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Lebensbedingungen und Lebensqualität

Lebensbedingungen und Lebensqualität sind einer der sechs wichtigsten Tätigkeitsbereiche im Arbeitsprogramm von Eurofound für den Zeitraum 2021-2024. Eurofound wird auch weiterhin grundlegende Aspekte in Verbindung mit der Verbesserung der Lebensbedingungen der Menschen in Europa erfassen und analysieren, einschließlich Informationen darüber, wie sie Lebensqualität und die Qualität der Gesellschaft wahrnehmen. Da die COVID-19 Pandemie und die daraus resultierende Wirtschaftskrise einen tiefen Einschnitt im Leben der Menschen bedeuten, wird Eurofound die Auswirkungen der Krise auf die EU-Bürgerinnen und -Bürger in verschiedenen Lebensabschnitten weiter untersuchen.

Im Zeitraum 2021-2024 wird Eurofound wichtige Erkenntnisse zu den Herausforderungen und Aussichten in den Bereichen Lebensbedingungen und Lebensqualität in der EU sowie zur Rolle verschiedener Initiativen zur Milderung sozialer Härten bereitstellen, von denen unterschiedliche Gruppen von Bürgern betroffen sind. Besonderes Augenmerk gilt dabei den Folgen für ältere Menschen und ihren Pflegebedarf, Jugendlichen, ihrer gesellschaftlichen Einbindung und sozialen Mobilität sowie den unterschiedlichen Folgen der Krise für Männer und Frauen .

Öffentliche Dienstleistungen in der gesamten EU spielten bei der Bekämpfung der COVID-19-Krise, die mit gewaltigen Herausforderungen einherging, eine entscheidende Rolle, und sie werden noch eingehender geprüft werden, insbesondere im Hinblick auf Themen wie Qualität, Zugang und Erschwinglichkeit. Wie bisherige Erkenntnisse gezeigt haben, waren die Auswirkungen der Krise auf bestimmte Gruppen je nach Alter, Pflege-/Betreuungsaufgaben und Vereinbarkeit und Beruf und Privatleben unverhältnismäßig stark, ein Thema, mit dem sich Eurofound noch eingehender befassen wird.

In Abstimmung mit dem Europäischen Institut für Gleichstellungsfragen (EIGE) beabsichtigt Eurofound, die mehrdimensionalen geschlechtsspezifischen Diskrepanzen durch die Untersuchung der Auswirkungen der COVID-19-Krise auf Männer und Frauen im Hinblick auf Erwerbsbeteiligung, materielle Lebensbedingungen und Wohlbefinden zu erforschen, um die Unterschiede zu ermitteln und deren Auswirkungen auf geschlechtsspezifische Diskrepanzen einschätzen zu können.

Die Qualität öffentlicher Dienstleistungen hat entscheidend dazu beigetragen, das Vertrauen in Institutionen im Europa von heute aufzubauen, und sie wird von maßgeblicher Bedeutung sein, um die aktuellen und künftigen Herausforderungen zu meistern. Hochwertige Dienstleistungen sind aber auch ein Bereich, in dem Innovation gefragt ist, insbesondere bei der Umstellung auf digitale, umweltfreundlichere Dienstleistungen und im Hinblick darauf, in Zukunft auf Risiken wie z. B. die Pandemie vorbereitet zu sein.

— Tadas Leončikas, Leitender Forschungsleiter, Referat „Sozialpolitik“

Topic

Recent updates

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In this episode of Eurofound Talks, Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound researchers Eszter Sandor and Massimiliano Mascherini about the situation for young people in Europe.

Podcast
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During the pandemic, many young people had to change their plans for the future. While at the end of 2023 young people’s labour market situation was more favourable than it...

21 Mai 2024
Publication
Research report

Die wichtigsten politischen Erkenntnisse

Infografik

Die wichtigsten Ergebnisse der Forschungsarbeiten von Eurofound dienen politischen Entscheidungsträgern als Informationsquelle, um sich mit einigen zentralen Themen in diesem Bereich näher auseinanderzusetzen.

