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Συνθήκες διαβίωσης και ποιότητα ζωής

Οι συνθήκες διαβίωσης και η ποιότητα ζωής είναι μία από τις έξι κύριες δραστηριότητες του προγράμματος εργασίας του Eurofound για την περίοδο 2021–2024. Το Eurofound θα συνεχίσει να χαρτογραφεί και να αναλύει βασικές πτυχές που σχετίζονται με τη βελτίωση των συνθηκών διαβίωσης των ανθρώπων στην Ευρώπη, συμπεριλαμβανομένων πληροφοριών σχετικά με την αντίληψη του κόσμου για την ποιότητα της ζωής και την κοινωνία. Καθώς η πανδημία COVID-19 και η επακόλουθη οικονομική κρίση επηρέασαν βαθιά τις ζωές των ανθρώπων, το Eurofound θα διερευνήσει περαιτέρω τον αντίκτυπο της κρίσης στους πολίτες της ΕΕ στα διάφορα στάδια της ζωής.

Κατά την περίοδο 2021–2024, η έρευνα του Eurofound αναμένεται ότι θα διαφωτίσει τις προκλήσεις και τις προοπτικές στον τομέα των συνθηκών διαβίωσης και της ποιότητας ζωής στην ΕΕ καθώς και τον ρόλο των διάφορων πρωτοβουλιών οι οποίες αποσκοπούν στην ελάφρυνση των κοινωνικών δυσχερειών που αντιμετωπίζουν διάφορες ομάδες πολιτών. Ιδιαίτερο ενδιαφέρον παρουσιάζουν οι επιπτώσεις στους ηλικιωμένους και τις ανάγκες φροντίδας, στους νέους και την κοινωνική ένταξη και κινητικότητά τους, καθώς και οι ποικίλες συνέπειες της κρίσης στους άνδρες και τις γυναίκες .

Οι δημόσιες υπηρεσίες ανά την ΕΕ διαδραμάτισαν μείζονα ρόλο στην αντιμετώπιση της κρίσης της πανδημίας COVID-19, ενώ παράλληλα αντιμετώπιζαν σημαντικές προκλήσεις, και θα υποβληθούν σε αναλυτικότερη αξιολόγηση που θα επικεντρώνεται σε ζητήματα όπως η ποιότητα, η πρόσβαση και η προσιτότητά τους. Όπως διαφαίνεται από προηγούμενα ευρήματα, η κρίση είχε δυσανάλογες επιπτώσεις σε συγκεκριμένες ηλικιακές ομάδες, στις ευθύνες φροντίδας και στην ισορροπία μεταξύ επαγγελματικής και ιδιωτικής ζωής , γεγονός που θα τύχει περαιτέρω ανάλυσης από το Eurofound.

Σε συντονισμό με το Ευρωπαϊκό Ινστιτούτο για την Ισότητα των Φύλων (EIGE), το Eurofound σκοπεύει να διερευνήσει το πολυδιάστατο χάσμα μεταξύ των φύλων εξετάζοντας τον αντίκτυπο της κρίσης της πανδημίας COVID-19 σε άνδρες και γυναίκες όσον αφορά τη συμμετοχή στην απασχόληση, τις υλικές συνθήκες διαβίωσης και την ευημερία, προκειμένου να προσδιορίσει τις διαφορές και να αξιολογήσει τις επιπτώσεις της στο χάσμα μεταξύ των φύλων.

« Η ποιότητα των δημόσιων υπηρεσιών ήταν καθοριστικής σημασίας για την διαμόρφωση εμπιστοσύνης στους θεσμούς της σύγχρονης Ευρώπης και θα έχει σημαντικό ρόλο στην αντιμετώπιση των σημερινών και των μελλοντικών προκλήσεων. Οι υπηρεσίες ποιότητας αποτελούν επίσης ένα πεδίο που προσφέρεται για καινοτομία, ιδίως δε στο πλαίσιο της μετάβασης σε ψηφιακές και φιλικότερες προς το περιβάλλον υπηρεσίες και της ετοιμότητας έναντι κινδύνων, όπως η πανδημία, στο μέλλον.»

