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Conditions et qualité de vie

Les conditions de vie et la qualité de vie sont l’une des six principales activités du programme de travail d’Eurofound pour la période 2021-2024. Eurofound continuera de cartographier et d’analyser les principaux aspects liés à l’amélioration des conditions de vie des personnes en Europe, y compris des informations sur leur perception de la qualité de vie et de la société. Étant donné que la pandémie de COVID-19 et la crise économique persistante ont profondément affecté la vie des gens, Eurofound continuera d’étudier l’impact de cette crise sur les citoyens de l’UE à différentes périodes de la vie.

Au cours de la période 2021-2024, les recherches d’Eurofound permettront d’obtenir de précieuses informations sur les défis et perspectives dans le domaine des conditions de vie et de la qualité de vie dans l’UE et le rôle joué par diverses initiatives visant à atténuer les difficultés sociales éprouvées par divers groupes de citoyens. Les conséquences de la crise pour les personnes âgées et les besoins en matière de soins, les jeunes et leur inclusion et mobilité sociales, ainsi que les conséquences variables sur les hommes et les femmes présentent un intérêt particulier.

Les services publics dans l’ensemble de l’UE ont joué un rôle majeur dans le combat de la crise liée à la COVID-19, tout en étant confrontés à des défis importants, et ils seront évalués plus en détail, en se concentrant sur des questions telles que la qualité, l’accès et le niveau de prix abordable. Comme l’ont montré de précédentes études, la crise a eu des effets disproportionnés sur certains groupes en fonction de l’âge, des responsabilités en matière de garde et de soin et de l’équilibre entre vie professionnelle et vie privée ; Eurofound approfondira cette analyse.

En coordination avec l’Institut européen pour l’égalité entre les hommes et les femmes (EIGE), Eurofound entend explorer l’écart multidimensionnel entre les genres, et ce en étudiant l’impact sur les hommes et les femmes de la crise liée à la COVID-19 en termes de participation à l’emploi, de conditions de vie matérielles et de bien-être – afin d’identifier les différences et d’évaluer son effet sur la disparité entre les genres.

La qualité des services publics a été essentielle pour établir la confiance dans les institutions de l’Europe contemporaine et sera cruciale pour relever les défis actuels et futurs. Les services de qualité sont également un domaine d’innovation, notamment en ce qui concerne le passage au numérique, les services plus respectueux de l’environnement et la préparation à affronter à l’avenir des risques tels que la pandémie.

— Tadas Leončikas, Directeur de recherche supérieur, Unité des politiques sociales

Topic

Recent updates

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In this episode of Eurofound Talks, Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound researchers Eszter Sandor and Massimiliano Mascherini about the situation for young people in Europe.

Podcast

Principaux messages politiques

Infographie

Les principaux résultats des recherches d’Eurofound servent de contribution aux décideurs pour résoudre certains problèmes de fond dans ce domaine.

