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Upokojevanje

Do pred nekaj leti so se ljudje v EU praviloma upokojevali pri starosti 65 let in pogosto tudi prej. Upokojitvena starost je v državah članicah EU različna in se zvišuje. 

Topic

Recent updates

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The various economic and social shocks of the past decade and a half – most recently the COVID-19 pandemic – have ongoing consequences for the living standards and prospects of...

19 December 2023
Publication
Policy brief
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Much policy is developed and operationalised through the prism of age, and addressing differences in the economic and social circumstances of different age groups is an ongoing concern of policymakers...

5 Februar 2019
Publication
Policy brief

EU context

Ko se bo upokojila „baby-boom“ generacija, se bo upokojevalo več delavcev, kot jih bo vstopalo na trg. Glede na to, da ljudje živijo dlje in da rodnost v Evropi upada, je prednostna naloga politike EU spodbujati Evropejce, naj delajo dlje, da bi zagotovili vzdržnost pokojninskih sistemov in ustrezno socialno zaščito. V zadnjih letih so nekatere države članice dvignile starostno mejo za upokojitev (na primer, Irska na 68 let od leta 2028 in Nemčija na 67 let od leta 2031) in proučujejo možnosti za spodbujanje delavcev, naj delajo dlje. Povečuje se tudi število starejših delavcev, ki želijo delati dlje.

V beli knjigi Evropske komisije iz leta 2012 o pokojninah so predlagane pobude za oblikovanje okvira, ki bi starejšim delavcem omogočal, da še naprej delajo in prihranijo več denarja za upokojitev. Države članice tudi poziva, naj odpravijo razlike v predpisanih upokojitvenih starostih med moškimi in ženskami ter pregledajo neupravičene obvezne upokojitvene starosti. Komisija je pregledala tudi režime upokojevanja za delavce v Evropi, ki opravljajo težka ali nevarna dela, pri čemer so potekale razprave o aktualnih reformah in dobrih praksah, podana pa so bila tudi priporočila za države članice EU.

Delo Eurofounda

V preteklih letih je Eurofound analiziral vprašanja, povezana z upokojevanjem v državah EU. V raziskavah so bile proučene možnosti za predčasno in postopno upokojitev, možnosti za združevanje dela in delne upokojitve, delo po upokojitvi, prostovoljstvo med upokojitvijo in vprašanja pokojnin. V zadnjih letih se raziskave osredotočajo na podaljševanje delovne dobe nad sedanjo upokojitveno starostjo, pa tudi na vprašanja, povezana z delovnimi preferencami, dohodki in kakovostjo življenja.

Delovne preference glede upokojevanja

V analizi ugotovitev Eurofoundove tretje evropske raziskave o kakovosti življenja so bile proučene preference starejših delavcev glede delovnega časa. Ugotovljeno je bilo, da bi skoraj polovica delavcev, starih 50 let in več, raje delala manj ur, pri čemer so se upoštevale njihove finančne potrebe. Velik del upokojencev, ki trenutno ne opravljajo plačanega dela, bi rad delal vsaj nekaj ur na teden. V preiskavi je bilo tudi proučeno, kako lahko pregledi na sredini poklicne poti pomagajo pojasniti možnosti delavcev, da nadaljujejo z delom do višje upokojitvene starosti. 

Združevanje dela z delno upokojitvijo

Trenutno se starejši delavci zaradi zdravstvenih težav, invalidnosti in obveznosti oskrbe pogosto upokojijo, preden dopolnijo zakonsko določeno upokojitveno starost. Veliko več ljudi pa si želi, da bi enostavno delali manj, da bi bil delovni čas bolj prilagojen njihovim preferencam. Eden od načinov, kako motivirati ljudi in jim omogočiti, da bi delali dlje, je, da se omogoči zmanjšanje števila delovnih ur, z nadomestitvijo izgube dohodka z delno pokojnino ali delnim nadomestilom. V študiji Eurofounda je proučen vpliv takih shem delnega upokojevanja.