Tadas Leončikas, Διευθυντής Έρευνας, Μονάδα κοινωνικής πολιτικής

Topic

Recent updates

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In this episode of Eurofound Talks, Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound researchers Eszter Sandor and Massimiliano Mascherini about the situation for young people in Europe.

Podcast

Κύρια μηνύματα πολιτικής

Εικονογράφημα

Τα κύρια ευρήματα των ερευνών του Eurofound χρησιμοποιούνται από τους υπευθύνους χάραξης πολιτικής για την αντιμετώπιση ορισμένων βασικών ζητημάτων στον τομέα.

  • Η αντίληψη για τις εντάσεις στην κοινωνία έχει τις πιο επιζήμιες επιπτώσεις στην εμπιστοσύνη στους θεσμούς, ενώ ο τρόπος με τον οποίο γίνεται αντιληπτή η ποιότητα των δημόσιων υπηρεσιών αποτελεί βασικό παράγοντα για την αύξηση της εμπιστοσύνης στους θεσμούς.
  • Υπάρχει ανάγκη για παροχή πιο μακροπρόθεσμης περίθαλψης και με μεγαλύτερη ευελιξία. Πρέπει να υπάρχει μεγαλύτερη διαθεσιμότητα κατ’ οίκον περίθαλψης και παροχής βοήθειας, ιδίως στα κράτη μέλη της ΕΕ με τα χαμηλότερα εισοδήματα.
  • Η έγκαιρη πρόσβαση στην πρωτοβάθμια υγειονομική περίθαλψη, την κοινωνική φροντίδα και τη μακροχρόνια περίθαλψη μπορούν να συμβάλλουν στην έγκαιρη παρέμβαση και την παρακολούθηση των μεταβαλλόμενων αναγκών και να αποτρέψουν την κλιμάκωση των προβλημάτων της μακροχρόνιας περίθαλψης.
  • Αύξηση παρατηρείται στα προβλήματα ψυχικής υγείας που αντιμετωπίζουν οι νέοι, μολονότι δεν είναι σαφές αν αυτό οφείλεται στην αύξηση των περιστατικών ή στην καλύτερη ευαισθητοποίηση και διάγνωση. Η ψυχική υγεία σχετίζεται στενά με άλλα θέματα που αφορούν τη νεολαία και μπορεί να είναι αποτέλεσμα ανισοτήτων, αλλά και να αποτελεί αιτία ανισότητας. Στους παράγοντες κινδύνου για θέματα ψυχικής υγείας περιλαμβάνονται η αναπηρία και οι μακροχρόνιες ασθένειες, τα οικογενειακά προβλήματα, τα προβλήματα στις σχέσεις με ομοτίμους και η έντονη χρήση των μέσων κοινωνικής δικτύωσης.
  • Παρά το γεγονός ότι τα επίπεδα εμπιστοσύνης και κοινωνικής συνοχής αποκαταστάθηκαν συνολικά στην ΕΕ μετά τη χρηματοπιστωτική κρίση, η έξαρση της πανδημίας COVID-19 επηρέασε σημαντικά την ευημερία στις χώρες που δοκιμάστηκαν περισσότερο από την πανδημία.
  • Οι νέοι εμφανίζονται να έχασαν περισσότερα από τον εγκλεισμό, αφού παράλληλα με τους ανέργους, αναφέρουν τα χαμηλότερα επίπεδα ευημερίας, αν και ελαφρώς βελτιωμένα σε σύγκριση με την έναρξη της πανδημίας. Παρότι ο βαθμός ικανοποίησης από τη ζωή και ο βαθμός αισιοδοξίας εμφανίζονται αυξημένοι σε σύγκριση με τον Απρίλιο του 2020, οι νέοι εξακολουθούν να αισθάνονται κοινωνικά αποκλεισμένοι και να εκτίθενται σε μεγάλο κίνδυνο κατάθλιψης, γεγονός που αποδεικνύει ότι έχουν θιγεί περισσότερο από τα περιοριστικά μέτρα μετά τον αναγκαστικό εγκλεισμό.
  • Σε περίπτωση περαιτέρω κυμάτων του κορονοϊού, θα είναι πολύ σημαντικό να ληφθούν μέτρα για τον μετριασμό των κινδύνων για την ψυχική υγεία των ανέργων και των νέων στον απόηχο της πανδημίας COVID-19. Η παροχή στοχευμένης υποστήριξης που θα βοηθήσει όσους αναζητούν εργασία να μπορέσουν να ορθοποδήσουν και να αντιμετωπίσουν τις επιπτώσεις της πανδημίας, καθώς και η διασφάλιση ότι οι νέοι θα έχουν ευκαιρίες πλήρους συμμετοχής στην κοινωνία, πρέπει να εντάσσονται στο πλαίσιο των πάγιων μέτρων πολιτικής.
  • Η κρίση της πανδημίας COVID-19 έχει πλήξει την αισιοδοξία και έχει επηρεάσει την ισορροπία μεταξύ επαγγελματικής και ιδιωτικής ζωής περισσότερο για τις γυναίκες σε σχέση με τους άνδρες. Η διόρθωση αυτής της ανισορροπίας θα είναι ζωτικής σημασίας για να διασφαλιστεί ότι οι γυναίκες δεν θα πληρώσουν δυσανάλογα μεγάλο τίμημα για την πανδημία.
  • Η διατήρηση της εμπιστοσύνης των πολιτών στους εθνικούς και ενωσιακούς θεσμούς οφείλει να παραμείνει βασική προτεραιότητα σε περιόδους κρίσης, δεδομένου ότι η συμμόρφωση προς τα μέτρα ελέγχου της πανδημίας COVID-19 εξαρτάται σε μεγάλο βαθμό από τα επίπεδα εμπιστοσύνης στους θεσμούς και τις συμβουλές των επιστημόνων. Τα αυξημένα επίπεδα εμπιστοσύνης στους θεσμούς που αναφέρουν οι ερωτηθέντες οι οποίοι ωφελήθηκαν από τα μέτρα στήριξης στέλνουν επίσης ένα σαφές μήνυμα στις εθνικές κυβερνήσεις και στην ΕΕ.

