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Løn og indkomst

Løn og indkomst er af central betydning for beskæftigelsesrelationer og livskvalitet. Spørgsmålet har fået endnu større opmærksomhed på EU-niveau på grund af de udviklinger, som krisen har betydet for økonomien og samfundet som helhed.

Topic

Recent updates

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This 2024 annual review of minimum wages provides a synopsis of minimum wage setting during 2023 in the EU27 and Norway. It reports in detail on the processes and outcomes...

26 juni 2024
Publication
Research report

EU context

I den europæiske søjle for sociale rettigheder opstilles EU's forpligtelser vedrørende lønninger: arbejdstageres ret til en rimelig løn, der giver mulighed for en ordentlig levestandard, sikring af tilstrækkelige mindstelønninger og forebyggelse af fattigdom blandt personer i arbejde.

Eurofounds arbejde

Eurofound aflægger regelmæssigt rapport om forskellige aspekter af løn og indkomst i lyset af de ændrede økonomiske omstændigheder rundt om i Europa.

Overvågning af lønninger

Gennem sit Europæiske Observatorium for Arbejdslivet (EurWORK) samler Eurofound en række forskellige oplysninger om løn. De regelmæssige rapporter skaber en længere række af iagttagelser af kollektivt aftalt løn, så det bliver muligt at overvåge tendenser. Eurofound offentliggør regelmæssige relevante ajourføringer om lovbestemt mindsteløn og kollektivt aftalt løn. Eurofound overvåger ligeledes udviklingen på nationalt plan vedrørende lønfastsættelsesmekanismer, ligeløn, variabel løn, lav løn og kønsbestemte lønforskelle.

Landeprofiler om arbejdslivet indeholder oplysninger om løn på nationalt plan og ajourføres regelmæssigt. EurWORK har to databaser om løn (se ressourcer nedenfor).

Eurofounds European Jobs Monitor (EJM) vurderer ændringer i beskæftigelsen fordelt på erhverv i henhold til forskellige kvalitative foranstaltninger, inklusive løn. Den bidrager navnlig til vores viden om fænomenet beskæftigelsespolarisering – det vil sige i hvilken udstrækning væksten i beskæftigelsen vil være større i toppen og bunden af lønfordelingen end i midten.

Undersøgelsesdata

Eurofounds undersøgelser vedrører også lønforhold i EU. Løn er et centralt aspekt for Eurofounds forskning med henblik på vurdering af arbejdets kvalitet. I den europæiske undersøgelse af arbejdsvilkår (EWCS) er indtjening en af de syv indikatorer for jobkvalitet. EWCS rapporterer også om kønsbestemte lønforskelle. Se EWCS' interaktive datavisualiseringsværktøj.

Den europæiske livskvalitetsundersøgelse (EQLS) bruges til at overvåge indkomstens betydning for levestandarder, og hvordan indkomstulighed hænger sammen med social samhørighed og velvære. Den analyserer, hvordan krisen har påvirket familier, og kigger på lavindkomstfamilier, husholdningernes gældsætning og de grupper, der risikerer at havne i fattigdom. EQLS samler også oplysninger om indkomst i pensionsalderen og mulighederne for at forlænge arbejdslivet. Se EQLS' interaktive datavisualiseringsværktøj.

Den europæiske virksomhedsundersøgelse (ECS) ser nærmere på brugen af variable aflønningsordninger i virksomheder og organisationer, samt i hvilken udstrækning disse virksomheders og organisationers medarbejdere er omfattet af kollektive lønaftaler. Undersøgelsen gør det muligt at kæde oplysninger om variabel løn og lønforhandlinger sammen med oplysninger om arbejdets tilrettelæggelse, forvaltning af menneskelige ressourcer, direkte medarbejderdeltagelse og social dialog samt resultater og velvære på arbejdspladsen.

