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Vananev tööjõud

Euroopa vananev tööjõud tekitab poliitikutele palju probleeme seoses tööhõive, töötingimuste, elatustaseme ja heaoluga. See on tekitanud muret seoses pensionisüsteemide jätkusuutlikkuse ja tööjõupakkumisega. Vananeva tööjõu tööhõivevõimaluste edendamine eeldab uut mõtteviisi ettevõtte, riigi ja ELi tasandil.

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Vaatamata eakate töötajate tööhõivemäärade märkimisväärsele suurenemisele ELi riikides viimase kümne aasta jooksul rõhutatakse Euroopa Komisjoni 2017. aasta ühises tööhõivearuandes võimalust, et need määrad suurenevad veelgi. Aastal 2016 oli 55–64-aastaste eakate töötajate tööhõivemäär ELis 55,3%, samas kui 15–64-aastaste hulgas tervikuna oli see 66,6%. Tööhõivemäär on kõige rohkem suurenenud eakate naiste hulgas.

Euroopa sotsiaalõiguste sammas on raamistik, mis aitab tööturgudel uute väljakutsetega kohaneda, edendades samas põlvkondadevahelist õiglust ja solidaarsust. Selles rõhutatakse õigust töökeskkonnale, mis on kohandatud töötajate kutsealaste vajadustega, et võimaldada neil pikendada oma osalemist tööturul. Veelgi enam, hiljuti sõlmitud Euroopa sotsiaalpartnerite autonoomne kokkulepe aktiivse vananemise ja põlvkondadevahelise lähenemisviisi kohta pikendab eakate töötajate aktiivsemat ja pikemat osalemist tööturul.

Eurofoundi töö

Eurofoundil on suur kogemustepagas vananeva tööjõu küsimustes. Alates 1990. aastatest on olnud Euroopa muutuva demograafilise profiili kontekstis uuringute keskmes tööturul osalemine, töövõime, töötingimused ja eakate töötajate eelistused. Töö on keskendunud ka avalikele toetustele ja ettevõtte tasandi algatustele, millega edendatakse eakate töötajate tööhõivet. Selles on vaadeldud eakaid naistöötajaid, tuues välja selle töörühma suureneva tööhõive määra ja nende tööjõu kasvava osakaalu, eriti 55–64-aastaste vanuserühmas.

Uuringuandmed

Eurofoundi suuremates uuringutes on esitatud eakate töötajate olukorra kohta mitmesuguseid andmeid. Euroopa kuuendas töötingimuste uuringus võrreldakse eakate töötajaid töökvaliteedi eri omadusi. Ehkki eakate töötajate töötuks jäämise tõenäosus on väiksem kui noorematel, on eakad andmete põhjal arvamusel, et töötuks jäädes ei leia nad samaväärse palgatasemega tööd ja neil oleks isegi raskusi uuesti tööturule sisenemisel.

Eurofoundi Euroopa viiendal töötingimuste uuringul põhinevas uurimusel vaadeldakse eaka tööjõu ja eri vanuses töötamise tunnuseid ja tegureid, mis muudavad töö eakale tööjõule jätkusuutlikuks: head töötingimused, füüsiline ja vaimne heaolu ning töö- ja eraelu tasakaal.

Eurofoundi Euroopa elukvaliteedi uuringus on esitatud vanusega seotud tulemused seoses erinevate elukvaliteedi aspektidega Euroopas. Üle 50-aastaste isikute tööeelistuste analüüs põhineb Euroopa kolmanda elukvaliteedi uuringu tulemustel ja selles näidatakse, et paljud eakad töötajad eelistavad töötada vähem tunde isegi pärast rahaliste vajaduste arvestamist. Tööaja eelistuste arvestamine võimaldab kauem töötada ja ühtlasi motiveerib seda tegema.

Pikem tööelu

Eurofound liitus hiljuti kolme muu ELi ametiga, kui vaatles eakohast tööd Euroopas, vananeva tööjõuga seotud poliitilisi probleeme ja uuenduslikke lahendusi.

Paljud inimesed ei suuda või ei soovi töötada ametliku pensionieani. Siiski on olemas ka rühm inimesi, kes suudavad ja soovivad töötada sellest kauem. Eurofound on uurinud üha sagenevat tendentsi, kus inimesed asuvad tööle pärast pensionile jäämist.

Hiljutised uuringud on keskendunud tööelu pikendamisele paindlike pensionile jäämise kavade kaudu, pöörates erilist tähelepanu osaliselt pensionile jäämise kavadele, mis seda hõlbustavad. Karjääri keskel tehtavad kokkuvõtted saavad ka pikendada tööelu. Uuringutes on vaadeldud, kuidas need aitavad selgitada töötajate võimalusi jääda tööle kuni hilisema pensionieani. Tuuakse välja ettevõtete väljatöötatud erinevad vahendid, et hoida eakaid töötajaid tööl.

