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Συνθήκες διαβίωσης και ποιότητα ζωής

Οι συνθήκες διαβίωσης και η ποιότητα ζωής είναι μία από τις έξι κύριες δραστηριότητες του προγράμματος εργασίας του Eurofound για την περίοδο 2021–2024. Το Eurofound θα συνεχίσει να χαρτογραφεί και να αναλύει βασικές πτυχές που σχετίζονται με τη βελτίωση των συνθηκών διαβίωσης των ανθρώπων στην Ευρώπη, συμπεριλαμβανομένων πληροφοριών σχετικά με την αντίληψη του κόσμου για την ποιότητα της ζωής και την κοινωνία. Καθώς η πανδημία COVID-19 και η επακόλουθη οικονομική κρίση επηρέασαν βαθιά τις ζωές των ανθρώπων, το Eurofound θα διερευνήσει περαιτέρω τον αντίκτυπο της κρίσης στους πολίτες της ΕΕ στα διάφορα στάδια της ζωής.

Κατά την περίοδο 2021–2024, η έρευνα του Eurofound αναμένεται ότι θα διαφωτίσει τις προκλήσεις και τις προοπτικές στον τομέα των συνθηκών διαβίωσης και της ποιότητας ζωής στην ΕΕ καθώς και τον ρόλο των διάφορων πρωτοβουλιών οι οποίες αποσκοπούν στην ελάφρυνση των κοινωνικών δυσχερειών που αντιμετωπίζουν διάφορες ομάδες πολιτών. Ιδιαίτερο ενδιαφέρον παρουσιάζουν οι επιπτώσεις στους ηλικιωμένους και τις ανάγκες φροντίδας, στους νέους και την κοινωνική ένταξη και κινητικότητά τους, καθώς και οι ποικίλες συνέπειες της κρίσης στους άνδρες και τις γυναίκες .

Οι δημόσιες υπηρεσίες ανά την ΕΕ διαδραμάτισαν μείζονα ρόλο στην αντιμετώπιση της κρίσης της πανδημίας COVID-19, ενώ παράλληλα αντιμετώπιζαν σημαντικές προκλήσεις, και θα υποβληθούν σε αναλυτικότερη αξιολόγηση που θα επικεντρώνεται σε ζητήματα όπως η ποιότητα, η πρόσβαση και η προσιτότητά τους. Όπως διαφαίνεται από προηγούμενα ευρήματα, η κρίση είχε δυσανάλογες επιπτώσεις σε συγκεκριμένες ηλικιακές ομάδες, στις ευθύνες φροντίδας και στην ισορροπία μεταξύ επαγγελματικής και ιδιωτικής ζωής , γεγονός που θα τύχει περαιτέρω ανάλυσης από το Eurofound.

Σε συντονισμό με το Ευρωπαϊκό Ινστιτούτο για την Ισότητα των Φύλων (EIGE), το Eurofound σκοπεύει να διερευνήσει το πολυδιάστατο χάσμα μεταξύ των φύλων εξετάζοντας τον αντίκτυπο της κρίσης της πανδημίας COVID-19 σε άνδρες και γυναίκες όσον αφορά τη συμμετοχή στην απασχόληση, τις υλικές συνθήκες διαβίωσης και την ευημερία, προκειμένου να προσδιορίσει τις διαφορές και να αξιολογήσει τις επιπτώσεις της στο χάσμα μεταξύ των φύλων.

« Η ποιότητα των δημόσιων υπηρεσιών ήταν καθοριστικής σημασίας για την διαμόρφωση εμπιστοσύνης στους θεσμούς της σύγχρονης Ευρώπης και θα έχει σημαντικό ρόλο στην αντιμετώπιση των σημερινών και των μελλοντικών προκλήσεων. Οι υπηρεσίες ποιότητας αποτελούν επίσης ένα πεδίο που προσφέρεται για καινοτομία, ιδίως δε στο πλαίσιο της μετάβασης σε ψηφιακές και φιλικότερες προς το περιβάλλον υπηρεσίες και της ετοιμότητας έναντι κινδύνων, όπως η πανδημία, στο μέλλον.»