  • La perception des tensions dans la société a l’effet le plus préjudiciable sur la confiance dans les institutions, tandis que la perception de la qualité des services publics est un moteur essentiel de la confiance accrue dans les institutions.
  • Davantage de soins de longue durée – avec une plus grande flexibilité – sont nécessaires. Les soins et l’assistance à domicile devraient être rendus plus disponibles, en particulier dans les États membres de l’UE au revenu le plus faible.
  • Un accès rapide aux soins de santé primaires, aux soins sociaux et aux soins de longue durée peut déclencher une intervention rapide et un suivi de l’évolution des besoins et prévenir l’escalade des problèmes de soins de longue durée.
  • Les problèmes de santé mentale augmentent chez les jeunes, bien qu’il ne soit pas clair si cela est dû à une plus grande incidence ou à une meilleure sensibilisation et un meilleur diagnostic. La santé mentale est étroitement liée à d’autres problèmes de la jeunesse et peut être à la fois le résultat d’inégalités et une source d’inégalité elle-même. Les facteurs de risque pour l’apparition de problèmes de santé mentale comprennent le handicap et la maladie de longue durée, les problèmes familiaux, les problèmes relationnels avec les pairs et l’utilisation intensive des médias sociaux.
  • Bien que les niveaux de confiance et de cohésion sociale se soient rétablis partout dans l’UE depuis la crise financière, le début de la COVID-19 a eu un impact significatif sur le bien-être dans les pays les plus durement touchés par la pandémie.
  • Les jeunes sont parmi les grands perdants du confinement: avec les personnes sans emploi, les jeunes font état des niveaux de bien-être les plus faibles, malgré une certaine amélioration depuis le début de la pandémie. Bien que la satisfaction individuelle et l’optimisme aient augmenté depuis avril 2020, les jeunes continuent à se sentir exclus de la société et restent les plus exposés au risque de dépression, ce qui montre que les restrictions pendant le confinement les ont affectés davantage.
  • Les mesures visant à atténuer les risques pour la santé mentale des chômeurs et des jeunes à la suite de la COVID-19 seront essentielles lors de toute nouvelle vague de coronavirus. Les mesures politiques en cours doivent comprendre un soutien ciblé pour permettre à ceux qui cherchent du travail de se remettre sur les rails et de faire face à l’impact de la pandémie, ainsi que pour garantir que les jeunes puissent participer pleinement à la société.
  • La crise de la COVID-19 a érodé les niveaux d’optimisme et a davantage affecté l’équilibre entre vie professionnelle et vie privée des femmes que celui des hommes. Il sera essentiel de réparer ce préjudice afin d’éviter que les femmes ne paient un tribut disproportionné à la pandémie.
  • Préserver la confiance qu’ont les citoyens dans les institutions nationales et européennes doit rester un objectif clé en temps de crise, car le respect des mesures pour contenir la pandémie de COVID-19 dépend largement du niveau de confiance dans les institutions et les avis scientifiques. Le fait que les niveaux de confiance institutionnelle déclarés par les personnes interrogées ayant bénéficié de mesures de soutien aient augmenté envoie également un message clair aux gouvernements nationaux et à l’UE.

2021–2024 work plan

During 2021–2024, Eurofound’s research will provide an important insight into the challenges and prospects in the area of living conditions and quality of life in the EU and the role played by various initiatives aimed at alleviating the social hardship of various groups of citizens. Of particular interest are the implications for older people and care needs, youth and their social inclusion and social mobility, and the varying consequences of the crisis on men and women.

Public services across the EU played a major role in addressing the COVID-19 crisis while facing significant challenges and they will be assessed in greater detail, focusing on issues such as quality, access and affordability. As previous findings have shown, the crisis has had disproportionate effects on certain groups according to age, care responsibilities and work-life balance, and Eurofound will analyse this further.

In coordination with the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE), Eurofound intends to research the multidimensional gender gap by investigating the impact on men and women of the COVID-19 crisis in terms of employment participation, material living conditions and well-being – in order to identify the differences and assess its effect on gender gaps.

Addressing stakeholder priorities

Eurofound’s research aims to assist policy action addressing the challenges and opportunities for the EU and national levels in the area of living conditions and quality of life. In particular, it will monitor the impact of COVID-19 and the ensuing economic crisis by providing knowledge on status, trends, risks, as well as ways to improve living conditions in the EU. Eurofound will focus on identifying and analysing pressing issues for the most vulnerable groups, specifically older citizens and young people. Eurofound will also inform policymakers by producing evidence on trends and drivers in relation to the delivery of public services, also linking in, for example, with the European Pillar of Social Rights.

The Agency’s work plan is aligned with the European Commission’s political guidelines over the next four years, directly feeding into a number of key policy areas aimed at creating a strong social Europe. In particular, the research will support policy initiatives and activities linked with the implementation of the European Gender Equality Strategy 2020–2025, the Youth Guarantee, the Child Guarantee and the European Semester and its country-specific recommendations.

