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Työmarkkinasuhteet

Ammattiyhdistyksillä, työnantajajärjestöillä ja viranomaisilla on kaikilla oma paikkansa työsuhdehallinnossa. Ne ovat kaikki osasia järjestelmässä, joka toimii Euroopan laajuisesti, valtakunnallisesti, alakohtaisesti, alueellisesti ja yritystasolla. Työmarkkinasuhdejärjestelmiin on kohdistunut viime vuosina merkittäviä haasteita, kun teknologia ja työn muodot ovat kehittyneet talouden muuttuessa jatkuvasti.

Euroopan komissio käynnisti tässä yhteydessä vuonna 2015 uudelleen Euroopan työmarkkinaosapuolten välisen vuoropuhelun. Komissio, Euroopan unionin neuvosto ja työmarkkinaosapuolet korostivat vuonna 2016 annetussa yhteisessä lausumassa Euroopan työmarkkinaosapuolten välisen vuoropuhelun merkittävää asemaa EU:n työllisyys- ja sosiaalipolitiikan laadinnassa.

Topic

Recent updates

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This 2024 annual review of minimum wages provides a synopsis of minimum wage setting during 2023 in the EU27 and Norway. It reports in detail on the processes and outcomes...

26 kesäkuu 2024
Publication
Research report

EU context

Eurofoundin toiminta

Eurofound on kehittynyt yli 40 vuoden kuluessa työmarkkinasuhteissa vaikuttavien suuntausten seurannan ja analysoinnin asiantuntijakeskukseksi. Se tuntee myös Euroopan laajuisen ja kansallisen työmarkkinaosapuolten välisen vuoropuhelun väliset yhteydet. Eurofound on selvittänyt työmarkkinasuhteiden kehittymistä kussakin EU:n jäsenvaltioissa ja myös EU:n laajuisesti 28 jäsenvaltiota sekä Norjan kattavan yhteyshenkilöiden verkostonsa avulla. 

Keskeiset aikaansaannokset

Eurofound on laatinut joukon vertailevia analyysejä, artikkeleita ja tapaustutkimuksia EU:n 28 jäsenvaltiosta sekä Norjasta työmarkkinasuhteiden alalta. Se on myös koonnut säännöllisesti päivitettäviä tietokantoja asiaan liittyvistä aiheista.

Vastikään tehdyssä tutkimuksessa kartoitetaan työmarkkinasuhdejärjestelmiin liittyviä keskeisiä ulottuvuuksia ja indikaattoreita 2000-luvun Euroopassa. Toisessa tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan, miten EU:n ja Norjan työmarkkinaosapuolet ovat kokeilleet uusia aiheita, työkaluja ja innovatiivisia toimintamalleja pystyäkseen vastaamaan moniin viime vuosina ilmenneisiin uusiin poliittisiin, lainsäädännöllisiin ja sosiaalisiin haasteisiin.

Palkka ja työajat ovat edelleen paljon puhuttuja aiheita, joita tarkistetaan vuosittain. Palkkojen alalla on keskitytty vastikään lakimääräisiin vähimmäispalkkatasoihin eri puolilla EU:ta sekä kollektiivisiin palkkaneuvotteluihin.

Eurofound on toteuttanut vuodesta 2006 lähtien tutkimuksia Euroopan alakohtaisten työmarkkinajärjestöjen edustavuudesta, kuten Euroopan komissio on kehottanut.

Tietolähteitä

Työelämän kehittymistä koskevat raportit

Eurofound tarjoaa järjestelmällisesti koottua vertailukelpoista tietoa kansallisista työmarkkinasuhdejärjestelmistä ja työmarkkinoiden kehittymisestä seuranta- ja raportointityökalujensa avulla. Työkalut perustuvat EU:n 28 jäsenvaltiota ja Norjan kattavan yhteyshenkilöiden verkoston tekemään työhön.

Key outputs

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This report examines the average weekly working hours across Europe in 2021 and 2022. It covers important developments resulting from legislative reforms in collective bargaining at national or sectoral level...

24 lokakuu 2023
Publication
Research report
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Vuoden 2023 vähimmäispalkkojen vuotuinen tarkastelu laadittiin tilanteessa, jossa inflaatio on ollut ennennäkemätöntä kaikkialla Euroopassa. Vaikka tämä johti monissa maissa nimellispalkkojen huomattaviin korotuksiin, se ei monissa tapauksissa riittänyt työntekijöiden ostovoiman säilyttämiseen...

29 kesäkuu 2023
Publication
Research report
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Raportissa analysoidaan työehtosopimusten neuvottelumenettelyjen ja niiden tulosten viimeaikaista kehitystä ja uusia käytäntöjä pääasiassa yksityisellä sektorilla. Raportissa tarkastellaan kymmenen EU:n jäsenvaltion työehtosopimusneuvottelujärjestelmiä, ja se perustuu keskeisten sidosryhmien ja kansallisten neuvottelijoiden haastattelujen...

