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Pension

Att pensionera sig från avlönat arbete vid 65 års ålder, och ofta tidigare, har varit normen i EU fram till de senaste åren. Pensionsåldern skiljer sig mellan EU:s medlemsstater och har stigit. 

Topic

Recent updates

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The various economic and social shocks of the past decade and a half – most recently the COVID-19 pandemic – have ongoing consequences for the living standards and prospects of...

19 december 2023
Publication
Policy brief
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Much policy is developed and operationalised through the prism of age, and addressing differences in the economic and social circumstances of different age groups is an ongoing concern of policymakers...

5 februari 2019
Publication
Policy brief

EU context

I takt med att ”babyboom-generationen” rör sig mot pensionen kommer fler arbetstagare att gå i pension än antalet människor som tar sig in på arbetsmarknaden. Eftersom vi lever längre och födelsetalen sjunker i Europa prioriterar man i EU-politiken att uppmuntra européerna att fortsätta att arbeta längre, i syfte att säkerställa pensionssystemens bärkraftighet och tillräcklig social trygghet. Under de senaste åren har vissa medlemsstater gått mot att höja den statliga pensionsåldern (till exempel Irland, till 68 år 2028, och Tyskland, till 67 år 2031) och försökt ta reda på hur man kan uppmuntra arbetstagare att stanna kvar på sina jobb längre. Många äldre arbetstagare vill också allt oftare fortsätta att arbeta längre.

I Europeiska kommissionens vitbok från 2012 om pensioner föreslås initiativ för att skapa en ram som gör det möjligt för äldre arbetsföra arbetstagare att fortsätta arbeta och spara mer till sin pension. I vitboken uppmanades även medlemsstaterna att minska skillnaderna i de lagstadgade pensionsåldrarna mellan män och kvinnor, och att se över obefogade obligatoriska pensionsåldrar. Kommissionen har också sett över pensionssystemen för arbetstagare med tunga eller farliga arbeten i Europa, och diskuterat pågående reformer och bästa praxis med rekommendationer för EU:s medlemsstater.

Eurofounds arbete

Under åren har Eurofound analyserat frågor som rör pension i EU-länderna. I forskningen har man tittat på möjligheter till förtidspensionering och gradvis pensionering, möjligheter att kombinera arbete med delpension, arbete efter pensionen, volontärarbete under pensionen och pensionsfrågan. Under de senaste åren har forskningen inriktats på att förlänga arbetslivet bortom den nuvarande pensionsåldern, liksom på frågor som rör arbetspreferenser, inkomst och livskvalitet.

Arbetspreferenser runt pensionen

I analysen av resultaten från Eurofounds tredje undersökning av livskvaliteten i Europa utforskar man äldre arbetstagares arbetstidspreferenser. I denna slås det fast att nästan hälften av arbetstagarna i åldern 50+ skulle vilja arbeta färre timmar, med hänsyn tagen till deras ekonomiska behov. En betydande andel av de pensionärer som i nuläget inte har något avlönat arbete skulle faktiskt vilja arbeta åtminstone några timmar i veckan. Forskarna har också tittat på hur översyner mitt i karriären kan hjälpa till att klargöra arbetstagarnas alternativ för att fortsätta arbeta till en senare pensionsålder. 

Kombinera arbete med deltidspension

I nuläget lämnar ofta äldre arbetstagare arbetskraften innan den lagstadgade pensionsåldern på grund av hälsoproblem, funktionsnedsättning och vårdansvar. Många fler vill helt enkelt arbeta mindre och anpassa arbetstimmarna mer efter sina preferenser. Ett sätt att motivera och göra det möjligt för människor att arbeta längre är att underlätta arbetstidsförkortning, samtidigt som man kompletterar den förlorade inkomsten med delpension eller ett bidrag. I en Eurofoundstudie undersöks inverkan av sådana deltidspensionssystem.

Arbete efter pensionen

I många länder har äldre en avlönad sysselsättning efter pensionsåldern. Eurofounds studie om inkomst från arbete efter pensionen i EU tittar på varför pensionärer letar avlönat arbete och deras anställningsmöjligheter. I studien undersöks företagens strategier för att rekrytera och behålla pensionärer och den belyser dilemman och fördelar för äldre människor som vill ha avlönat arbete. Man undersöker också i vilken utsträckning arbete efter pensionen har att göra med tillräcklig inkomst bland den pensionerade befolkningen.