Key outputs

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Den årlige gennemgang af mindstelønninger i 2023 er udarbejdet i en tid med en hidtil uset inflation i hele Europa. Selv om dette førte til store stigninger i de nominelle...

29 juni 2023
Publication
Research report
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Covid-19-pandemien havde forskellige konsekvenser for sociale grupper, afhængigt af hvilke ugunstige omstændigheder der gjorde sig gældende. Der var bred enighed om, at pandemien udløste en stigning i uligheder på tværs...

24 januar 2023
Publication
Research report
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Denne rapport undersøger fordelingen af husstandenes velstand i EU’s medlemsstater og analyserer den rolle, som velstand spiller for den sociale mobilitet. Ved hjælp af data fra tre datasæt (undersøgelsen af...

30 marts 2021
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

 

 

Eurofound expert(s)

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Christine Aumayr-Pintar is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. Her current research topics include minimum wages, collectively agreed wages and gender...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
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Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (125)

This issue of Foundation Focus looks at issues surrounding pay, wages and income in Europe in the face of sustained difficult economic circumstances. For example, what sort of hardship are ordinary people experiencing? Which workers are being most affected by wage cuts? Are wage cuts the best way to

20 January 2014

During the last few decades, public administration workers have been subject to a number of structural, modernising reforms, in a framework often designated as ‘new public management’. The current economic and financial crisis has also meant that the steep rise in public debt has prompted many

12 January 2014

This report examines social inequalities in the distribution of freedoms and opportunities among individuals and population subgroups in Europe. Using data from the European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS), the report builds up an evidence base on social inequalities in four critical areas of life

03 December 2013

This policy brief highlights findings on a specific topic from Eurofound’s European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) that is of particular interest from a policy perspective. It brings results of the analysis of these data together with evidence from other Eurofound projects to formulate a number of

08 November 2013

Despite much legislative progress in gender equality over the past 40 years, there are still gender gaps across many aspects of the labour market. Inequalities are still evident in areas such as access to the labour market, employment patterns and associated working conditions. This report explores

29 October 2013

In recent years, practices such as outsourcing and contracting-out have increasingly blurred the boundaries between dependent employment and self-employment. A new group of workers has emerged, which comprises workers who are formally ‘self-employed’, but present some characteristics of employees

29 September 2013

EIRO’s annual analysis of collectively agreed pay for 2012 finds that although average nominal agreed increases were slightly greater than in 2011 in many countries, the rise in prices diminished people’s purchasing power. In real terms, only a handful of countries had positive collective pay

09 July 2013

With the average age of the population rising, people aged 55–64 make up an increasing share of workers in Europe. This demographic shift, as well as ongoing threats to the sustainability of national welfare and pension systems, has increased pressure for reforms to encourage longer careers. This

29 April 2013

This paper looks at wages from two different angles: from the perspective of individual employees, discussed in conjunction with their working conditions, and from the perspective of the industrial relations system. After a brief overview of EU-level policy developments with a potential impact on

29 January 2013

This annual review describes the developments in industrial relations and working conditions in 2011 in the EU Member States and Norway, at both national and EU level, with a focus on the economic situation and responses to it. The report describes the current economic situation in EU Member States

10 December 2012

Online resources results (889)

Slovenia: Latest working life developments – Q3 2016

Wage negotiations in the public sector, the suspension of dialogue between employer organisations and the government over tax amendments, and protests by assistant kindergarten teachers regarding pay are among the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest

Slovakia: Latest working life developments – Q3 2016

Differences between social partners on a proposal to increase the minimum wage, demands by industrial trade unions for higher wages and strike action by teachers are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Slovakia in the

Germany: Latest working life developments – Q3 2016

Falling unemployment and an improved business outlook, the views of social partners on proposed equal pay legislation, and the rise of the right-wing AfD party are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Germany in the

Poland: Latest working life developments – Q3 2016

A protest in the public healthcare system, discontent in the education sector, significant legislative initiatives and support for a ban on Sunday shop opening are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Poland in the

