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Työolot ja kestävä työ

Yksi Eurofoundin vuosien 2021–2024 työohjelman kuudesta keskeisestä teemasta on työolot ja kestävä työ. Eurofound jatkaa työtään tämän alan kehityksen seurannan ja analysoinnin asiantuntijakeskuksena. Työnsä yhteydessä se myös arvioi, miten covid-19-kriisi on vaikuttanut työoloihin ja työn laatuun sekä työskentelykäytäntöihin.

Eurofound tuottaa vuosina 2021–2024 tärkeää tietoa haasteista ja tulevaisuudennäkymistä, joita työoloihin ja kestävään työhön EU:ssa liittyy. Se tarkastelee suuntauksia ja ajan mittaan tapahtuvaa edistymistä sekä määrittää työolojen ja työn laadun yhteydessä esiin nousevia ongelmia. Tässä se hyödyntää vakiintunutta asiantuntemustaan alalta. Analyysissa käsitellään eri maita, sektoreita, ammatteja ja työntekijäryhmiä. Sen aiheita ovat muun muassa työn järjestäminenja etätyö,työaika, työ- ja yksityiselämän yhteensovittaminen, yhdenvertainen kohtelu, työterveys ja työhyvinvointi, osaaminen ja koulutus, ansiot ja uranäkymätsekä työtyytyväisyys. Erityisesti keskitytään epätyypilliseen työhön, etenkin itsenäiseen ammatinharjoittamiseen.

Ikääntyvä väestö aiheuttaa EU:lle demografisen haasteen ja työelämä moninaistuu jatkuvasti. Siksi Eurofound tekee jatkossakin selvitystä tekijöistä, joiden avulla työntekijät pystyisivät pysymään pidempään töissä. Se kiinnit,ää erityistä huomiota myös työn laadun parantamiseen keinona laajentaa työmarkkinaosallistumista ja lisätä työntekijöiden motivaatiota. Näin edistetään kestävää työtä koko eliniän ajan.

Työn ja terveyden välisiä yhteyksiä tutkitaan tiiviissä yhteistyössä Euroopan työterveys- ja työturvallisuusviraston (EU-OSHA) kanssa. Eurofound pyrkii kehittämään yhteistyötään Kansainvälisen työjärjestön (ILO) kanssa työn tulevaisuutta ja työoloja koskevissa maailmanlaajuisissa kysymyksissä.

”Uutiset ovat yleisesti ottaen hyviä, koska työolot Euroopan unionissa ovat paranemassa – vaikkakin hitaasti – mutta huolestuttavaa on se, että paraneminen ei välttämättä koske kaikkia työntekijäryhmiä. Se riippuu hyvin paljon työskentelysektorista, se riippuu koulutustasosta ja rehellisesti sanoen se riippuu myös sukupuolesta.”

Barbara Gerstenberger, työelämäyksikön päällikkö

Topic

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Keskeiset poliittiset viestit

Infografiikka 2021

Päätöksentekijät saavat Eurofoundin tutkimuksen tärkeimmistä havainnoista tietoa, jonka avulla he voivat puuttua alan keskeisiin ongelmiin.