Tadas Leončikas, Διευθυντής Έρευνας, Μονάδα κοινωνικής πολιτικής

Topic

Recent updates

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In this episode of Eurofound Talks, Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound researchers Eszter Sandor and Massimiliano Mascherini about the situation for young people in Europe.

Podcast

Κύρια μηνύματα πολιτικής

Εικονογράφημα

Τα κύρια ευρήματα των ερευνών του Eurofound χρησιμοποιούνται από τους υπευθύνους χάραξης πολιτικής για την αντιμετώπιση ορισμένων βασικών ζητημάτων στον τομέα.

  • Η αντίληψη για τις εντάσεις στην κοινωνία έχει τις πιο επιζήμιες επιπτώσεις στην εμπιστοσύνη στους θεσμούς, ενώ ο τρόπος με τον οποίο γίνεται αντιληπτή η ποιότητα των δημόσιων υπηρεσιών αποτελεί βασικό παράγοντα για την αύξηση της εμπιστοσύνης στους θεσμούς.
  • Υπάρχει ανάγκη για παροχή πιο μακροπρόθεσμης περίθαλψης και με μεγαλύτερη ευελιξία. Πρέπει να υπάρχει μεγαλύτερη διαθεσιμότητα κατ’ οίκον περίθαλψης και παροχής βοήθειας, ιδίως στα κράτη μέλη της ΕΕ με τα χαμηλότερα εισοδήματα.
  • Η έγκαιρη πρόσβαση στην πρωτοβάθμια υγειονομική περίθαλψη, την κοινωνική φροντίδα και τη μακροχρόνια περίθαλψη μπορούν να συμβάλλουν στην έγκαιρη παρέμβαση και την παρακολούθηση των μεταβαλλόμενων αναγκών και να αποτρέψουν την κλιμάκωση των προβλημάτων της μακροχρόνιας περίθαλψης.
  • Αύξηση παρατηρείται στα προβλήματα ψυχικής υγείας που αντιμετωπίζουν οι νέοι, μολονότι δεν είναι σαφές αν αυτό οφείλεται στην αύξηση των περιστατικών ή στην καλύτερη ευαισθητοποίηση και διάγνωση. Η ψυχική υγεία σχετίζεται στενά με άλλα θέματα που αφορούν τη νεολαία και μπορεί να είναι αποτέλεσμα ανισοτήτων, αλλά και να αποτελεί αιτία ανισότητας. Στους παράγοντες κινδύνου για θέματα ψυχικής υγείας περιλαμβάνονται η αναπηρία και οι μακροχρόνιες ασθένειες, τα οικογενειακά προβλήματα, τα προβλήματα στις σχέσεις με ομοτίμους και η έντονη χρήση των μέσων κοινωνικής δικτύωσης.
  • Παρά το γεγονός ότι τα επίπεδα εμπιστοσύνης και κοινωνικής συνοχής αποκαταστάθηκαν συνολικά στην ΕΕ μετά τη χρηματοπιστωτική κρίση, η έξαρση της πανδημίας COVID-19 επηρέασε σημαντικά την ευημερία στις χώρες που δοκιμάστηκαν περισσότερο από την πανδημία.
  • Οι νέοι εμφανίζονται να έχασαν περισσότερα από τον εγκλεισμό, αφού παράλληλα με τους ανέργους, αναφέρουν τα χαμηλότερα επίπεδα ευημερίας, αν και ελαφρώς βελτιωμένα σε σύγκριση με την έναρξη της πανδημίας. Παρότι ο βαθμός ικανοποίησης από τη ζωή και ο βαθμός αισιοδοξίας εμφανίζονται αυξημένοι σε σύγκριση με τον Απρίλιο του 2020, οι νέοι εξακολουθούν να αισθάνονται κοινωνικά αποκλεισμένοι και να εκτίθενται σε μεγάλο κίνδυνο κατάθλιψης, γεγονός που αποδεικνύει ότι έχουν θιγεί περισσότερο από τα περιοριστικά μέτρα μετά τον αναγκαστικό εγκλεισμό.
  • Σε περίπτωση περαιτέρω κυμάτων του κορονοϊού, θα είναι πολύ σημαντικό να ληφθούν μέτρα για τον μετριασμό των κινδύνων για την ψυχική υγεία των ανέργων και των νέων στον απόηχο της πανδημίας COVID-19. Η παροχή στοχευμένης υποστήριξης που θα βοηθήσει όσους αναζητούν εργασία να μπορέσουν να ορθοποδήσουν και να αντιμετωπίσουν τις επιπτώσεις της πανδημίας, καθώς και η διασφάλιση ότι οι νέοι θα έχουν ευκαιρίες πλήρους συμμετοχής στην κοινωνία, πρέπει να εντάσσονται στο πλαίσιο των πάγιων μέτρων πολιτικής.
  • Η κρίση της πανδημίας COVID-19 έχει πλήξει την αισιοδοξία και έχει επηρεάσει την ισορροπία μεταξύ επαγγελματικής και ιδιωτικής ζωής περισσότερο για τις γυναίκες σε σχέση με τους άνδρες. Η διόρθωση αυτής της ανισορροπίας θα είναι ζωτικής σημασίας για να διασφαλιστεί ότι οι γυναίκες δεν θα πληρώσουν δυσανάλογα μεγάλο τίμημα για την πανδημία.
  • Η διατήρηση της εμπιστοσύνης των πολιτών στους εθνικούς και ενωσιακούς θεσμούς οφείλει να παραμείνει βασική προτεραιότητα σε περιόδους κρίσης, δεδομένου ότι η συμμόρφωση προς τα μέτρα ελέγχου της πανδημίας COVID-19 εξαρτάται σε μεγάλο βαθμό από τα επίπεδα εμπιστοσύνης στους θεσμούς και τις συμβουλές των επιστημόνων. Τα αυξημένα επίπεδα εμπιστοσύνης στους θεσμούς που αναφέρουν οι ερωτηθέντες οι οποίοι ωφελήθηκαν από τα μέτρα στήριξης στέλνουν επίσης ένα σαφές μήνυμα στις εθνικές κυβερνήσεις και στην ΕΕ.