2021–2024 work plan

During 2021–2024, Eurofound’s research will provide an important insight into the challenges and prospects in the area of living conditions and quality of life in the EU and the role played by various initiatives aimed at alleviating the social hardship of various groups of citizens. Of particular interest are the implications for older people and care needs, youth and their social inclusion and social mobility, and the varying consequences of the crisis on men and women.

Public services across the EU played a major role in addressing the COVID-19 crisis while facing significant challenges and they will be assessed in greater detail, focusing on issues such as quality, access and affordability. As previous findings have shown, the crisis has had disproportionate effects on certain groups according to age, care responsibilities and work-life balance, and Eurofound will analyse this further.

In coordination with the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE), Eurofound intends to research the multidimensional gender gap by investigating the impact on men and women of the COVID-19 crisis in terms of employment participation, material living conditions and well-being – in order to identify the differences and assess its effect on gender gaps.

Addressing stakeholder priorities

Eurofound’s research aims to assist policy action addressing the challenges and opportunities for the EU and national levels in the area of living conditions and quality of life. In particular, it will monitor the impact of COVID-19 and the ensuing economic crisis by providing knowledge on status, trends, risks, as well as ways to improve living conditions in the EU. Eurofound will focus on identifying and analysing pressing issues for the most vulnerable groups, specifically older citizens and young people. Eurofound will also inform policymakers by producing evidence on trends and drivers in relation to the delivery of public services, also linking in, for example, with the European Pillar of Social Rights.

The Agency’s work plan is aligned with the European Commission’s political guidelines over the next four years, directly feeding into a number of key policy areas aimed at creating a strong social Europe. In particular, the research will support policy initiatives and activities linked with the implementation of the European Gender Equality Strategy 2020–2025, the Youth Guarantee, the Child Guarantee and the European Semester and its country-specific recommendations.

