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Arbetsmarknadsrelationer och social dialog

Arbetsmarknadsrelationer och social dialog är en av sex huvudsakliga verksamheter i Eurofounds arbetsprogram för perioden 2021–2024. Eurofound kommer att fortsätta fungera som ett kompetenscentrum för övervakning och analys av utvecklingen inom system för arbetsmarknadsrelationer och social dialog på nationell nivå och EU-nivå. Eurofound kommer även att fortsätta stödja dialogen mellan arbetsmarknadens parter, bland annat mot bakgrund av effekterna av covid-19, med hjälp av sakkunskap från nätverket av Eurofounds korrespondenter på nationell nivå.

Under de kommande fyra åren kommer Eurofound att ge viktiga insikter i utmaningarna och framtidsutsikterna på området arbetsmarknadsrelationer och social dialogi EU. Med sin långa expertis på detta område utforskar Eurofound den viktigaste utvecklingen som påverkar aktörer, processer och centrala resultat vad gäller arbetsmarknadsrelationer. Eurofound jämför nationella system för arbetsmarknadsrelationer, inklusive den nationella sociala dialogen och kollektiva förhandlingar. Genom att bygga vidare på sin databas COVID-19 EU PolicyWatch, som skapades 2020, kommer Eurofound att övervaka politiska initiativ av regeringar, arbetsmarknadens parter och andra aktörer för att motverka de sociala och ekonomiska konsekvenserna av krisen samt bidra till återhämtningen. Eurofound kommer att fortsätta att regelbundet rapportera om utvecklingen inom lönebildning, minimilön och arbetstid och även om resultat som avser arbetslivet.

Med sin sakkunskap stödjer Eurofound arbetsmarknadsparternas kapacitetsuppbyggnad i att få till stånd en effektiv social dialog, och myndigheten främjar utvecklingen av den sociala dialogen i EU genom att granska arbetsmarknadsparternasrepresentativiteti olika sektorer för att bedöma huruvida de har rätt att delta i kommittéer för social dialog.

”Vi finns här för att stödja dialogen mellan arbetsmarknadens parter. Och jag tror att de uppgifter vi sammanställer och den forskning vi bedriver spelar stor roll, om det hjälper aktörerna själva att fungera bättre... En levande social dialog är en del av vad man skulle kunna kalla en social marknadsekonomi, vilket är vad Europeiska unionen strävar efter att uppnå.”

David Foden, rådgivare, arbetsmarknadsrelationer

 

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De huvudsakliga resultaten av Eurofounds forskning utgör underlag för beslutsfattarna vad gäller hanteringen av några av de viktigaste frågorna på detta område.