2021–2024 work plan

During 2021–2024, Eurofound’s research will provide an important insight into the challenges and prospects in the area of living conditions and quality of life in the EU and the role played by various initiatives aimed at alleviating the social hardship of various groups of citizens. Of particular interest are the implications for older people and care needs, youth and their social inclusion and social mobility, and the varying consequences of the crisis on men and women.

Public services across the EU played a major role in addressing the COVID-19 crisis while facing significant challenges and they will be assessed in greater detail, focusing on issues such as quality, access and affordability. As previous findings have shown, the crisis has had disproportionate effects on certain groups according to age, care responsibilities and work-life balance, and Eurofound will analyse this further.

In coordination with the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE), Eurofound intends to research the multidimensional gender gap by investigating the impact on men and women of the COVID-19 crisis in terms of employment participation, material living conditions and well-being – in order to identify the differences and assess its effect on gender gaps.

Addressing stakeholder priorities

Eurofound’s research aims to assist policy action addressing the challenges and opportunities for the EU and national levels in the area of living conditions and quality of life. In particular, it will monitor the impact of COVID-19 and the ensuing economic crisis by providing knowledge on status, trends, risks, as well as ways to improve living conditions in the EU. Eurofound will focus on identifying and analysing pressing issues for the most vulnerable groups, specifically older citizens and young people. Eurofound will also inform policymakers by producing evidence on trends and drivers in relation to the delivery of public services, also linking in, for example, with the European Pillar of Social Rights.

The Agency’s work plan is aligned with the European Commission’s political guidelines over the next four years, directly feeding into a number of key policy areas aimed at creating a strong social Europe. In particular, the research will support policy initiatives and activities linked with the implementation of the European Gender Equality Strategy 2020–2025, the Youth Guarantee, the Child Guarantee and the European Semester and its country-specific recommendations.