 

Eurofound research

In 2024, Eurofound continues to monitor trends in living conditions and quality of life, against the backdrop of the health-related and economic fallout of the COVID-19 pandemic, the implications of the war in Ukraine, rising energy prices, and increases in costs of living. Building on the various rounds of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey, as well as on data gathered in 2023, the Agency investigates the impact of these challenges on the living conditions of Europeans.

The European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) commences in 2024, including some questions on working conditions and living conditions relevant to the aftermath of COVID-19. The European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) follows in 2026 using lessons drawn from the 2024 EWCS.

Research concludes on identifying groups not covered by social protection, due to coverage gaps and non-take-up of minimum income and unemployment schemes. It also looks at adequacy of these benefits, digitalisation of application procedures, linked service entitlements and sanctioning measures. Eurofound also publishes its findings on EU citizens’ rights and opportunities to live independently. It analyses the situation faced by various vulnerable groups and provides an overview of measures that facilitate family- and community-based care and support in the Member States.

Building on previous work on young people, research concludes on the life and prospects of young people in the post-pandemic era. Using new data collected in 2023, this research assesses the long-term impact of the pandemic on this group, looking into changes in the social situation of young people, as well as their quality of life, mental health and future prospects.

Analysis of the monitoring framework of the European Child Guarantee comes to an end in 2024, while new research starts to support national governments and the EU institutions in the implementation and evaluation of the Child Guarantee since it came into force. This work investigates the Member States’ levels of performance and their disparities, building on its previous work on convergence. It focuses on the workforce needed to deliver the Child Guarantee in areas of early childhood education and care, education, healthcare and other relevant sectors.

Considering the importance of care provision in EU societies, new research investigates informal care provision in the EU, the challenges faced by informal caregivers, and the measures in place to support them. This research considers care provided to people of all ages, while taking into consideration the diversity among informal carers. 

Eurofound launches new research on mental health services, investigating trends in and prevalence of mental health problems for different groups and how these needs are met in various countries in light of the pandemic and the arrival of Ukrainian refugees. 

Key outputs

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Eurofound's 2024 work programme is set in the context of the upcoming European elections, war in Ukraine, renewed Middle East conflict and rising cost of living across the EU.

23 Ιανουάριος 2024
Publication
Work programme
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Η οικονομικά ασύμφορη στέγαση αποτελεί ζήτημα που προκαλεί μεγάλη ανησυχία στην ΕΕ. Οδηγεί σε αστεγία, στεγαστική ανασφάλεια, οικονομικές δυσκολίες και ακατάλληλες συνθήκες στέγασης. Επίσης, εμποδίζει τους νέους να εγκαταλείψουν την...

30 Μάιος 2023
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Research report
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Το έτος 2022 ξεκίνησε με συγκρατημένη αισιοδοξία. Η Ευρώπη εξέρχεται από τα δύο χρόνια κρίσης της πανδημίας COVID-19, και έχει θεσπίσει το σχέδιο ανάκαμψης για την Ευρώπη «NextGenerationEU» που οικοδομεί...

4 Μάιος 2023
Publication
Annual report

Eurofound expert(s)

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Hans Dubois is a senior research manager in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. His research topics include housing, over-indebtedness, healthcare, long-term care, social...

Senior research manager,
Social policies research unit
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Massimiliano Mascherini has been Head of the Social Policies unit at Eurofound since October 2019. He joined Eurofound in 2009 as a research manager, designing and coordinating...

Head of Unit,
Social policies research unit
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Sanna Nivakoski is a research officer in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. Before joining Eurofound in 2021, she worked as a post-doctoral researcher at University College...

Research officer,
Social policies research unit
Publications results (308)

Feelings of insecurity in several dimensions of life are widespread in the EU population, even among those who are materially well-off. Policymakers need to take these insecurities into account to better understand the concerns and dissatisfactions of citizens.