  • Die größten negativen Auswirkungen auf das Vertrauen in die Institutionen ergeben sich aus der Wahrnehmung gesellschaftlicher Spannungen, während die wahrgenommene Qualität öffentlicher Dienstleistungen ein entscheidender Faktor ist, der das Vertrauen in die Institutionen stärkt.
  • Was wir brauchen, ist ein langfristiges Betreuungsangebot – zusammen mit mehr Flexibilität. Häusliche Pflege und Hilfe sollten besser zugänglich gemacht werden, insbesondere in den EU-Mitgliedstaaten mit den geringsten Einkommen.
  • Ein sofortiger Zugang zu medizinischer Grundversorgung, Sozialfürsorge und Langzeitpflege kann ein frühzeitiges Eingreifen und die Beobachtung der sich verändernden Bedürfnisse auslösen und verhindern, dass Probleme in Verbindung mit der Langzeitpflege eskalieren.
  • Psychische Gesundheitsprobleme bei jungen Menschen nehmen zu, obwohl nicht klar ist, ob dies auf eine höhere Inzidenz oder auf ein ausgeprägteres Bewusstsein oder bessere Diagnosemöglichkeiten zurückzuführen ist. Psychische Gesundheit steht in einem engen Zusammenhang mit anderen Problemen Jugendlicher und kann sowohl eine Folge von Ungleichheiten als auch selbst eine Ursache dafür sein. Zu den Risikofaktoren für psychische Gesundheitsprobleme gehören Erwerbsunfähigkeit und langwierige Erkrankungen, familiäre Probleme, Beziehungsprobleme mit Gleichaltrigen und die übermäßige Nutzung sozialer Medien.
  • Zwar konnten seit der Finanzkrise das Vertrauen und der soziale Zusammenhalt überall in der EU wiederhergestellt werden, doch hatte der Ausbruch von COVID-19 erhebliche Auswirkungen auf das Wohlbefinden in den von der Pandemie am meisten geschüttelten Ländern.
  • Junge Menschen gehören zu denjenigen, die als die größten Verlierer aus dem Lockdown hervorgehen: Eigenen Angaben zufolge weisen sie ebenso wie Arbeitslose das geringste Wohlbefinden auf, trotz einer Reihe von Verbesserungen seit dem Ausbruch der Pandemie. Zwar haben sich Lebenszufriedenheit und Optimismus seit April 2020 verbessert, doch fühlen sich Jugendliche auch weiterhin von der Gesellschaft ausgeschlossen und sind besonders depressionsgefährdet, was deutlich macht, dass sie stärker von den Einschränkungen während der Kontakt- und Ausgangsbeschränkungen betroffen sind.
  • Maßnahmen, mit denen Risiken für die psychische Gesundheit von Arbeitslosen und Jugendlichen im Zuge von COVID-19 begegnet werden soll, werden im Fall weiterer Wellen des Coronavirus unabdingbar sein. Die Bereitstellung von gezielter Unterstützung, damit diejenigen, die eine Stelle suchen, beruflich wieder auf die Beine kommen und die Auswirkungen der Pandemie verkraften können, sowie die Gewährleistung der uneingeschränkten Teilhabe junger Menschen an der Gesellschaft müssen Bestandteil der laufenden politischen Maßnahmen sein.
  • Die COVID-19-Krise hat bei Frauen stärker als bei Männern den Optimismus erschüttert und die Möglichkeiten, Beruf und Privatleben miteinander zu vereinbaren, beeinträchtigt. Es wird entscheidend sein, dass dieser Schaden behoben wird, damit Frauen nicht unverhältnismäßig stark für die Pandemie bezahlen müssen.
  • Die Wahrung des Vertrauens der Bürgerinnen und Bürger in nationale und europäische Institutionen muss in Krisenzeiten ein zentrales Ziel bleiben, da die Einhaltung von Maßnahmen zur Eindämmung von COVID-19 in hohem Maße vom Vertrauen in Institutionen und in wissenschaftliche Beratung abhängt. Das zunehmende Vertrauen in Institutionen, von dem Befragte berichteten, die in den Genuss von Hilfsmaßnahmen kamen, ist auch eine klare Botschaft an nationale Regierungen und die EU.

2021–2024 work plan

During 2021–2024, Eurofound’s research will provide an important insight into the challenges and prospects in the area of living conditions and quality of life in the EU and the role played by various initiatives aimed at alleviating the social hardship of various groups of citizens. Of particular interest are the implications for older people and care needs, youth and their social inclusion and social mobility, and the varying consequences of the crisis on men and women.