  • Genom kollektiva förhandlingar spelar arbetsmarknadens parter en avgörande roll för att trygga en rättvis behandling av Europas arbetstagare och ett stabilt och förutsägbart ramverk för arbetsgivare.
  • Effektiva kollektiva förhandlingar gör att konkurrensen mellan företag kan inriktas på att öka effektiviteten i stället för att fokus läggs på att utnyttja arbetskraften genom gemensamma regler om löner och arbetsvillkor.
  • Systemen som reglerar arbetsmarknadsrelationer står inför allt större hot på grund av förändringar i samhället, på arbetsmarknaden och när det gäller hur arbetet organiseras. Detta har lett till utmaningar när det gäller kapaciteten hos centrala arbetsmarknadsparter inom systemen för arbetsmarknadsrelationer i medlemsstaterna.
  • När det gäller lön anger sju av tio arbetstagare med minimilön i EU-rapporten att de åtminstone har vissa problem med att få ekonomin att gå ihop, jämfört med färre än fem av tio andra arbetstagare. Dessa siffror varierar emellertid kraftigt mellan olika länder. Mot bakgrund av pandemin kan minimilöner spela en roll i en politisk strategi för att stabilisera inkomster – och således efterfrågan – för att motverka en nedåtgående spiral mot recession eller depression.
  • För en effektiv social dialog i EU krävs starka förbindelser med nationella aktörer så att EU:s agenda fortsätter att vara relevant och så att EU:s självständiga avtal genomförs på ett meningsfullt sätt på nationell nivå.
  • Trots att flera gemensamma initiativ har uppstått ur den sociala dialogen i EU har få avtal ingåtts. Det finns en farhåga inom vissa sektorer när det gäller att begäranden från arbetsmarknadens parter om att genomföra avtal genom EU-lagstiftningen har avslagits och att det krävs bättre förbindelser mellan EU och medlemsstaterna.
  • En fallande tendens beträffande graden av fackföreningsanslutning skapar oro i många medlemsstater. Färre än en av tre arbetsplatser (med 10 eller fler arbetstagare) i EU (29 procent) har någon form av arbetstagarrepresentation. Att det finns lagstadgade krav är en viktig drivkraft för förekomsten av representation.
  • Kollektiva förhandlingar står fortfarande i centrum när det gäller systemen för arbetsmarknadsrelationer i EU. Beslutsfattarna bör ta tillfället i akt under covid-19-krisen att införa nya initiativ för att främja, stärka och stödja kollektiva förhandlingar.
  • Utöver arbetsmarknadsparternas ansträngningar kräver en effektiv social dialog och välfungerande arbetsmarknadsrelationer offentliga medel och myndighetsstöd. Beslutsfattarna bör undersöka nya former av kunskapsöverföring, tillhandahållande av resurser och diskussioner med arbetsmarknadsparter på EU-nivå och nationell nivå.
  • Att trygga och verka för rättvisa, välfungerande och balanserade arbetsmarknadsrelationer är avgörande för att säkerställa hållbar tillväxt för alla och sociala framsteg i EU. I efterdyningarna av covid-19 kommer detta även att vara ett viktigt sätt för beslutsfattare att integrera EU:s sociala och ekonomiska dimensioner, såsom fastställs i den europeiska pelaren för sociala rättigheter.

2021–2024 work plan

During 2021–2024, Eurofound will provide important insights into the challenges and prospects in the area of industrial relations and social dialogue in the EU. With a long-established expertise in this field, Eurofound explores the main developments affecting the actors, processes and key outcomes of industrial relations. It compares national systems of industrial relations, including national social dialogue and collective bargaining. Building on its EU PolicyWatch database created in 2020, Eurofound will monitor policy initiatives by governments, social partners and other actors to cushion the social and economic fallouts of the crisis, as well as to assist in the recovery efforts. Its regular reporting on pay setting, minimum wage and working time developments, as well as working life outcomes, will be ongoing.

Eurofound’s expertise supports the capacity-building of the social partners to achieve effective social dialogue, and the Agency promotes the development of the European social dialogue by looking at the representativeness of social partner organisations in different sectors to assess their eligibility to participate in social dialogue committees.

Addressing stakeholder priorities

Eurofound’s research aims to assist the European institutions, national public authorities and social partners at various levels to address the challenges facing the EU and at national level in the areas of policy formation, social dialogue, collective bargaining and the regulation of employment relations.

The Agency’s work programme is aligned with the European Commission’s political guidelines over the next four years, directly feeding into a number of key policy areas aimed at creating a strong social Europe. In particular, Eurofound will support the policy initiatives under the European Pillar of Social Rights linked to social dialogue and the involvement of workers, particularly in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. Specific findings will be available to inform the European policy debate on minimum wages and pay transparency, as well as on working time. In consultation with the European Commission, Eurofound will continue its focused work on European social dialogue through its series of representativeness studies in selected sectors.

 

Eurofound research

In 2024, Eurofound continues its national monitoring of trends and developments in industrial relations, social dialogue, collective bargaining and working life regulations and outcomes. 