09 October 2018

Living and working in Europe, Eurofound’s 2017 yearbook, provides a snapshot of the latest developments in the work and lives of Europeans as recounted in the Agency’s research activities over the course of 2017. As economies recover, Eurofound reported on the positive trends in employment, with

12 June 2018

Nearly 37,000 people in 33 European countries (28 EU Member States and 5 candidate countries) were interviewed in the last quarter of 2016 for the fourth wave of the European Quality of Life Survey. This overview report presents the findings for the EU Member States. It uses information from

23 January 2018

With people living longer, the need for affordable care of high quality to support Europe’s population increases. Over the last ten years there has been an expansion of the private sector in terms of the number of care homes and the places they provide. This increase takes place in a context of

28 November 2017

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for central government administration. The aim of Eurofound’s series of studies on representativeness is to identify the relevant national

17 November 2017

Employment policies tend to focus on unemployed people, but evidence indicates that many people who are economically inactive also have labour market potential. This report examines groups within the inactive population that find it difficult to enter or re-enter the labour market and explores the

31 October 2017

The ‘working poor’ are a substantial group, the latest estimate putting 10% of European workers at risk of poverty, up from 8% in 2007. This report describes the development of in-work poverty in the EU since the crisis of 2008, picking up where an earlier Eurofound report on this subject, published

05 September 2017

EU citizens are increasingly concerned that today’s young people will have fewer opportunities for upward social mobility than their parents’ generation. This report maps patterns of intergenerational social mobility in the EU countries. It first looks at absolute social mobility – how societies

19 April 2017

In the past 10 years there has been a substantial increase in the number of for-profit private hospitals, while the number of public hospitals decreases. This has been heightened by the recent economic and financial crisis where hospital closures have created new opportunities for private providers.

27 January 2017

This issue of Foundation Focus looks at work–life balance and some of the factors that help or hinder workers in combining working with non-working life.

23 December 2016

Online resources results (219)

Young women challenge gender stereotypes in face of crisis

The results of a study [1] into the effects of the financial and economic crisis on women in Cyprus have been published. The research was carried out by the Pancyprian Federation of Women’s Organisations (POGO [2]) and was published in June 2013. [1] http://www.pogocy.com/ [2] http://www.pogocy.com/

Social workers report a good work–life balance

A survey to assess the occupational well-being of employees in Lithuania’s social work sector was carried out in 2011 by researchers from the Lithuanian Social Research Centre (LSTC [1]). The results of the findings were published in 2103 in a report, /Occupational well-being in the sector of social

Survey reveals impact of long hours on well-being

The work and employment relations survey (2011 WERS [1]) is published by the UK government’s Department for Business, Innovation and Skills [2] and is the sixth in a series of studies carried out on work and employment in the UK. It covers wide-ranging issues from collective bargaining coverage to

Survey looks at work and family life

The European Company Survey on Reconciliation of Work and Family Life 2010 (1.36Mb PDF) [1] has provided a detailed description and analysis of family-friendly policies implemented by companies in six European countries – Germany, the UK, France, Italy, Sweden and Poland. [1] http://www.bosch

Sick leave caused by work overload

White-collar staff in Sweden are increasingly taking time off through stress and because they are overloaded with work according to a new study (in Swedish, 563KB PDF) [1]. The research was conducted by Annelie Carlberg and Björle Sjöholm in 2012 on behalf of white-collar union Unionen [2]. The

Denmark: Increased exposure to noise, overtime and employees witnessing bullying

The National Research Centre for the Working Environment has conducted a new cohort study entitled Working Environment and Health in Denmark 2012–2020 (WEHD), which is a continuation of the former Danish Working Environment Cohort Study (DWECS). Results from 2012 serve as baseline measurements due

Impact of the crisis on gender equality

The main aim of the report, The impact of the economic crisis on the situation of women and men and on gender equality policies (3MB PDF) [1], is to chart the impact of the financial and economic crisis on those working in the EU and on gender equality [2] policies in particular. The report was

EU Level: EU employers take family-friendly working seriously

A survey investigating family-friendly working policies in companies in six European countries (France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Sweden, UK) finds that employers take family-friendly working seriously and have put in place a range of policies to support this, especially in areas such as flexible

