ki jih predlagajo države članice in EU.
Diverzifikacija rabe energije in materialov v EU z ukrepi na področju obnovljivih virov energije in krožnega gospodarstva bi lahko pospešila zeleni prehod, ublažila učinke prihodnjih energetskih kriz in pomanjkanja materialov ter zaščitila zlasti državljane z nizkimi dohodki.
The report contains the following lists of tables and figures.
List of tables
- Table 1: Macro-level indicators of environmental performance
- Table 2: Meso-level indicators of environmental performance
- Table 3: Micro-level indicators of environmental performance
- Table 4: Summary of convergence analysis of macro-level indicators
- Table 5: Share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption in 2005 and targets for and effective rates in 2020, EU Member States
- Table 6: Summary of convergence analysis of meso-level indicators
- Table 7: Summary of convergence analysis of meso-level indicators
- Table 8: Correlation matrix of environmental and socioeconomic variables, EU27
List of figures
- Figure 1: Conceptualisation of European environmental quality of life
- Figure 2: Timeline of the EU environmental acquis
- Figure 3: Sigma-convergence in net greenhouse gas emissions, EU27, 1990–2019
- Figure 4: Net greenhouse gas emissions, EU Member States, 1990 and 2020
- Figure 5: Sigma-convergence in years of life lost due to PM2.5 exposure, EU27, 2005–2019
- Figure 6: Comparison of years of life lost due to PM2.5 exposure, EU Member States, 2005 and 2019
- Figure 7: Share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption, EU27, 2004–2020 (%)
- Figure 8: Share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption, EU Member States, 2008 and 2020 (%)
- Figure 9: Delta-convergence in national targets for renewable energy, EU27, 2004–2020
- Figure 10: Circular material use rate, EU27, 2010–2021 (%)
- Figure 11: Sigma-convergence in circular material use rate, EU27, 2010–2021 (%)
- Figure 12: Share of population reporting pollution, grime or other environmental problems, for total population and population at risk of poverty, EU27, 2008–2020 (%)
- Figure 13: Share of population reporting pollution, grime or other environmental problems, by total population and population at risk of poverty, EU Member States, 2020 (%)
- Figure 14: Share of population reporting pollution, grime or other environmental problems, by degree of urbanisation, EU Member States, 2020 (%)
- Figure 15: Recycling rate of municipal waste, EU27, 2008–2021 (%)
- Figure 16: Sigma-convergence in the recycling rate of municipal waste, EU27, 2008–2021
- Figure 17: Sigma-convergence in the share of buses and trains in inland passenger transport, 2008–2020, EU27
- Figure 18: Share of buses and trains in inland passenger transport, EU27, 2000–2020 (%)
- Figure 19: Changes in the share of buses and trains in inland passenger transport during the COVID-19 pandemic, EU Member States, 2019 and 2020 (%)
- Figure 20: Sigma-convergence in the share of the population experiencing noise pollution, by total population and population at risk of poverty, EU27, 2008–2020
- Figure 21: Share of households experiencing noise pollution, by total population and population at risk of poverty, EU27, 2008–2020 (%)
- Figure 22: Share of households experiencing noise pollution, by total population and population at risk of poverty, EU Member States, 2020 (%)
- Figure 23: Sigma-convergence in population living in dwellings with damp, leaks or rot, EU27, 2009–2020 (%)
- Figure 24: Share of the population living in dwellings with damp, leaks or rot, EU Member States, 2009 and 2020 (%)
- Figure 25: Share of the population living in dwellings with damp, leaks or rot, EU Member States, 2019 and 2020 (%)
- Figure 26: Sigma-convergence in the share of the population living in dwellings with damp, leaks or rot, EU27 without Cyprus, 2009–2020
- Figure 27: Sigma-convergence in share of households in arrears on utility bills, by total population and population at risk of poverty, EU27, 2008–2021 (%)
- Figure 28: Share of households reporting arrears on utility bills, by total population and population at risk of poverty, EU27, 2008–2021 (%)
- Figure 29: Share of population in arrears on utility bills, EU Member States, 2008, 2019 and 2021 (%)
- Figure 30: Sigma-convergence in the share of the population unable to keep home adequately warm, by total population and population at risk of poverty, EU27, 2005–2021
- Figure 31: Share of the population unable to keep home adequately warm, by total population and population at risk of poverty, EU27, 2008–2021 (%)
- Figure 32: Inequalities in the population unable to keep home adequately warm in 2021, by total population and population at risk of poverty, EU Member States (%)
- Figure 33: Correlation between years of life lost due to air pollution and mean and median income, EU27, 2005–2019
- Figure 34: Correlation between the share of the population experiencing noise pollution and mean and median income, EU27, 2003–2020
- Figure 35: Correlation between the share of the population experiencing noise pollution and educational attainment, EU27, 2003–2020
- Figure 36: Correlation between circular material use rate and income and GDP, EU27, 2008–2019
- Figure 37: Correlation between municipal recycling rate and income and GDP, EU27, 2004–2020
- Figure 38: Correlation between the share of the population living in dwellings with no indoor toilet or shower and mean and median income and GDP per capita, 2009–2020, EU27
- Figure 39: Correlation between the share of the population living in dwellings with damp, leaks or rot and educational attainment and employment rate, EU27, 2009–2020
- Figure 40: Correlation between the share of population in arrears on utility bills and the AROPE or NEET share of the population, EU27, 2015–2021
- Figure 41: Correlation between the share of the population unable to heat their home adequately and mean and median income and GDP per capita, EU27, 2005–2021
- Number of pages
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80
- Reference nº
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EF23022
- ISBN
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978-92-897-2345-9
- Catalogue nº
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TJ-04-23-785-EN-N
- DOI
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10.2806/576287
- Permalink
Cite this publication
Eurofound and EEA (2023), Green, clean and keen to converge? A convergence analysis of environmental quality of life in the EU, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.