Pensionsreformer

Pensionen är en huvudsaklig inkomstkälla för många pensionärer. De senaste årens reform av pensionssystemen har varit inriktad på bärkraftigheten hos de statliga pensionerna och på att höja den faktiska pensionsåldern. I Eurofounds studie om arbetsmarknadsparternas deltagande i EU:s pensionsreform tittar man på reformer som introducerats som svar på den ekonomiska och finansiella krisen, och man framhåller den roll som arbetsmarknadsparterna spelat i sådana reformer sedan 2008.

Volontärarbete

Mot bakgrund av Europas åldrande befolkning är äldre människors sociala delaktighet och strategier för att främja volontärarbete bland äldre nu viktiga punkter på EU:s politiska dagordning. I en studie om volontärarbete bland äldre människor i EU tar man upp bästa praxis i fråga om alla aspekter av volontärarbete och arbetets koppling till social delaktighet. I studien tittar man på åtgärder för att stärka volontärarbete under övergången från arbete till pension.

Pensionerade kvinnor och män

Kvinnor går i pension tidigare än män i de flesta medlemsstater, delvis eftersom de lägger mer tid på att ta hand om familjemedlemmar än männen. Men detta kommer också troligen att förändras under de kommande åren i och med planerna på att höja pensionsåldern i många länder. Eurofound har tittat på situationen för äldre kvinnliga arbetstagare i Europa och incitamenten för att fortsätta att öka deras arbetsmarknadsdeltagande, vilket hindrar att de går i pension tidigare. 

Key outputs

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Much policy is developed and operationalised through the prism of age, and addressing differences in the economic and social circumstances of different age groups is an ongoing concern of policymakers...

5 februari 2019
Publication
Policy brief
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Feelings of insecurity in several dimensions of life are widespread in the EU population, even among those who are materially well-off. Policymakers need to take these insecurities into account to...

9 oktober 2018
Publication
Policy brief
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Demographic change is increasing the number of older workers in employment in Europe. In order for all of them to work beyond 55 or even after the pension age, it...

21 december 2017
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

Research continues in this topic on a variety of themes, which are outlined below with links to forthcoming titles.

Eurofound expert(s)

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Hans Dubois is a senior research manager in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. His research topics include housing, over-indebtedness, healthcare, long-term care, social...

Senior research manager,
Social policies research unit
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Sanna Nivakoski is a research officer in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. Before joining Eurofound in 2021, she worked as a post-doctoral researcher at University College...

Research officer,
Social policies research unit
Publications results (46)

Many EU Member States have implemented reforms to improve the sustainability of their pension systems. However, the impact of discouraging early retirement and increasing the pension age on effective retirement ages is limited, as many people are unable or unmotivated to work until pension age.

09 September 2016

As the average age of the European population and of the European workforce rises, more people of working age will have to combine employment with the provision of care, especially to elderly relatives. There are many actors and institutions involved in organising such care, and many institutional

22 October 2015

The need to reform pension systems is one of the key challenges for social policymakers in Europe. This article provides an update of how the EU 28 and Norway are tackling this issue in the face of demographic change, focusing in particular on the involvement of the social partners and governments.

02 October 2015

The ageing of European society is leading to a situation where, at current employment levels, supporting the retired population will become increasingly unaffordable. The proposed solution can be summed up simply: bring more of the working age population into work and extend everyone’s working life

23 January 2015

This policy brief highlights findings on a specific topic from Eurofound’s European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) that is of particular interest from a policy perspective. It brings results of the analysis of these data together with evidence from other Eurofound projects to formulate a number of

14 June 2014

This issue of Foundation Focus looks at issues surrounding pay, wages and income in Europe in the face of sustained difficult economic circumstances. For example, what sort of hardship are ordinary people experiencing? Which workers are being most affected by wage cuts? Are wage cuts the best way to