31 elokuu 2022
Publication
Research report
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Eurofound edistää toimeksiantonsa mukaisesti johdon ja työntekijöiden välistä vuoropuhelua. Sen osana Eurofound on seurannut ja analysoinut työmarkkinasuhdejärjestelmien kehitystä EU:n tasolla ja EU:n jäsenvaltioissa 40 vuoden ajan. Tämä lippulaivaraportti perustuu tässä...

11 joulukuu 2020
Publication
Flagship report

Current and ongoing research

 

Other ongoing work

    • Social dialogue in companies, particularly linkages that can be drawn between national and EU level, to better understand of cooperation mechanisms used in decision-making and implementation in multinational companies
    • Exploration of the role of national social partners in the European semester and analysis of quality and effectiveness of their involvement
    • Summary of discussions on capacity-building social dialogue to support a meaningful and effective social dialogue
    • A flagship report on industrial relations covering topics related to both social dialogue and working life developments, including updates on collectively agreed pay
    • Representativeness studies on a variety of sectors to provide the European Commission required information to assess the representativeness of European sectoral social partner organisations
    • Highlights of recent developments of selected features of working life in so called topical updates, with one featuring statutory minimum wages
    • Updated time series in EurWORK database of wages, working time and collective disputes
    • Updated time series and update on developments in collectively agreed pay
    • Exploring the feasibility for an Industrial Action Monitor

    Eurofound expert(s)

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    Ricardo Rodriguez Contreras is a research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound and focuses on comparative industrial relations, social dialogue and collective bargaining...

    Research manager,
    Working life research unit
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    Mária Sedláková is a research officer in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. She is responsible for drafting overview reports for sectoral representativeness studies, management...

    Research officer,
    Working life research unit
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    Victoria Cojocariu is a research support officer for the representativeness studies in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. She is responsible for the management of the research...

    Research support officer,
    Working life research unit
    Publications results (517)

    This publication comprises individual country reports on developments in working life in each of the 27 EU Member States and Norway in 2022, based on national research and survey results. The topics covered include the policy responses of governments to inflation and how inflation has featured in

    05 May 2023

    In 2022, the European Semester process was updated to take into account the launch of the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) in February 2021. Over the past year, Member States have implemented national recovery and resilience plans (RRPs) in a context of huge geopolitical and economic upheaval

    29 March 2023

    This paper provides an overview of the involvement of the social partners in policymaking and social dialogue in recent years, primarily at national peak level. It will focus on the evolution of social dialogue over the past decade and a half in terms of its response to external shocks, focusing on

    20 March 2023

    This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the civil aviation sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participat

    20 December 2022

    This document examines the process of assessing the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the civil aviation sector. It summarises the findings from a comprehensive study on representativeness in this sector. The study identifies ETF, ECA an

    20 December 2022

    This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the textile and clothing sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective

    20 December 2022

    This document examines the process of assessing the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the textile and clothing sector. It summarises the findings from a comprehensive study on representativeness in this sector. The study identifies Indus

    20 December 2022

    This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the electricity sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participation

    02 December 2022

    Tämä raportti laaditaan osana Euroopan komission Eurofoundille toimeksiantamaa kolmivuotista pilottihanketta (2021–2023) ”Vähimmäispalkan rooli yleisen työvoimatakuun perustamisessa”. Siinä keskitytään hankkeen moduuliin 3, jossa tutkitaan itsenäisten ammatinharjoittajien vähimmäispalkkoja ja muita

    30 November 2022

    This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the Food and drink sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective

    23 November 2022

    Online resources results (1688)
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    Minimum wages in Belgium

    Minimum wages in Belgium exist at national and sectoral levels and are the outcome of collective bargaining. The national minimum wage typically lags behind sectoral minimum wages in Belgium, and policymakers have been concerned about the relative decrease in the national minimum wage compared with

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    Cyprus introduces a national statutory minimum wage

    On 31 August 2022, a new decree on minimum wages was published in Cyprus after a long and arduous process of negotiations and social dialogue. The ministerial decree, which came into effect on 1 January 2023, established a national minimum wage in Cyprus for the first time, a groundbreaking and cont

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    Minimum wage debate in Italy

    Italy has no minimum wage prescribed by law. Minimum wages are set through collective agreements at sectoral level, and the majority of employees in Italy are covered by a collective bargaining agreement in which wages are set. This article outlines the latest positions (2023) of the government and

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    Measures to lessen the impact of the inflation and energy crisis on citizens

    As governments across the EU continue to implement policies to support citizens and businesses in the face of rising food and energy prices caused by the COVID-19 crisis and intensified by the war in Ukraine, this article summarises the policy responses as reported in Eurofound’s EU PolicyWatch