  • Työolojen parantaminen on ratkaisevan tärkeää niin työntekijöille kuin työnantajille. Työn laadussa on otettava huomioon useita eri näkökohtia. Laadukas työ antaa ihmisille mahdollisuuden työuran pidentämiseen ja parantamiseen, mikä edistää kestävää työtä ja työ- ja yksityiselämän yhteensovittamista.
  • Työolot EU:ssa paranevat yleisesti, vaikka edistystä tapahtuukin vähitellen. Kaikkien työntekijäryhmien osalta edistys ei ole ollut yhtä nopeaa: vauhti riippuu työsopimuksen tyypistä, toimialasta ja koulutustasosta.
  • Työoloja ja työn laatua voidaan parantaa EU:ssa monin tavoin. Hallituksilla on tietenkin tärkeä tehtävä puitteiden luomisessa lainsäädännön avulla. Mutta myös työntekijät ja työnantajat organisaatioineen ovat tärkeitä toimijoita. Monissa työn laatua koskevissa näkökohdissa muutos tapahtuu juuri työpaikalla.
  • Ainoastaan viidesosa eurooppalaisista yrityksistä on pystynyt yhdistämään parhaan mahdollisen työhyvinvoinnin ja tuloksellisen liiketoiminnan. Tulokset ovat osoittautuneet parhaiksi sekä työntekijöiden että työnantajien kannalta työpaikoilla, joilla sekä investoimisen että osallistumisen taso on korkea. Niillä lisätään tehokkuutta ja parannetaan työn laatua antamalla työntekijöille entistä enemmän päätösvaltaa omasta työstään, helpottamalla työntekijöiden osallistumista ja edistämällä koulutusta ja oppimista.
  • Monien ihmisten on hankalaa yhdistää työhön liittyviä velvollisuuksia ja muun elämän sitoumuksia. Tämä koskee erityisesti lasten vanhempia ja muita läheishoitajia. Joustavat työjärjestelyt voivat auttaa näiden vaikeuksien selättämisessä, mutta ne aiheuttavat myös haasteita. Esimerkiksi etätyö lisää vapautta valita työskentelyaika ja -paikka, mutta se voi myös pidentää työaikaa ja tehdä työstä raskaampaa. Työstä on myös vaikeampi irrottautua.
  • Etätyön lisääntyminen covid-19-pandemian aikana on korostanut työ- ja yksityiselämän välisen rajan hämärtymistä. Monet hallitukset ja työmarkkinaosapuolet keskustelevat ”oikeus irrottautua” -aloitteista, jotta voidaan estää laajojen työntekijäsegmenttien mahdollinen fyysinen ja henkinen uupuminen.
  • Jatkossa työmarkkinaosapuolten on pyrittävä sisällyttämään säännöksiä, jotka koskevat työntekijöiden etätyön vapaaehtoisuutta tai tiettyjen tehtävien soveltuvuutta etätyöhön, kaikkiin oikeudellisiin kehyksiin tai sopimuksiin. On myös ratkaisevan tärkeää selkeyttää, miten työnantajat voivat osallistua etätyöhön liittyviin kustannuksiin. Yhtä tärkeitä ovat takeet samasta palkasta ja koulutusmahdollisuuksista etätyötä tekeville.

2021–2024 work plan

During 2021–2024, Eurofound will provide important insights into the challenges and prospects related to working conditions and sustainable work in the EU. Building on long-established expertise in this area, Eurofound will look at trends and progress over time and identify emerging concerns around working conditions and job quality. The analysis will cover different countries, sectors, occupations and groups of workers on issues such as work organisation and teleworkingworking timework–life balanceequal treatmentworkplace health and well-beingskills and trainingearnings and prospects, and job satisfaction. Non-standard forms of employment will be a specific focus, particularly self-employment.

In light of the EU’s demographic challenge of an ageing population and the increasing diversity of working life, Eurofound will continue to explore the factors enabling more workers to stay in employment longer. It will also put the spotlight on improving job quality as an enabler of greater labour market participation and increased employee motivation, contributing to sustainable work over the life course.

The links between work and health will be investigated in close consultation with the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA). Eurofound aims to build on its collaboration with the International Labour Organization (ILO) on issues around the future of work and working conditions at global level.

Addressing stakeholder priorities

Eurofound’s research aims to assist policy action to improve working conditions and job quality, while progressing towards sustainable work, helping to address the challenges facing the EU and national levels in the areas of work and employment. It focuses on identifying pressing issues and specific groups at risk and analysing selected elements.

The Agency’s work plan is aligned with the European Commission’s political guidelines over the next four years, directly feeding into a number of key policy areas aimed at creating a robust social Europe. In particular, Eurofound’s research will support policy initiatives under the European Pillar of Social Rights in the aftermath of the COVID-19 crisis and activities linked to, among other initiatives, the European Gender Equality Strategy 2020–2025, the reinforced Youth Guarantee, the Youth Employment Support package, the skills agenda, as well as innovation and job creation and the European Commission’s proposal for adequate minimum wages in the EU.

Eurofound research

Eurofound continues to monitor developments in working conditions, with a particular focus on improvements in the job quality of older workers, the challenges associated with specific types of self-employment and the longer-term structural impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. 

In 2024, fieldwork commences for the newest edition of the European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS), which includes questions on working conditions and work–life outcomes relevant to the aftermath of COVID-19. The first results are planned for the end of 2024. 