Public services across the EU played a major role in addressing the COVID-19 crisis while facing significant challenges and they will be assessed in greater detail, focusing on issues such as quality, access and affordability. As previous findings have shown, the crisis has had disproportionate effects on certain groups according to age, care responsibilities and work-life balance, and Eurofound will analyse this further.

In coordination with the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE), Eurofound intends to research the multidimensional gender gap by investigating the impact on men and women of the COVID-19 crisis in terms of employment participation, material living conditions and well-being – in order to identify the differences and assess its effect on gender gaps.

Addressing stakeholder priorities

Eurofound’s research aims to assist policy action addressing the challenges and opportunities for the EU and national levels in the area of living conditions and quality of life. In particular, it will monitor the impact of COVID-19 and the ensuing economic crisis by providing knowledge on status, trends, risks, as well as ways to improve living conditions in the EU. Eurofound will focus on identifying and analysing pressing issues for the most vulnerable groups, specifically older citizens and young people. Eurofound will also inform policymakers by producing evidence on trends and drivers in relation to the delivery of public services, also linking in, for example, with the European Pillar of Social Rights.

The Agency’s work plan is aligned with the European Commission’s political guidelines over the next four years, directly feeding into a number of key policy areas aimed at creating a strong social Europe. In particular, the research will support policy initiatives and activities linked with the implementation of the European Gender Equality Strategy 2020–2025, the Youth Guarantee, the Child Guarantee and the European Semester and its country-specific recommendations.

 

Eurofound research

In 2024, Eurofound continues to monitor trends in living conditions and quality of life, against the backdrop of the health-related and economic fallout of the COVID-19 pandemic, the implications of the war in Ukraine, rising energy prices, and increases in costs of living. Building on the various rounds of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey, as well as on data gathered in 2023, the Agency investigates the impact of these challenges on the living conditions of Europeans.

The European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) commences in 2024, including some questions on working conditions and living conditions relevant to the aftermath of COVID-19. The European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) follows in 2026 using lessons drawn from the 2024 EWCS.

Research concludes on identifying groups not covered by social protection, due to coverage gaps and non-take-up of minimum income and unemployment schemes. It also looks at adequacy of these benefits, digitalisation of application procedures, linked service entitlements and sanctioning measures. Eurofound also publishes its findings on EU citizens’ rights and opportunities to live independently. It analyses the situation faced by various vulnerable groups and provides an overview of measures that facilitate family- and community-based care and support in the Member States.

Building on previous work on young people, research concludes on the life and prospects of young people in the post-pandemic era. Using new data collected in 2023, this research assesses the long-term impact of the pandemic on this group, looking into changes in the social situation of young people, as well as their quality of life, mental health and future prospects.

Analysis of the monitoring framework of the European Child Guarantee comes to an end in 2024, while new research starts to support national governments and the EU institutions in the implementation and evaluation of the Child Guarantee since it came into force. This work investigates the Member States’ levels of performance and their disparities, building on its previous work on convergence. It focuses on the workforce needed to deliver the Child Guarantee in areas of early childhood education and care, education, healthcare and other relevant sectors.

Considering the importance of care provision in EU societies, new research investigates informal care provision in the EU, the challenges faced by informal caregivers, and the measures in place to support them. This research considers care provided to people of all ages, while taking into consideration the diversity among informal carers. 

Eurofound launches new research on mental health services, investigating trends in and prevalence of mental health problems for different groups and how these needs are met in various countries in light of the pandemic and the arrival of Ukrainian refugees. 

Key outputs

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Die Gestaltung des Arbeitsprogramms 2024 steht im Zusammenhang mit den bevorstehenden Europawahlen, dem Krieg in der Ukraine, einem erneuten Nahostkonflikt und steigenden Lebenshaltungskosten in der gesamten Europäischen Union.

23 Januar 2024
Publication
Work programme
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Unbezahlbarer Wohnraum gibt in der EU Anlass zu großer Sorge. Die Folgen sind Obdachlosigkeit, Wohnungsunsicherheit, finanzielle Belastung und unangemessene Wohnverhältnisse. Außerdem wird dadurch verhindert, dass junge Menschen von zu Hause...

30 Mai 2023
Publication
Research report
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Das Jahr 2022 begann mit vorsichtigem Optimismus. In Europa waren gerade zwei von der Pandemie geprägte Jahre zu Ende gegangen, und mit NextGenerationEU wurde ein Plan für eine Erholung vorgelegt...