 

Eurofound research

In 2024, Eurofound continues to monitor trends in living conditions and quality of life, against the backdrop of the health-related and economic fallout of the COVID-19 pandemic, the implications of the war in Ukraine, rising energy prices, and increases in costs of living. Building on the various rounds of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey, as well as on data gathered in 2023, the Agency investigates the impact of these challenges on the living conditions of Europeans.

The European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) commences in 2024, including some questions on working conditions and living conditions relevant to the aftermath of COVID-19. The European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) follows in 2026 using lessons drawn from the 2024 EWCS.

Research concludes on identifying groups not covered by social protection, due to coverage gaps and non-take-up of minimum income and unemployment schemes. It also looks at adequacy of these benefits, digitalisation of application procedures, linked service entitlements and sanctioning measures. Eurofound also publishes its findings on EU citizens’ rights and opportunities to live independently. It analyses the situation faced by various vulnerable groups and provides an overview of measures that facilitate family- and community-based care and support in the Member States.

Building on previous work on young people, research concludes on the life and prospects of young people in the post-pandemic era. Using new data collected in 2023, this research assesses the long-term impact of the pandemic on this group, looking into changes in the social situation of young people, as well as their quality of life, mental health and future prospects.

Analysis of the monitoring framework of the European Child Guarantee comes to an end in 2024, while new research starts to support national governments and the EU institutions in the implementation and evaluation of the Child Guarantee since it came into force. This work investigates the Member States’ levels of performance and their disparities, building on its previous work on convergence. It focuses on the workforce needed to deliver the Child Guarantee in areas of early childhood education and care, education, healthcare and other relevant sectors.

Considering the importance of care provision in EU societies, new research investigates informal care provision in the EU, the challenges faced by informal caregivers, and the measures in place to support them. This research considers care provided to people of all ages, while taking into consideration the diversity among informal carers. 

Eurofound launches new research on mental health services, investigating trends in and prevalence of mental health problems for different groups and how these needs are met in various countries in light of the pandemic and the arrival of Ukrainian refugees. 

Key outputs

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Eurofound's 2024 work programme is set in the context of the upcoming European elections, war in Ukraine, renewed Middle East conflict and rising cost of living across the EU.

23 Ιανουάριος 2024
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Work programme
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Η οικονομικά ασύμφορη στέγαση αποτελεί ζήτημα που προκαλεί μεγάλη ανησυχία στην ΕΕ. Οδηγεί σε αστεγία, στεγαστική ανασφάλεια, οικονομικές δυσκολίες και ακατάλληλες συνθήκες στέγασης. Επίσης, εμποδίζει τους νέους να εγκαταλείψουν την...

30 Μάιος 2023
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Το έτος 2022 ξεκίνησε με συγκρατημένη αισιοδοξία. Η Ευρώπη εξέρχεται από τα δύο χρόνια κρίσης της πανδημίας COVID-19, και έχει θεσπίσει το σχέδιο ανάκαμψης για την Ευρώπη «NextGenerationEU» που οικοδομεί...

4 Μάιος 2023
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Annual report

Eurofound expert(s)

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Hans Dubois is a senior research manager in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. His research topics include housing, over-indebtedness, healthcare, long-term care, social...

Senior research manager,
Social policies research unit
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Massimiliano Mascherini has been Head of the Social Policies unit at Eurofound since October 2019. He joined Eurofound in 2009 as a research manager, designing and coordinating...

Head of Unit,
Social policies research unit
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Sanna Nivakoski is a research officer in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. Before joining Eurofound in 2021, she worked as a post-doctoral researcher at University College...