Muudes uuringutes dokumenteeritakse valitsuste ja sotsiaalpartnerite riiklikud ja valdkonnapõhised algatused, et hoida eakaid töötajaid tööturul, sealhulgas rahalised soodustused ja tõhustatud tingimused. Varasemas projektis analüüsiti enne ja pärast majanduslangust juurutatud vanuse käsitlemise algatusi, et tuua esile Euroopa ettevõtete head tavad.

Allikad

Key outputs

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Käesolevas aruandes käsitletakse COVID-19 kriisi mõju eakate kodanike elukvaliteedile, sealhulgas mõju nende heaolule, rahaasjadele, tööhõivele ja sotsiaalsele kaasatusele. Aruandes uuritakse mõju hooldusteenuste kasutamisele ja eakate sõltumist muust toetusest. Aruandes tutvustatakse...

28 jaanuar 2022
Publication
Research report
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See juhtaruanne võtab kokku programmiperioodil 2017–2020 tehtud Eurofoundi töötingimuste uuringute peamised järeldused. Selles kaardistatakse alates 2000. aastast tehtud edusammud töötingimuste parandamisel ja vaadeldakse, kas kõik töötajad on positiivsetest muutustest võrdselt...

26 veebruar 2021
Publication
Flagship report
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This report uses European Working Conditions Survey data to examine working conditions and their implications for worker’s health. Ensuring the sustainability of work in the context of ageing populations implies...

13 Mai 2019
Publication
Research report
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Nearly 37,000 people in 33 European countries (28 EU Member States and 5 candidate countries) were interviewed in the last quarter of 2016 for the fourth wave of the European...

23 jaanuar 2018
Publication
Research report
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Demographic change is increasing the number of older workers in employment in Europe. In order for all of them to work beyond 55 or even after the pension age, it...

21 detsember 2017
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

Research continues in this topic on a variety of themes, which are outlined below with links to forthcoming titles.

Eurofound expert(s)

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Hans Dubois is a senior research manager in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. His research topics include housing, over-indebtedness, healthcare, long-term care, social...

Senior research manager,
Social policies research unit
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Franz Eiffe is a research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. He is involved in projects on sustainable work, quantitative analyses and upward convergence in the EU, as...

Research manager,
Working life research unit
Publications results (101)

According to representatives of the company interviewed for this case study, there has been a greater willingness to recruit people aged 50 or more during the economic cycle of the past two to three years, but this is cyclical. Typically, when demand for labour increases in a positive economic cycle

22 January 2012

There is a clearly defined age management policy in place in Proniks Ltd. Older staff are considered to be a valuable asset. In other jobs and sectors, older employees may be considered less suitable for employment for a number of reasons (e.g. lack of up-to-date skills), this is not the case in

22 January 2012

Cambridgeshire County Council’s 2006–2010 people strategy sets priorities and limits on age management of employees. It commits the council to encouraging and maintaining diversity in recruitment and promotion, letting of contracts, training, and in publicity for and access to services. To support

22 January 2012

MOL faces a number of challenges related to an ageing workforce. As a formerly state-owned company, there is a tradition of lifelong careers that makes MOL attractive for employees. HR policies currently continue to support lifelong employment. The company’s approach is to seek to employ workers as

22 January 2012

The HR department at Ford works in accordance with the Ford Collective Agreement agreed directly at the company level. The Collective Agreement has some specific policies aimed at older workers and these are implemented fully at Ford. The following elements of the Agreement directly affect this age

22 January 2012

The experience of Made in Inox shows that micro-businesses are unlikely to have a dedicated human resources policy. Rather, they will have a general approach with informal processes, some specific age-related initiatives, and they will also aim to foster a specific organisational culture. Micro

22 January 2012

In the Netherlands, until 2008 workers over the age of 52 were entitled to additional holiday entitlements of one day a week. However, as part of the efforts to make employing older staff more attractive to companies, the trade unions agreed that in some sectors older workers should lose their

22 January 2012

BT has an ‘age neutral’ approach to promoting diversity and equality among age groups in its workforce. The organisation’s equal opportunities and diversity policy aims to ensure everyone should have the same opportunities for employment and promotion based on their ability, qualifications and

22 January 2012

MT age management policies are viewed internally to be in line with trends among similar large companies in Hungary. Large companies, including MT, are generally characterised by a relatively secure position in the market. They are subsequently able to maintain a consistent HR policy towards

22 January 2012

Respondents in Kiruna Regional Administration agree that there have been rapid developments within local governments with relation to age management. In the early 2000s, the primary concern of local governments was to encourage older employees to leave employment early. By 2010, concerns had shifted