20 January 2014

Achieving work environments that make work sustainable over a lifetime is a key facet of the promotion of longer working lives. This study - based on the fifth European Working Conditions Survey - considers the dimensions of work that have proved essential to the understanding of work sustainability

09 December 2012

The proportion of people aged 65 and over will rise from 17% to 30% of the EU population by 2060, while at the same time the working age population will decline. The European Commission estimates that most of the increase in public spending in the EU over the next 50 years will be on pensions, long

28 November 2012

It is increasingly common for workers in the EU to take up paid work after retirement. This trend adds an important dimension to the current discourse on extending working lives. Facilitating work after retirement for those who want to work can contribute to sustainable pension systems. This study

14 November 2012

The European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions carried out major surveys on working conditions in Europe in 1990, 1995 and 2000. The findings of these surveys reveal a number of alarming trends regarding age and working conditions, in particular: a low level of access

26 August 2012

Online resources results (98)

New occupational pension regulations in force

On 1 January 2001, new regulations came into effect concerning occupational pensions (Lov om innskuddspensjon i arbeidsforhold). The new regulations provide for companies to receive tax allowances in connection with "defined-contribution" pension plans. Such allowances were previously confined to

Negotiations over 35-hour week in banking

During the second half of 2000, agreements on introducing the 35-hour working week were signed in France's major banks, after the sectoral-level social partners failed to deal with the issue in an industry-wide agreement concluded in January. Sectoral negotiations will now deal with working time

GSEE gives opinion on new draft bill on employment

In November 2000, the Greek General Confederation of Labour (GSEE) submitted to the Minister of Labour and Social Security its comments on the latter's draft bill on employment, which contains a number of measures reforming aspects of industrial relations such as overtime, working time flexibility

SEV criticises new draft bill on employment

In late November 2000, Federation of Greek Industries (SEV) commented on the government's recently issued draft bill on employment, which contains a number of measures reforming aspects of industrial relations such as overtime, working time flexibility and social insurance contributions. The

Compromise over anticipatory pension scheme reform

During late 2000 (DK0012105N [1]), quadripartite negotiations - involving the government, local authorities and the social partners - were held on the twin themes on reforming the "anticipatory pension" early retirement scheme and on a more inclusive and flexible labour market, focusing on state

Pre-retirement under debate

A report published in summer 2000 finds that large Spanish companies are increasingly using the mechanism of "pre-retirement" for older workers, even when they are not in a situation of crisis. Such schemes affect workers over the age of 50 and are seen as a way to reduce workforces that is fairly

Economic Policy Committee reports on state pension systems

In February 2000, the Economic and Financial Affairs Council of Ministers (Ecofin) requested that the Economic Policy Committee (EPC) prepare by December 2000 a preliminary report on the impact of the ageing population on state pension systems. This report was published on 26 October 2000 and is

Pension reform in place

On 5 July 2000, the Austrian parliament passed the reform of the pensions system initiated by the coalition government of the populist Freedom Party (Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs, FPÖ) and the conservative People's Party (Österreichische Volkspartei, ÖVP) (AT0002212F [1]). The reform consists of

Interim report on 2000 collective bargaining round

In July 2000, the collective agreement archive of the Institute for Economic and Social Research (Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliches Institut, WSI) within the Hans-Böckler Foundation published an interim report on the 2000 collective bargaining round ("Tarifpolitischer Halbjahresbericht. Eine

2000 collective bargaining round progresses relatively quietly

The average wage increase amounted to 3.4% in the most important collective agreements concluded in the Netherlands' 2000 collective bargaining round up until the end of June. It is noteworthy that numerous agreements now include agreements on performance-based payment in some form. It is also


Blogs results (1)
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There are limits to the effectiveness of member states’ pension reforms. Europe, it’s often said, is experiencing a worsening ageing crisis. European governments grappling with this and the related unsustainability of many pension schemes have taken measures to keep older workers longer in employmen

26 september 2016
Upcoming publications results (1)

The European population is living longer, with a declining natural population since 2014, offset only by positive net migration. The proportion of older people, especially those over 50, is increasing. Demographic ageing, where the working-age population shrinks while the number of older individuals

March 2025

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