 

Eurofound research

In 2024, Eurofound continues to monitor trends in living conditions and quality of life, against the backdrop of the health-related and economic fallout of the COVID-19 pandemic, the implications of the war in Ukraine, rising energy prices, and increases in costs of living. Building on the various rounds of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey, as well as on data gathered in 2023, the Agency investigates the impact of these challenges on the living conditions of Europeans.

The European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) commences in 2024, including some questions on working conditions and living conditions relevant to the aftermath of COVID-19. The European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) follows in 2026 using lessons drawn from the 2024 EWCS.

Research concludes on identifying groups not covered by social protection, due to coverage gaps and non-take-up of minimum income and unemployment schemes. It also looks at adequacy of these benefits, digitalisation of application procedures, linked service entitlements and sanctioning measures. Eurofound also publishes its findings on EU citizens’ rights and opportunities to live independently. It analyses the situation faced by various vulnerable groups and provides an overview of measures that facilitate family- and community-based care and support in the Member States.

Building on previous work on young people, research concludes on the life and prospects of young people in the post-pandemic era. Using new data collected in 2023, this research assesses the long-term impact of the pandemic on this group, looking into changes in the social situation of young people, as well as their quality of life, mental health and future prospects.

Analysis of the monitoring framework of the European Child Guarantee comes to an end in 2024, while new research starts to support national governments and the EU institutions in the implementation and evaluation of the Child Guarantee since it came into force. This work investigates the Member States’ levels of performance and their disparities, building on its previous work on convergence. It focuses on the workforce needed to deliver the Child Guarantee in areas of early childhood education and care, education, healthcare and other relevant sectors.

Considering the importance of care provision in EU societies, new research investigates informal care provision in the EU, the challenges faced by informal caregivers, and the measures in place to support them. This research considers care provided to people of all ages, while taking into consideration the diversity among informal carers. 

Eurofound launches new research on mental health services, investigating trends in and prevalence of mental health problems for different groups and how these needs are met in various countries in light of the pandemic and the arrival of Ukrainian refugees. 

Key outputs

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L’inaccessibilité financière du logement est un sujet de préoccupation majeure dans l’UE. Elle entraîne sans-abrisme, insécurité en matière de logement, pression financière et logement inadéquat. Elle empêche également les jeunes...

30 mai 2023
Publication
Research report
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L’année 2022 a débuté sur fond d’optimisme prudent. Alors que l’Europe sortait de deux années de pandémie de COVID-19 et que, dans le cadre de NextGenerationEU, un plan pour la...

4 mai 2023
Publication
Annual report

Eurofound expert(s)

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Hans Dubois is a senior research manager in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. His research topics include housing, over-indebtedness, healthcare, long-term care, social...

Senior research manager,
Social policies research unit
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Massimiliano Mascherini has been Head of the Social Policies unit at Eurofound since October 2019. He joined Eurofound in 2009 as a research manager, designing and coordinating...

Head of Unit,
Social policies research unit
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Sanna Nivakoski is a research officer in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. Before joining Eurofound in 2021, she worked as a post-doctoral researcher at University College...

Research officer,
Social policies research unit
Publications results (308)

In recent years, concerns have been expressed at EU and national level that the combined stresses arising from school, parental expectations and societal pressures can make the transition to adulthood difficult for young people – with the risk of a long-lasting negative impact. One way of easing the

03 July 2019

This report presents an overview of living conditions in the five current EU candidate countries – Albania, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia and Turkey. It is based on the results of the 2016 European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) and covers three broad areas: quality of life, quality of public

28 June 2019

Following the influx of over three million asylum seekers into the European Union in the three-year period 2015–2017, Member States faced a number of challenges related to integrating the newly arrived into their country. This report explores the role of public services – specifically housing