Research officer,
Social policies research unit
Publications results (308)

In November 2010, the Employment Committee (EMCO) issued a report (239Kb PDF) [1] on the quality of work [2] in the European Union. The report was based on the findings of a thematic review held in June 2010 which aimed to examine and exchange experiences about labour market policies intended to

14 March 2011

Europe is facing unprecedented demographic change including a previously unknown ageing of the population. In view of these demographic and societal changes, social inclusion of the elderly is of growing importance. In searching for measures to promote the social inclusion of the older population

02 March 2011

The extent of formal volunteering varies between European countries, depending on the available organisational setup and infrastructure to facilitate and encourage volunteering. Since the rules and incentives for registering voluntary organisations vary between Member States, however, comparing the

14 February 2011

In most Member States, no legal provision or specific support schemes exist to facilitate private sector companies’ engaging in corporate volunteering. Nonetheless, more companies are introducing such initiatives. CSR Europe, the European business network for corporate social responsibility, and its

14 February 2011

The formerly communist countries of central and eastern Europe provide a good example of how strongly volunteering is influenced by political and social traditions. These countries’ communist legacy did not favour a culture of volunteering and influenced the emergence of such a culture after the

14 February 2011

Although the Eurobarometer surveys in 2006 and 2010 show relatively little change in the level of participation in volunteering, recent Eurofound research points to a general upward trend in many Member States. The growth in volunteering of the last 10 years is partly attributed to public

14 February 2011

Just over 20% of Europeans take part in voluntary and charitable activities, though there are wide differences between Member States. The highest rates are seen in the Nordic Member States (Denmark, Finland, Sweden) and the lowest rates are in Bulgaria, Greece, Malta, Portugal, Romania and Spain

13 February 2011

This report is based on the second EQLS carried out in 2007-8 and offers a wideranging view of the diverse social realities in the 27 Member States, as well as covering Norway and the candidate countries of Turkey, Macedonia and Croatia. The report presents the views and experiences of people living

13 December 2010
Publication
Research report

The overall focus of the study on ‘Company initiatives for workers with care responsibilities’ is on company (employer) initiatives to support the needs of workers who have (informal) care responsibilities, including parents caring for children with disabilities and informal carers of adults who

22 November 2010

Overall, household debt levels have risen sharply over the past decades in EU Member States. While certain levels of household debts can be beneficial, they can become problematic especially with a sudden, unexpected decrease of incomes or increase of expenditures. The current financial crisis

14 October 2010

Online resources results (219)

New centralised incomes policy agreement concluded

The Finnish central social partners - except AKAVA, the trade union confederation representing professionals with a high level of education - successfully concluded negotiations over a new centralised incomes policy agreement on 17 November 2000. The two-year wage agreement will mean an increase in

Commission issues new employment package

On 6 September 2000, the European Commission issued an employment package within the framework of the "Luxembourg employment strategy" (EU9711168F [1]), enshrined in Article 128 the EC Treaty. This requires Member States to formulate annual National Action Plans (NAP s) on employment, based on

Pensioners' trade union organisations examined

Pensioners' trade union organisations are an important component of Italian trade union confederations, today representing about half of their total membership. These bodies have progressively taken an important role in all level of social dialogue and collective bargaining on welfare issues, as

Cheap labour conflict continues in merchant shipping

Despite a government decision to grant subsidies to shipowners, tensions over "outflagging" and the use of foreign labour in Finnish merchant shipping continued in August 2000, with a shipowner hiring Polish seafarers. The Finnish Seafarers' Union considers these contracts of employment invalid and

Conflicts highlight regulation of industrial disputes

There is widespread consensus among the Austrian social partners that strikes and other forms of industrial action should be prevented. However, recent debates about the current government's reform plans, especially those relating to pensions and expenditure cuts in the social welfare system, have

Care services in private hands as local authorities increase use of outsourcing

Outsourcing, or contracting-out, of tasks to private enterprises has been expanding rapidly among local authorities and this development will gain increasing momentum, according to a new study [1] carried out by the municipal sector employers' organisation, the National Association of Local

EPSU agrees framework for coordinated action

The European Federation of Public Service Unions [1] (EPSU) - which groups 180 trade unions across Europe representing 10 million public service workers - agreed a policy statement entitled /Public service trade unions and collective bargaining in a European environment/ on 18 April 2000 at its

Public consultation on reorganisation of civil service opposed by unions

The Belgian government is undertaking a major reorganisation of the federal civil service, and in early June 2000 it launched a public consultation exercise, which has drawn criticism from civil service trade unions.