Final analysis of data from the European Working Conditions Telephone Survey 2021 (EWCTS) feeds into three studies in 2024: an analysis of working conditions and work practices in the hybrid workplace; an investigation of changing working time patterns; and an examination of the job quality of older workers.

Research commences on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Europe, examining levels of digitalisation, digital skills, innovation and training strategies. This research assesses how workers in SMEs compare to the average in terms of working conditions, job quality, digital skills and take-up of training. 

Research in 2024 also aims to identify the most vulnerable group of workers by examining employment relationships that combine several unfavourable characteristics. The research investigates the job quality of workers in these employment relationships, their access to social protection and training, as well as ways to support the transition to more secure forms of employment. 
 

Key outputs

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Eurofound expert(s)

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Barbara Gerstenberger is Head of the Working Life unit at Eurofound. In this role, she coordinates the research teams investigating job quality in Europe based on the European...

​Head of Unit,
Working life research unit
Publications results (568)

Teachers across Europe have been protesting about their working conditions. Pay levels and pay inequalities, working time and workload, recruitment procedures and staffing at schools have been the main focus of social dialogue and collective action. Several of the reported cases are set in the

09 January 2017

This issue of Foundation Focus looks at work–life balance and some of the factors that help or hinder workers in combining working with non-working life.

23 December 2016

Low-wage jobs have been a focus of debate in six countries across Europe during 2016. However, the issues discussed have reflected differing national concerns. For some countries, the key issue is the integration of migrants into the labour market; for others, how to stimulate job creation and

23 December 2016

The Foundation Seminar Series (FSS) is an opportunity for governments, trade unions and employers to share knowledge and experiences on the development of EU social, employment and work-related policies.

23 December 2016

Although standard employment is still dominant in European labour markets, an increasing range of new employment forms is emerging that differ in their implications for working conditions. This study explores strategic employee sharing, an employment form for companies that have specific HR needs

21 November 2016

The sixth European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) builds on the lessons learned from the previous five surveys to paint a wide-ranging picture of Europe at work across countries, occupations, sectors and age groups. EU employment policy priorities aim to boost employment levels, prolong working

17 November 2016

This topical update looks at the issue of employee involvement and participation at work, specifically reviewing recent pieces of research at EU and national level, EU directives, changes in the legal framework, social partner initiatives and debates identified in EurWORK quarterly reports during

25 October 2016

This article summarises the recent developments in collectively agreed pay in the European Union. It discusses the levels at which it is carried out, its coordination and coverage. The wage outcomes are put into the perspective of past collectively agreed wage changes and key institutional variables

19 October 2016

EU Member States have been passing laws to regulate opening hours for shops and businesses on Sundays. However, there are also Member States where new legislation is restricting opening hours. According to the European Working Conditions Survey, the proportion of workers reporting working Sundays

23 September 2016

Many EU Member States have implemented reforms to improve the sustainability of their pension systems. However, the impact of discouraging early retirement and increasing the pension age on effective retirement ages is limited, as many people are unable or unmotivated to work until pension age.

09 September 2016

Online resources results (1778)

Germany: New evidence on the scope of service contracts feeds into social partner debate

In the wake of the very heated public debate on service contracts, with unions claiming that workers on such contracts are not treated as fairly as core staff, a new study by the Institute for Employment Research (IAB) outlines to what extent German companies use these contracts and presents their

United Kingdom: Government launches consultation on worker representatives on company boards

Prime Minister Theresa May first pledged to put worker representatives on the boards of UK companies in July 2016, shortly after taking office. This article outlines the evolution of the proposal, up to the launch on 29 November of the formal process of consultation on corporate governance, and

Bulgaria: CITUB analyses violations of labour rights in 2015

Trade union confederation CITUB has drawn up proposals for amendments to Bulgaria’s Labour Code based on its survey of common code violations. The survey found that almost half of all violations involve the calculation of total working time, which is often used by employers as an opportunity to hide

Finland: HR managers regard diversity as strength for workplaces

The Diversity Barometer 2016, a survey-based study by the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, explores the perceptions and attitudes of human resources professionals to diversity in Finnish workplaces. It finds that the key aspects of diversity are age and age-related issues, language and

Croatia: New system of trade union training

Between July 2015 and July 2016, a new system of training for union representatives and shop stewards was introduced to modernise union training and enhance social dialogue. The EDUCA project was promoted by the Union of Autonomous Trade Unions of Croatia (SSSH) with the support of unions from the