22 January 2012

Online resources results (133)

Working environment shown to play role in early retirement

Since the Labour Market Commission (Arbejdsmarkedskommissionen [1]) thematised early retirement from the labour market, the issue has been widely debated and analysed. The Labour Market Commission was set up in December 2007 to propose initiatives to permanently increase employment, while tackling

Fostering employment of older engineers in manufacturing sector

In June 2009, the Cologne Institute for Economic Research (Institut der deutschen Wirtschaft Köln, IW Köln [1]) published a study (in German, 75Kb PDF) [2] on the employment prospects of older engineers and the human resources policies adopted by companies to tackle the adverse impact of an ageing

Significant increase in labour market participation of older workers

The report [1] on the labour market participation of people aged 55–64 years and their career paths (in Spanish) [2] was published in May 2009 by the research institute Fundación 1º de Mayo [3]. The latter was established by the Trade Union Confederation of Workers’Commissions (Comisiones Obreras

More part-time work and lower job quality among older workers

The study ‘Retirement of the elderly from the labour market’ (Eakate taandumine tööturult (in Estonian, 135Kb PDF) [1]) by Statistics Estonia (Statistikaamet) [2] analysed the employment patterns and transition to retirement among 50–69 year old people, based on 2006 Estonian Labour Force Survey

Company attitudes towards employing older workers

The survey (in Bulgarian) [1] ‘Employment of the workforce aged 50 to 64 years– opportunities for development’ was conducted by the Labour and Social Protection Department of the University of National and World Economy (UNWE [2]) in late 2006. The main findings were published in 2007 in the UNWE

Employers’ expectations regarding recent graduates

Universitas Press Kft [1]/,/ a Hungarian research company specialised in research on various aspects of higher education, carried out a study to explore employers’ expectations in relation to young graduates’ competences and skills. The study aimed to identify the skills, abilities and personal

Company practices in promoting active ageing

In April 2006, the Centre for Population, Poverty and Socioeconomic Policy Studies (Centre d’Études de Populations, de Pauvreté et de Politiques Socio-Economiques/International Networks for Studies in Technology, Environment, Alternatives, Development, CEPS/INSTEAD [1]) published the findings of a

Expectations about working capacity at age 60

The Working Conditions Survey [1] is conducted every seven years in France, supplementing the country’s Labour Force Survey. The survey covers workers in employment and is conducted by the Research and Statistics Department (Direction de l’animation de la recherche, des études et des statistiques

Job retention law leads to unwanted side-effects

In the 15 older EU Member States before enlargement of the European Union in 2004 and 2007 (EU15), Luxembourg – along with Belgium – has the lowest employment rate among workers aged 55–64 years. Despite a rise in employment rates among people in this age group between 2001 and 2004, Luxembourg

Municipal employees are postponing retirement

The pension reform in 2005 in Finland aimed to increase the number of years in employment towards the end of a person’s work career (FI0403203F [1]). The reform included a new flexible retirement age, ranging from 63 to 68 years, and the abolishment of some early retirement options. Moreover


Blogs results (6)

There’s a demographic shift sweeping Europe: people are living longer and working longer. Older workers, however, face significant labour market barriers.

25 jaanuar 2024
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Motivated workers have higher levels of engagement, better health and are able to work longer. Improving motivation at work is therefore a key component in meeting the challenges of Europe’s ageing workforce and improving the EU’s long-term competitiveness on a global scale. This means that fosterin

20 märts 2019
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Over the last decade, European labour markets have seen a surge in the number of older workers in work and a continuous decline in their unemployment rates. A lot of young and middle-aged workers lost their jobs in the Great Recession, but not so the older age group. This favourable state of affairs

15 november 2018
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In this article, Jean-Marie Jungblut looks at the health of careers in Europe. He argues that, since the average length of the most important job in a person’s life is over 20 years, time should be put aside in the middle of a career to check the fit between the worker and the job. Different scenari

21 juuni 2018
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In this blog piece, originally published in Social Europe, Eurofound Research Officer Daniel Molinuevo looks at the service providers delivering long-term care to older people in Europe.

18 jaanuar 2018
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There are limits to the effectiveness of member states’ pension reforms. Europe, it’s often said, is experiencing a worsening ageing crisis. European governments grappling with this and the related unsustainability of many pension schemes have taken measures to keep older workers longer in employmen

26 september 2016
Upcoming publications results (1)

The European population is living longer, with a declining natural population since 2014, offset only by positive net migration. The proportion of older people, especially those over 50, is increasing. Demographic ageing, where the working-age population shrinks while the number of older individuals

March 2025
Data results (2)

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