Increase in stress and physical demands in the health sector

Pensions specialist Keva [1] has published Municipal Workers’ Well-being 2011 (in Finnish, 405Kb PDF) [2], the most recent in a series of similar surveys conducted annually since 2008. Keva handles pension applications, pension decisions, rehabilitation, customer service and the payment of pensions

New police rosters both healthier and less costly

New rosters for Ireland’s police force, An Garda Síochána [1], are seen as a key achievement under the terms of the Public Service Agreement (2010–2014) – known as the Croke Park agreement (IE1007039I [2]). The wide-ranging agreement commits the Irish Government [3] to maintaining core pay and


Blogs results (32)
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Vaccine acceptance is key to the success of COVID-19 vaccination campaigns worldwide. Worryingly, over a quarter of people living in Europe are hesitant about taking a COVID-19 vaccine, and the level of hesitancy is especially high among heavy users of social media. The spread of misinformation on s

23 Ιούνιος 2021
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An ageing Europe and rising public expenditure on long-term care have signalled for some time that the fundamentals of care provision need to be addressed. However, the shocking death toll in care homes during the COVID-19 pandemic and the fact that many long-term care services were ill-equipped to

2 Δεκέμβριος 2020
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As Europe faces into what appears to be a second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, concern is mounting about the evolution and dramatic impact of the disease, with rising numbers of infections, hospitalisations and deaths. There is also a growing focus on the repercussions for the economy, the labour m

7 Οκτώβριος 2020
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​​​​​​​While women appear to be more resilient than men to COVID-19 in terms of health outcomes, that is not the case when it comes to the economic and social fallout. Measures taken by governments to control the spread of the virus are exacerbating gender divides in unemployment, domestic labour an

3 Ιούνιος 2020
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While we now know that the idea that ‘COVID-19 only affects older people’ is fake news, the first weeks of the pandemic have shown that young people are in general more resilient than older people to the disease. But are they also more resilient to its social and economic impacts?

18 Μάιος 2020
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The impact of COVID-19 continues to create chaos in people’s lives across Europe and the world. The economy is heading towards another major dip, and a sense of general insecurity pervades. The daunting challenges confronting health services and projections on the long-term impact of the crisis domi

12 Μάιος 2020
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The votes have been cast, tallied and declared and we can now see the political landscape of the new European Parliament. It is a complex picture: there has been growth of far-right and populist parties, but well short of what was projected, and at the same time there has been a boost for pro

30 Μάιος 2019
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Depopulation of rural areas and the concentration of employment and education opportunities in urban centres is a fact of modern life. What impact does this have on the quality of life of rural residents? Do they feel increasingly isolated, and what are the emerging trends? New research by Eurofound

8 Μάιος 2019
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Europe is showing visible signs of progress; in most countries, labour markets are healthier than they have been in a decade, with more people active and in work than ever before, while social exclusion is declining. However, it is also a continent in transition, where an imbalance in opportunities

18 Ιούνιος 2018

Upcoming publications results (4)

This factsheet will provide a snapshot of society and quality of life in spring 2024. It will look at a number of issues, including mental well-being, trust, access to healthcare, social support and coping with increases in the cost of living. The analysis is based on the Living and working in the

December 2024

This report analyses data from Eurofound’s European Working Conditions Telephone Survey (EWCTS), the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey and official statistics to examine employment trends, working conditions and social inclusion challenges experienced by young people in the Western Balkans (Alba

November 2024
Forthcoming
Publication
Research report

This report explores the implications of the right of all EU citizens to live independently. It investigates the barriers faced by people who wish to live independently, and the situation of people at risk of living in institutional settings. It maps the various measures taken by EU Member States to

October 2024

Social protection can include a range of entitlements to monetary and in-kind benefits. Eurofound’s project focuses on unemployment and minimum income benefits. Social protection can provide a safety net for people who are negatively impacted by the green and digital transitions. During the COVID-19

September 2024
Data results (1)
24 Οκτώβριος 2023
Reference period:

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