Report examines competition and regulation in network-based public services

A report submitted in April 2000 by a working party of France's National Economic Planning Agency advocates various measures to combine the introduction of competition into the "network-based" public sector (eg transport and utilities) with the "fulfilment of a public service role". The report

Parliament approves reform of law on strikes in essential public services

At the beginning of April 2000, the Italian parliament approved a reform of law 146/1990, which regulates the right to strike in essential public services and defines the role of the Guarantee Authority which oversees application of the law. The reform has introduced important changes as regards the


Blogs results (32)

The housing crisis could be tackled by improving public services, better urban planning and ensuring that social protection benefits reach the people who need them most.

2 Μάιος 2024

The state in which the EU finds itself has been described as a ‘permacrisis’, whereby the Union is confronted by challenge after challenge, and citizens are constantly having to adapt to a ‘new normal’.

11 Δεκέμβριος 2023
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Spiralling housing costs are causing despair across the EU. The situation is making people anxious that they will lose their accommodation or become homeless; they may become overburdened financially or forced to live in substandard accommodation; and many young people are unable to leave home. Whil

4 Απρίλιος 2023
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Lower levels of health, increasing financial pressure and a significant degree of unmet healthcare: these are the findings of the fifth round of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey: Living in a new era of uncertainty – a report that presents an overview of responses from over 200,000 people ac

6 Οκτώβριος 2022
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Rising energy prices are putting more people under increased financial pressure and at greater risk of energy poverty. In this data story, we take a closer look at the data from the fifth round of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey to explore the extent of the issue and the threat of energy p

3 Αύγουστος 2022
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Trust in national institutions has declined across the EU over the past two years. Driven by increasingly difficult economic circumstances and unreliable news sources, even people who previously expressed higher trust levels – such as those in financially secure positions – have become less trusting

25 Ιούλιος 2022
Image of people waiting for tram in city street and man cycling on cycle path

The Russian invasion of Ukraine and the resulting sanctions have caused energy prices to soar. Governments seeking to alleviate the negative impacts of price increases on households have introduced energy subsidies and VAT reductions for electricity, gas and fuel. While such policies may be needed

10 Ιούνιος 2022
Image of family cooking around camp fire outside home under bombardment in Ukraine

We are 100 days on from the invasion by Russia of Ukraine on 24 February, when peace in Europe was shattered. As the human tragedy began to unfold and with more than 6.8 million Ukrainians, mostly women and children, escaping their country since the start of the war, European citizens have been watc

8 Ιούνιος 2022
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The European Pillar of Social Rights states that ‘everyone has the right to affordable long-term care services of good quality, in particular home-care and community-based services’. Taking a step to make this principle a reality, the European Commission is currently preparing a European Care Strate

5 Μάιος 2022

Upcoming publications results (4)

This factsheet will provide a snapshot of society and quality of life in spring 2024. It will look at a number of issues, including mental well-being, trust, access to healthcare, social support and coping with increases in the cost of living. The analysis is based on the Living and working in the

December 2024

This report analyses data from Eurofound’s European Working Conditions Telephone Survey (EWCTS), the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey and official statistics to examine employment trends, working conditions and social inclusion challenges experienced by young people in the Western Balkans (Alba

November 2024
Forthcoming
Publication
Research report

This report explores the implications of the right of all EU citizens to live independently. It investigates the barriers faced by people who wish to live independently, and the situation of people at risk of living in institutional settings. It maps the various measures taken by EU Member States to

October 2024

Social protection can include a range of entitlements to monetary and in-kind benefits. Eurofound’s project focuses on unemployment and minimum income benefits. Social protection can provide a safety net for people who are negatively impacted by the green and digital transitions. During the COVID-19

September 2024
Data results (1)
24 Οκτώβριος 2023
Reference period:

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