To support European social dialogue, in 2024 the Agency plans to publish studies on the representativeness of social partner organisations in six sectors: construction, extractive industries, chemical sector, road transport including urban public transport, postal and courier services, and graphical industries. In addition, studies are ongoing on the following sectors: agriculture, temporary agency work, ports, maritime transport, tanning and leather, footwear, sugar, inland waterway transport, central government administration, railways and commerce. Eurofound continues its work on initiatives to support capacity building for effective social dialogue. In 2024, the Agency launches a new phase of Tripartite Exchange Seminars in collaboration with the European Training Foundation, Cedefop and the European Environment Agency.

Eurofound carries out its annual exercise of examining the involvement of national social partners in policymaking, in the context of the European Semester process and the Recovery and Resilience Facility, which in 2024 includes findings on the role of tripartite discussions held in Economic and Social Councils in Member States having such bodies. The contribution made by sectoral social partners to the implementation of reforms and investments included in the Recovery and Resilience Plans is also analysed, looking at policy processes that link European and national policy agendas. 

Eurofound’s EU PolicyWatch database continues to capture relevant policy initiatives by governments, social partners and other actors, including those taken to mitigate the socioeconomic consequences of the war in Ukraine, as well as those related to the twin transition.

Work on outcomes in collective bargaining agreements beyond the topic of pay concludes in 2024 and the results and dataset are planned for 2025. Research also concludes on how larger increases in statutory minimum wages affect collective bargaining and collectively agreed wages for low-paid groups. 

Eurofound collaborates with the European Institute for Gender Equality in 2024 to investigate further experiences with the implementation of gender pay transparency measures, with a focus also on those Member States that have recently introduced new legislation, and how the ‘work of equal value principle’ is defined and implemented.

The annual reviews on minimum wages and on working time in the EU continue in 2024. The working life country profiles are also being updated. The ongoing monitoring of industrial relations systems includes regular updates to the European Industrial Relations Dictionary.

Key outputs

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Eurofound's 2024 work programme is set in the context of the upcoming European elections, war in Ukraine, renewed Middle East conflict and rising cost of living across the EU.

23 januari 2024
Publication
Work programme
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Den årliga översynen av minimilöner för 2023 utarbetades mot bakgrund av en aldrig tidigare skådad inflation i Europa. Även om detta ledde till kraftiga ökningar av de nominella lönerna i...

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Eurofound expert(s)

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Christine Aumayr-Pintar is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. Her current research topics include minimum wages, collectively agreed wages and gender...

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Working life research unit
Publications results (534)

This paper provides an overview of the involvement of the social partners in policymaking and social dialogue in recent years, primarily at national peak level. It will focus on the evolution of social dialogue over the past decade and a half in terms of its response to external shocks, focusing on

20 March 2023

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the civil aviation sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participat

20 December 2022

This document examines the process of assessing the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the civil aviation sector. It summarises the findings from a comprehensive study on representativeness in this sector. The study identifies ETF, ECA an

20 December 2022

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the textile and clothing sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective

20 December 2022

This document examines the process of assessing the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the textile and clothing sector. It summarises the findings from a comprehensive study on representativeness in this sector. The study identifies Indus

20 December 2022

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the electricity sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participation

02 December 2022

I denna rapport analyseras den roll som social dialog och kollektiva förhandlingar har för att ta itu med de utmaningar som sektorn för civil luftfart ställdes inför under covid-19-pandemin. Arbetsmarknadsparternas deltagande i de åtgärder som införts för att mildra pandemins negativa effekter

01 December 2022

I denna rapport analyseras den roll som social dialog och kollektiva förhandlingar spelade i hanteringen av de utmaningar som covid-19-pandemin medförde eller förvärrade inom sjukhussektorn. Rapporten undersöker också om den befintliga sociala dialogen och de befintliga kollektiva

01 December 2022

Denna rapport genomförs inom ramen för det treåriga pilotprojektet (2021–2023) ”Minimilönens roll vid inrättandet av en allmän arbetsgaranti” som Europeiska kommissionen har gett Eurofound i uppdrag att genomföra. Fokus ligger på modul 3 i projektet, där man undersöker minimilöner och andra