Delo po upokojitvi

V številnih državah starejši opravljajo plačano delo tudi po tem, ko dosežejo upokojitveno starost. V študiji Eurofounda o dohodkih iz dela po upokojitvi v EU so obravnavani motivi upokojencev za iskanje plačanega dela in njihove zaposlitvene možnosti. Proučene so strategije podjetij za zaposlovanje in zadržanje upokojencev, izpostavljene pa so tudi dileme in prednosti za starejše, ki želijo opravljati plačano delo. Proučeno je tudi, v kakšnem obsegu je delo po upokojitvi povezano s primernostjo dohodka v populaciji upokojencev.

Pokojninska reforma

Pokojnine so za številne upokojence glavni vir dohodka. Reforma pokojninskih sistemov v zadnjih letih se osredotoča na vzdržnost javnih pokojnin in zviševanje dejanske upokojitvene starosti. V študiji Eurofounda o vključevanju socialnih partnerjev v pokojninsko reformo v EU so obravnavane reforme, uvedene kot odgovor na gospodarsko in finančno krizo, pri čemer je poudarjena vloga socialnih partnerjev pri takih reformah od leta 2008.

Prostovoljstvo

Zaradi starajočega se prebivalstva v Evropi socialna vključenost starejših in strategije za spodbujanje prostovoljskega dela med starejšimi zdaj zasedajo pomembno mesto v političnem programu EU. V študiji o prostovoljstvu starejših v EU sta predstavljeni dobra praksa pri vseh vidikih prostovoljstva in njena povezava s socialno vključenostjo. Obravnavani so ukrepi za okrepitev prostovoljstva med prehodom iz dela v upokojitev.

Upokojevanje žensk in moških

Ženske se v večini držav članic upokojujejo prej kot moški, deloma zato, ker namenjajo več časa skrbi za vzdrževane osebe kot pripadniki moškega spola. Vendar se bo to v prihodnjih letih verjetno spremenilo zaradi načrtov za zvišanje upokojitvene starosti v številnih državah. Eurofound je proučil primer starejših delavk v Evropi in spodbude za nadaljnje povečevanje njihovega vključevanja na trg dela, ki izhaja iz predčasnega upokojevanja. 

Key outputs

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Much policy is developed and operationalised through the prism of age, and addressing differences in the economic and social circumstances of different age groups is an ongoing concern of policymakers...

5 Februar 2019
Publication
Policy brief
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Feelings of insecurity in several dimensions of life are widespread in the EU population, even among those who are materially well-off. Policymakers need to take these insecurities into account to...

9 Oktober 2018
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Policy brief
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Demographic change is increasing the number of older workers in employment in Europe. In order for all of them to work beyond 55 or even after the pension age, it...

21 December 2017
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

Research continues in this topic on a variety of themes, which are outlined below with links to forthcoming titles.

Eurofound expert(s)

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Hans Dubois is a senior research manager in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. His research topics include housing, over-indebtedness, healthcare, long-term care, social...

Senior research manager,
Social policies research unit
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Sanna Nivakoski is a research officer in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. Before joining Eurofound in 2021, she worked as a post-doctoral researcher at University College...

Research officer,
Social policies research unit
Publications results (46)

Europe is facing unprecedented demographic change including a previously unknown ageing of the population. In view of these demographic and societal changes, social inclusion of the elderly is of growing importance. In searching for measures to promote the social inclusion of the older population

02 March 2011

Although the Eurobarometer surveys in 2006 and 2010 show relatively little change in the level of participation in volunteering, recent Eurofound research points to a general upward trend in many Member States. The growth in volunteering of the last 10 years is partly attributed to public

14 February 2011

Just over 20% of Europeans take part in voluntary and charitable activities, though there are wide differences between Member States. The highest rates are seen in the Nordic Member States (Denmark, Finland, Sweden) and the lowest rates are in Bulgaria, Greece, Malta, Portugal, Romania and Spain