Spain: Latest working life developments – Q3 2016

A slight fall in unemployment and trade union concerns over labour precariousness, and the need for social partners to reach agreement on a new salary pact are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Spain in the third

Germany: Latest findings from DGB Good Work Index

The German Confederation of Trade Unions (DGB) introduced the DGB Good Work Index in 2007 as a measurement tool, based on data from an annual survey, for monitoring quality of work. This article describes the background to the DGB Good Work Index, the most recent findings and the debate around the

Latvia: Latest working life developments – Q2 2016

Radical changes in the State Revenue Service targeted at fighting corruption and the shadow economy, the battle by education and healthcare unions for better pay, and the publication of several important research reports are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on

Finland: Tripartite Competitiveness Pact signed

The ‘Competitiveness Pact’, a tripartite labour market agreement, was signed in June 2016 after over a year of difficult negotiations. The Pact involves a nationally and internationally exceptional deterioration of workers’ terms and conditions. The negotiation process had disruptive repercussions

Romania: Protests over proposed law on wage-setting in the public sector

A new emergency bill on public sector employees’ wage-setting was adopted on 8 June 2016, despite opposition and protest from trade unions.

Slovakia: Latest working life developments – Q2 2016

Collective agreements in the metal industry, the settlement of a dispute in a transport company, a new law on posting of workers and figures on workplace accidents are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Slovakia in


Blogs results (22)
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Following a sluggish response by many Member States to introduce or modify gender pay transparency measures, as it recommended in 2014, the European Commission intends to table a proposal for EU-level legislation on pay transparency later in 2020. In this context, a new Eurofound study investigated

6 november 2020
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As one of their ‘100 days in office’ initiatives, the new European Commission intends to propose an initiative for an EU minimum wage. The aim is that by 2024 every worker in the EU should earn a fair and adequate wage, no matter where they live.

15 januar 2020
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The Socialist-led Spanish government that emerged last summer had, by the end of 2018, approved a hike in the statutory minimum wage. This was agreed with the left-wing Podemos party as part of an attempt to secure the parliamentary support needed for passing the proposed 2019 budget – although fail

17 juli 2019
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Seniority entitlements have largely been on the decline since the 1990s, and have been gradually phased-out from legislation in Europe, as well as in collective agreements. However, it would be premature to dismiss seniority-based entitlements as a thing of the past, as they remain in force across E

17 april 2019
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One year after Germany’s introduction of the Entgelttransparenzgesetz (Wage Transparency Act), the results are somewhat underwhelming. This law is Germany’s take on the European Commission’s recommendation on introducing pay transparency measures to combat the gender pay gap.

4 februar 2019
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Wages grew and wage inequality fell in most EU countries in 2015. Germany is not one of the countries where wages rose most, but it did have the largest reduction of wage inequality. Our analysis shows that the German minimum wage policy introduced in 2015 strongly lifted the wages of the lowest-pai

14 juni 2018
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Measures to promote gender pay transparency haven’t been delivered yet in half of Europe – making EU level legislative action to speed up implementation an option. In this blog, originally posted in Social Europe, Christine Aumayr-Pintar details what we know about the measures from countries that ha

28 februar 2018
Pay inequalities come back into focus in post-crisis Europe

The ability to make ends meet is a vital issue for many Europeans and an important priority for European policymakers. In the immediate aftermath of the 2008 economic crisis the initial focus was to mitigate and reverse job loss, particularly in the countries most affected. With employment back to p

3 november 2017
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The Great Recession depressed real income levels across European countries. But the impact was very unequal across countries and income groups. Countries in the European periphery have been more affected than those in the core, halting the process of income convergence between European countries tha

23 juni 2017
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EU-wide income inequality declined notably prior to 2008, driven by a strong process of income convergence between European countries. The Great Recession broke this trend. After 2008, income convergence has been sluggish, while inequality within many countries has increased significantly.

21 marts 2017

Data results (4)

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