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    Minimum wage hikes struggle to offset inflation

    As the EU economy advanced its recovery following the pandemic, the high rate of inflation throughout 2022 meant that wage setting actors made their decisions under a cloud of uncertainty. While nominal increases in statutory minimum wages reached an all-time high, minimum wage workers in most count

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    First responses to cushion the impact of inflation on citizens

    Although the worldwide pandemic situation had already disrupted supply chains and triggered increases in energy and food prices in 2021, the situation deteriorated in 2022 with the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Governments throughout the EU had already started to intervene with policy measures in a

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    Policies to support EU companies affected by the war in Ukraine

    As the war in Ukraine has intensified, the cost of food, raw materials and energy prices, already high due to the COVID-19 pandemic, has continued to rise substantially. Ahead of coordinated action at EU level, as agreed by EU energy ministers on 9 September 2022, governments across the EU have

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    Minimum wages in 2022: Bigger hikes this time around

    The first overview of minimum wage setting for 2022 shows that, while some negotiations are still ongoing, virtually all EU Member States have increased their nominal statutory rates. Compared to last year, when most countries settled for cautious increases against a background of deep uncertainty

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    Mixed impacts of COVID-19 on social dialogue and collective bargaining in 2020

    ​​​​​​​A first analysis of developments in working life in 2020 shows that the COVID-19 pandemic had a considerable impact on social dialogue and collective bargaining in the EU, Norway and the UK, albeit to varying degrees. While in some countries, standard procedures were by and large maintained

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    Minimum wages in 2021: Most countries settle for cautious increase

    ​​​​​​​Despite the unusually tough economic and labour market conditions, most EU Member States made nominal and real increases to their minimum wages in 2020. This is what a first overview of recent minimum wage developments reveals. Some countries lived up to earlier promises or pre-agreements


    Blogs results (18)
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    The workings of industrial relations are constantly evolving. In this blog piece, Eurofound authors Christian Welz and Ricardo Rodriguez Contreras discuss a tool that Eurofound has developed to enable this process of change to be monitored and analysed, enabling stakeholders in Member States to asse

    28 maaliskuu 2018
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    Measures to promote gender pay transparency haven’t been delivered yet in half of Europe – making EU level legislative action to speed up implementation an option. In this blog, originally posted in Social Europe, Christine Aumayr-Pintar details what we know about the measures from countries that

    28 helmikuu 2018
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    Average unemployment rates continue to fall across Europe, employment is growing again in middle-paying jobs, offshoring is on the decline, the proportion of routine jobs is falling, and efforts to make work more sustainable have borne fruit.

    6 kesäkuu 2017
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    The growth in average (nominal) pay of employees has accelerated in recent years in EU countries after a slump following the economic crisis. Similar developments show up in data on collectively agreed wages. However, higher wage growth figures do not automatically mean that all employees benefit

    27 helmikuu 2017
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    Europe has gone through significant economic change over the past decade. Businesses have had to manage the challenges posed by the financial crisis, globalisation and a rapidly changing labour market. Eurofound's new report Win-win arrangements: Innovative measures through social dialogue at compan

    3 lokakuu 2016
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    On the eve of the 11th International Labour and Employment Relations Association (ILERA) European Congress, we look at the issue of representativeness in Europe, and how ensuring that workers and employers are fairly represented at EU-level is an important aspect of European democracy.

    7 syyskuu 2016
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    The European Union (EU) has strong legislation in place that protects workers from being exploited and also enables businesses to engage in fair competition. Workers are mobile and can move freely within the EU single market across borders – without being dependent upon traffickers. Yet, the latest

    3 toukokuu 2016
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    ​Nowadays we all know that long or excessive working hours may have serious negative impacts on a person’s health and wellbeing. Eurofound‘s new report 'Working time developments in the 21st century' suggests that if working time standards are mainly left to legislation or to be set unilaterally by

    4 maaliskuu 2016

    Upcoming publications results (8)

    This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the graphical industry. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participation

    July 2025

    This report reviews the quality of the national social partners’ involvement in the implementation of the reforms and investments shaping the digital and green transition in the context of national policymaking. These reforms and investments stem mainly from the Recovery and Resilience Facility.

    March 2025

    This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the extractive industries sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective par

    December 2024

    This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the construction sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participatio

    December 2024

    This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the chemical sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participation in

    December 2024

    This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the road transport sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participat

    December 2024

    This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the postal and courier activities sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effec

    November 2024

    This publication comprises individual country reports on developments in working life in each of the 27 EU Member States and Norway in 2023, based on national research and survey results.

    June 2024

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    When freely submitting your request, you are consenting Eurofound in handling your personal data to reply to you. Your request will be handled in accordance with the provisions of Regulation (EU) 2018/1725 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2018 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data by the Union institutions, bodies, offices and agencies and on the free movement of such data. More information, please read the Data Protection Notice.