13 February 2011

The results of Eurofound’s second European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS 2007) show that older people run the risk of being socially excluded. The highest proportion of people reporting a feeling of being ‘left out of society’ is in the over-65 age bracket. Compared to younger age groups, a much

19 January 2010

Working time policies, although designed within the national and sectoral framework and the boundaries of institutional regulations, are fine-tuned and implemented at the level of each company, taking account of the environment in which the company operates and the workforce it is employing. Hence

08 December 2009

Over the last decade, Foundation research has examined effective ways of promoting the participation of older workers in the labour market, to enhance their contribution and productivity, and prevent their early exit and unemployment. This report extends the research to the new Member States and the

21 April 2009

This issue of Foundation Findings deals with older women workers in Europe. Older women workers represent an increasing proportion of the workforce in the EU, especially in the 55–64 years age group. Employment rates for older women workers have been increasing in Europe. Foundation Findings provide

22 February 2009

The Foundation’s Company Survey on Working Time and Work–Life Balance 2004–2005 set out to map the use of a variety of working time arrangements in companies, to assess the reasons for their introduction and their impact. This report analyses the data from the survey to address the issue of phased

23 February 2007

The ageing of the EU population has implications for the sustainability of pensions, economic growth and the future labour supply. This report reviews case studies from a range of organisations across the EU that have instituted good practice in recruiting, supporting and retaining older workers. By

18 December 2006

Effective action to improve the employment conditions of older workers involves government policies at different levels, the social partners and social dialogue, organisations and companies and, of course, older workers themselves. Within companies in the EU15, policies and practices designed to

14 December 2006

Online resources results (98)

Greece: Developments in working life – Q1 2016

The first evaluation of the economic reform program, the reform of the social security system, pension issues, rulings on liability for occupational accidents and the growing refugee crisis are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in

The Netherlands: Developments in working life – Q1 2016

Refugees integration, the impact of new work and security legislation and pension funds are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in the Netherlands in the first quarter of 2016.

Poland: Developments in working life – Q1 2016

The re-emergence of conflict in the coal-mining sector, noticeable pay pressure, significant changes to labour law and the new child benefit are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Poland in the first quarter of 2016.

Belgium: Developments in working life – Q1 2016

Budget cuts, the role of social dialogue and strike action, as well as more contemporary issues – such as the impact of e-commerce and the use of robots on working life – are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in

Sweden: Developments in working life – Q1 2016

An intense bargaining round, proposals to improve protection for whistle-blowers and a continued focus on labour market integration are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Sweden in the first quarter of 2016.

Sweden: Flexible pensions – a key issue in the 2016 bargaining round

The issue of flexible retirement schemes has become one of the hottest topics for white-collar workers in the 2016 bargaining round.

France: Agreement signed to protect compulsory supplementary pension schemes

In France, two compulsory supplementary pension schemes managed by the social partners are facing financial difficulties. The social partners have signed an agreement to protect the schemes. The agreement introduces a bonus–penalty system to encourage employees to retire later.

Italy: Updated data show significant pension gender gap

Survey results from 2013 indicate a substantial gender gap in terms of pension income in Italy, with women receiving much less favourable incomes.

Belgium: Trade unions criticise pension reform proposals

Proposed reforms to Belgium's pension system will – along with other changes – extend the retirement age to 67 by 2030. The proposed reforms have attracted strong criticism from the country's trade unions, but support from employer associations.


Blogs results (1)
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There are limits to the effectiveness of member states’ pension reforms. Europe, it’s often said, is experiencing a worsening ageing crisis. European governments grappling with this and the related unsustainability of many pension schemes have taken measures to keep older workers longer in employmen

26 September 2016
Upcoming publications results (1)

The European population is living longer, with a declining natural population since 2014, offset only by positive net migration. The proportion of older people, especially those over 50, is increasing. Demographic ageing, where the working-age population shrinks while the number of older individuals

March 2025

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