30 November 2022

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the Food and drink sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective

23 November 2022

Online resources results (1801)

Irish postal service faces major industrial relations challenge

A confidential interim report into industrial and employee relations in An Post, Ireland's state-owned postal company, highlights the adversarial nature of its industrial relations structures and practices and how these are inhibiting the development of a more customer focused business. The report

Employment policy debate focuses on working time

A November 1997 orientation debate on employment policy in Luxembourg's Chamber of Deputies has prompted several motions. The most important of these urges the Government to work towards an agreement between the social partners that contains both the outlines of a framework law on working time and

Flexible remuneration and financial participation by employees: state of play in the Netherlands

Both the use of flexible remuneration systems and financial participation through share option schemes have increased markedly in the Netherlands in the 1990s. Generally, employers applaud this development but within the trade unions there are mixed feelings.

Membership growth and increased rivalry between employer organisations

Traditionally there has not been a great deal of rivalry over members between the different employers' organisations in Norway, and in most cases the boundaries between the largest organisations have been clear. Recently, however, there have been indications that in the future we will see increased

The 40-hour working week finally in force in Portugal

The 40-hour statutory working week finally came into force in Portugal on 1 December 1997. This feature discusses the implementation phase, over the first year of the 40-hour week law. The simultaneous introduction of a reduction in working time and new forms of flexibility have led to conflict in a

CGTP questions representativeness of social partners

In late 1997, the CGTP trade union confederation has amplified its criticisms of Portugal's system of tripartite social concertation, pointing out anomalies, claiming that it is manipulated, and raising the issue of the social partners' representativeness.

The trade unionist of the 1990s?

The face of UK trade unionism is changing, according to evidence published by the Trades Union Congress (TUC) in Trade unionists today [1] (August 1997), based on analysis of the autumn 1996 Labour Force Survey. In the past, according to the TUC, the typical UK trade unionist was once generally

Joint committee for the Belgian social and cultural sector

After a 20-year wait, a trade union-employer joint committee was set up in February 1996 in the Belgian social and cultural sector. It covers a very broad and varied range of activities, and by late 1997 had already concluded several collective agreements and considered six industrial disputes.

Debate on overall reduction of working time in Belgium

In Belgium, the debate on the generalised reduction of working time has entered the social and political arena by the backdoor in autumn 1997. Even before the Government and social partners had discussed the issue, experiments had been tried out in a few firms including Volkswagen in the Brussels

Employment Summit: Belgium demands quantifiable employment objectives

The Luxembourg Presidency of the European Union organised a special Employment Summit [1] European Council meeting on 20-21 November 1997 (EU9711168F [2]). In order to prepare for the event, the Belgian Government and social partners organised a conference aimed at formulating the point of view of


Blogs results (22)
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​Nowadays we all know that long or excessive working hours may have serious negative impacts on a person’s health and wellbeing. Eurofound‘s new report 'Working time developments in the 21st century' suggests that if working time standards are mainly left to legislation or to be set unilaterally by

4 mars 2016
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The new European Commission (EC) under President Jean-Claude Juncker is committed to re-launching social dialogue and a first step was taken with the organisation of a high-level conference in Brussels on 5 March. The aim of the conference was to discuss concrete ways to strengthen social dialogue w

20 april 2015

Upcoming publications results (7)

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the graphical industry. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participation

July 2025

This report reviews the quality of the national social partners’ involvement in the implementation of the reforms and investments shaping the digital and green transition in the context of national policymaking. These reforms and investments stem mainly from the Recovery and Resilience Facility.

March 2025

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the extractive industries sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective par

December 2024

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the construction sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participatio

December 2024

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the chemical sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participation in

December 2024

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the road transport sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participat

December 2024

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the postal and courier activities sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effec

November 2024
Data results (10)

Eurofound publishes gross and nominal statutory minimum wages applicable in EU countries that have a statutory minimum wage.

25 januari 2024
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