4 Mai 2023
Publication
Annual report

Eurofound expert(s)

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Hans Dubois is a senior research manager in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. His research topics include housing, over-indebtedness, healthcare, long-term care, social...

Senior research manager,
Social policies research unit
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Massimiliano Mascherini has been Head of the Social Policies unit at Eurofound since October 2019. He joined Eurofound in 2009 as a research manager, designing and coordinating...

Head of Unit,
Social policies research unit
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Sanna Nivakoski is a research officer in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. Before joining Eurofound in 2021, she worked as a post-doctoral researcher at University College...

Research officer,
Social policies research unit
Publications results (308)

In recent years, concerns have been expressed at EU and national level that the combined stresses arising from school, parental expectations and societal pressures can make the transition to adulthood difficult for young people – with the risk of a long-lasting negative impact. One way of easing the

03 July 2019

This report presents an overview of living conditions in the five current EU candidate countries – Albania, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia and Turkey. It is based on the results of the 2016 European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) and covers three broad areas: quality of life, quality of public

28 June 2019

Following the influx of over three million asylum seekers into the European Union in the three-year period 2015–2017, Member States faced a number of challenges related to integrating the newly arrived into their country. This report explores the role of public services – specifically housing

19 June 2019

Living and working in Europe 2015–2018 brings together Eurofound’s work on the quality of life, work and employment of EU citizens over the last four years of the outgoing European Parliament and Commission. It has a been a period of economic expansion, growing employment and rising living standards

20 May 2019

Ländliche Gemeinden weisen unverwechselbare Muster in ihrer wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung und ihrem gesellschaftlichen Leben auf. In den bisherigen Forschungsarbeiten war bei mehreren Dimensionen der Lebensqualität eine städtisch-ländliche Kluft erkennbar. So ist beispielsweise in ländlichen Gebieten

02 May 2019

Much policy is developed and operationalised through the prism of age, and addressing differences in the economic and social circumstances of different age groups is an ongoing concern of policymakers. This policy brief looks at inequalities in the quality of life of Europeans across six age groups.

05 February 2019

In the wake of an economic crisis that had a very uneven impact on social outcomes across EU Member States, EU leaders and policymakers have come to acknowledge that to make social Europe a reality, social convergence must be given an equal footing to economic convergence in policymaking. In this

17 December 2018

As data from the European Quality of Life Surveys and Eurobarometer show, the sharp decline in trust in institutions was a temporary phenomenon during the recession. In some Member States, trust in the EU declined more during this period than trust in national governments, but trust in the EU has

13 December 2018

Menschen mit Behinderungen gehören zu den am stärksten benachteiligten Gruppen in der EU. In diesem Kurzbericht wird die soziale Situation von Menschen mit Behinderungen im erwerbsfähigen Alter anhand von Daten aus den Erhebungsrunden 2011 und 2016 der Europäischen Erhebung zur Lebensqualität (EQLS)

30 November 2018

This report provides an analysis of European societies in terms of social cohesion – in particular, social tensions, perceived social exclusion and community engagement are explored as key dimensions. It analyses the links between societal characteristics (quality of society) and well-being of

13 November 2018

Online resources results (219)

Spain: Latest working life developments – Q2 2016

A small rise in employment, the issue of pensions, and efforts to form a new coalition government in the wake of the June General Election are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Spain in the second quarter of 2016..

Czech Republic: Transformations in the quality of working life

Findings from a recent survey aim to capture national developments in the Czech Republic in the quality of working life. Results from the survey on the nature of work, job security, workers’ experiences of stress and its intensity, and the evaluation of different aspects of work are highlighted in

Norway: Developments in working life – Q1 2016

Rising unemployment, the start of the biannual collective bargaining round, a report from the expert committee on working time, and a new report focusing on young workers and sustainable work life are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments

France: Social partners approve Workplace health plan for 2016–2020

On 8 December 2015, following lengthy consultations, the government and all representative social partners at national level adopted the third Workplace health plan. The plan has two key objectives: to reinforce a culture of risk prevention and to improve the quality of working conditions.

Sweden: Government scraps contested labour market reforms

Sweden’s coalition government has reversed changes to the welfare system made by the previous centre-right government. It has removed a cut-off point of 2.5 years for claiming sickness benefit and scrapped a scheme for mandatory workplace activities for the unemployed. The decision to reverse rather

Ireland: National Minimum Wage rise follows Low Pay Commission report

The first rise in Ireland's National Minimum Wage (NMW) since 2007 was implemented on January 1, 2016. It comes after a recommendation in the Low Pay Commission’s first annual report to increase the NMW by 50 cents per hour to a new hourly rate of €9.15.