Sweden: Debate on whether solidarity action should be restricted

A long-running debate about solidarity in industrial action by workers supporting another group, even though their own union is not involved in the dispute, has flared up. There are fears that the turbulence of the 2016 bargaining round will be repeated in 2017 and employers are seeking stricter

Germany: Union–Amazon conflict escalates in run-up to Christmas

Since 2013, trade union ver.di has been recruiting members among employees of Amazon and has campaigned for better wages and working conditions. Amazon opposes all collective bargaining but argues that it is a socially responsible employer. A new round of stoppages by ver.di members demanding a

Norway: Strike in rail sector settled and new rules coming down the line

Industrial action that disrupted operations on Norwegian railways for five weeks in autumn 2016 was settled, with the government agreeing to reframe the national regulations for train drivers’ qualifications ahead of the planned privatisation of much of the rail network in 2017.

Netherlands: Latest working life developments – Q3 2016

The increase in wages, rise in self-employed workers, and new reports on the state of the labour market and works councils are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in the Netherlands in the third quarter of 2016.

Lithuania: Job quality and working conditions of home care workers

As part of an 18-month project to examine employment and demand for services in Lithuania’s elderly care sector, researchers have carried out a survey that highlights the low wages and poor working conditions of the sector. Despite this, the findings indicate that workers in the sector report a high


Blogs results (61)
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With its proposed directive on gender pay transparency, the European Commission has significantly bolstered the set of tools for delivering its objectives compared to those presented in its 2014 Recommendation. The proposed portfolio of measures addresses many shortcomings of the instruments that

18 kesäkuu 2021
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The massive and rapid adoption of telework in 2020 in response to the COVID-19 lockdowns exposed gaps in the legislation governing telework arrangements across the EU Member States. In some cases, there was no regulation in place; in others, it was too restrictive. Governments scrambled to put

31 toukokuu 2021
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Standard employment is not simply being replaced by non-standard work; employment is becoming more diverse, and policy must accordingly become more tailored. The last decade has seen much public and policy debate on the future of work. Standard employment – permanent, full-time and subject to labour

15 joulukuu 2020
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​​​​​​​With remote working becoming the new normal for many workers, it is surely the case that many employers are anxious to ensure that their employees are putting in full working days. Companies are likely to be investing in and deploying digital technologies for tracking employee performance

9 joulukuu 2020
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Whatever the benefits of telework – and there are many, including more flexible working time, increased productivity and less commuting – there are drawbacks, as many of the one-third of Europeans who were exclusively working from home during the pandemic will attest. Primary among these is the ‘alw

3 joulukuu 2020
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As Europe faces into what appears to be a second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, concern is mounting about the evolution and dramatic impact of the disease, with rising numbers of infections, hospitalisations and deaths. There is also a growing focus on the repercussions for the economy, the labour m

7 lokakuu 2020
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The coronavirus disease (Covid-19) is having drastic consequences for the world of work. In most European countries workers who are not delivering essential ‘frontline’ services are being asked to stay home. Unfortunately many are out of work, while many of those who are not are minimum-wage and low

1 huhtikuu 2020
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Health professionals – doctors, nurses, nursing assistants, paramedics, ambulance workers – are in the vanguard of the battle against COVID-19. They are the ones dealing with sick people, triaging, testing and treating them. They are the ones confronting suffering and death. While some of their

31 maaliskuu 2020
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We hear more and more about the platform economy, with the debate often revolving around the potential long-term implications of its growth on the labour market and the impact on traditional and established businesses and industries.

28 tammikuu 2020

Upcoming publications results (3)

This policy brief investigates how organisations are adapting their work organisation and practices to hybrid work. Based on case studies and on data from the European Working Conditions Survey 2024, the policy brief examines how hybrid work is being managed in organisations and profiles t

April 2025

The European population is living longer, with a declining natural population since 2014, offset only by positive net migration. The proportion of older people, especially those over 50, is increasing. Demographic ageing, where the working-age population shrinks while the number of older individuals

March 2025

Over the last decade, Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have changed the way employees work and communicate with each other. Despite the many benefits of digitalisation of work, the widespread access to digital devices in working life provides an alternative medium for new forms of a

September 2024
Data results (1)

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