France: Agreement signed to protect compulsory supplementary pension schemes

In France, two compulsory supplementary pension schemes managed by the social partners are facing financial difficulties. The social partners have signed an agreement to protect the schemes. The agreement introduces a bonus–penalty system to encourage employees to retire later.

Denmark: Greater acceptance of LGBT colleagues in female-dominated workplaces

It is likely to be more difficult to be an LGBT person in a male-dominated Danish workplace than a female-dominated one, according to a recent union-backed survey. The survey reveals significant differences between men’s and women’s experiences regarding the acceptance of LGBT people in Danish

Spain: Impact of social dialogue among workers with disabilities

A report on the reasons for the limited integration of people with disabilities in the labour market in Spain concludes that there is no uniform approach regarding the inclusion of issues affecting disabled workers in collective agreements. The report finds that these issues are dealt with in a


Blogs results (32)
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Discussions on Germany at European level invariably focus on the country’s strong economic performance and how this relates to the labour market and broader society. This is a narrative I have myself contributed to in a previous blog piece. However, Eurofound’s European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS)

7 März 2018
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The European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS), carried out by Eurofound every four years, explores a variety of aspects related to living standards, health, family and work–life balance, as well as people's happiness levels, satisfaction with their lives, and their perceptions regarding the quality of

21 Februar 2018
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In this blog piece, originally published in Social Europe, Eurofound Research Officer Daniel Molinuevo looks at the service providers delivering long-term care to older people in Europe.

18 Januar 2018
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In this blog piece, originally published in Social Europe, Eurofound Research Manager Anna Ludwinek looks at the substantial section of the population that is not working and does not figure in unemployment statistics, but retains significant employment potential.

20 Dezember 2017
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Europe – a world-class place to live and work? ‘A world-class place to live and work.’ That is how President Juncker described Europe at the summit to formally proclaim the EU Pillar of Social Rights in Gothenburg last month. And he added: ‘Europe is more than just a single market, more than money

7 Dezember 2017
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In-work poverty increased during the economic and financial crisis that hit European shores in 2008. By 2014, ten per cent of European workers were at risk of poverty, up from eight per cent in 2007. Ten per cent is a significant figure: the working poor represent a substantial group that can’t be i

13 Oktober 2017
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Average unemployment rates continue to fall across Europe, employment is growing again in middle-paying jobs, offshoring is on the decline, the proportion of routine jobs is falling, and efforts to make work more sustainable have borne fruit.

6 Juni 2017
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Equality of opportunity and upward social mobility are important aspects of the European social model. Until quite recently concerns about rising inequalities were often countered by assurances about protecting social mobility, and the assertion that an individual’s status is mainly down to their wo

26 April 2017
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There are limits to the effectiveness of member states’ pension reforms. Europe, it’s often said, is experiencing a worsening ageing crisis. European governments grappling with this and the related unsustainability of many pension schemes have taken measures to keep older workers longer in employmen

26 September 2016
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In this blog piece, originally posted on Social Europe, Eurofound Director Juan Menéndez-Valdés looks the complex and multi-faceted story of what it is to live and work in the European Union of today.

13 Juni 2016

Upcoming publications results (4)

This factsheet will provide a snapshot of society and quality of life in spring 2024. It will look at a number of issues, including mental well-being, trust, access to healthcare, social support and coping with increases in the cost of living. The analysis is based on the Living and working in the

December 2024

This report analyses data from Eurofound’s European Working Conditions Telephone Survey (EWCTS), the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey and official statistics to examine employment trends, working conditions and social inclusion challenges experienced by young people in the Western Balkans (Alba

November 2024
Forthcoming
Publication
Research report

This report explores the implications of the right of all EU citizens to live independently. It investigates the barriers faced by people who wish to live independently, and the situation of people at risk of living in institutional settings. It maps the various measures taken by EU Member States to

October 2024

Social protection can include a range of entitlements to monetary and in-kind benefits. Eurofound’s project focuses on unemployment and minimum income benefits. Social protection can provide a safety net for people who are negatively impacted by the green and digital transitions. During the COVID-19

September 2024
Data results (1)
24 Oktober 2023
Reference period:

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