19 June 2019

Living and working in Europe 2015–2018 brings together Eurofound’s work on the quality of life, work and employment of EU citizens over the last four years of the outgoing European Parliament and Commission. It has a been a period of economic expansion, growing employment and rising living standards

20 May 2019

Les communautés rurales répondent à des schémas spécifiques en matière de développement économique et de vie sociale. Des travaux de recherche antérieurs ont mis en lumière un fossé entre les zones rurales et urbaines en ce qui concerne plusieurs aspects de la qualité de vie. Par exemple, le niveau

02 May 2019

Much policy is developed and operationalised through the prism of age, and addressing differences in the economic and social circumstances of different age groups is an ongoing concern of policymakers. This policy brief looks at inequalities in the quality of life of Europeans across six age groups.

05 February 2019

In the wake of an economic crisis that had a very uneven impact on social outcomes across EU Member States, EU leaders and policymakers have come to acknowledge that to make social Europe a reality, social convergence must be given an equal footing to economic convergence in policymaking. In this

17 December 2018

As data from the European Quality of Life Surveys and Eurobarometer show, the sharp decline in trust in institutions was a temporary phenomenon during the recession. In some Member States, trust in the EU declined more during this period than trust in national governments, but trust in the EU has

13 December 2018

Les personnes handicapées font partie des groupes les plus défavorisés de l’UE. Cette note d’orientation examine la situation sociale des personnes handicapées en âge de travailler, en utilisant les données des éditions 2011 et 2016 de l’enquête européenne sur la qualité de vie (EQLS). La présente

30 November 2018

This report provides an analysis of European societies in terms of social cohesion – in particular, social tensions, perceived social exclusion and community engagement are explored as key dimensions. It analyses the links between societal characteristics (quality of society) and well-being of

13 November 2018

Online resources results (219)

Medical specialists strike

In September and October 2001, Belgian clinical biologists, radiologists and kidney specialists were due to strike for a total of 12 days. They were primarily protesting against 'unusual' savings and budget over-run recovery measures being applied to their sector.

35-hour week negotiations in public hospitals

Negotiations over the introduction of the 35-hour week in France's public hospitals started in earnest in September 2001, following a government announcement that 40,000 jobs (a figure later raised to 45,000) were to be created to accompany the working time reductions. Trade unions have reservations

Changes ahead in hospital sector industrial relations

On 1 January 2002, the ownership of public hospitals in Norway will be transferred from the local government level (mainly county municipalities) to the state. The hospitals will be organised as subsidiaries under the control of one of five regional public enterprises that will also be established

National minimum wage developments and trends in income distribution

A national minimum wage of IEP 4.40 per hour was first introduced in Ireland in April 2000 under the National Minimum Wage Act 2000. The minimum wage directly benefited approximately 163,000 workers, or 13.5% of the total workforce (ie those earning less than IEP 4.40 per hour) (IE9907140F [1]). [1]

Unions protest against new management models for public services

Early 2001 saw trade union protests in various areas of the Portuguese public services - notably healthcare and some municipal services - where new management models are being tried out. The changes have led trade unions to protest against what they see as a privatisation of essential services. In

New law reforms social services

In October 2000, the Italian parliament approved a new framework law reforming the national system of social service provision. The new law provides for an integrated network of all types of provision (including social, healthcare, labour market measures), with new responsibilities for regional and

Controversial health sector reform proposed

On 18 January 2000, the Minister of Health, Tore Tønne, presented a government proposal for a public health sector reform. The reform involves a transfer of the ownership of all public hospitals from the county authorities to the state, and a complete financial and organisational restructuring of

Study examines gender differences in working and living conditions

An interdisciplinary research project on modern working and living conditions for women and men [1] (Moderna arbets- och livsvillkor för kvinnor och män, MOA), aimed at developing policies and methods better adjusted to modern working and living conditions, has been carried out recently in

Rescuing Ireland's social pact

Over the course of 2000, the current national agreement, the Programme for Prosperity and Fairness [1] (PPF) (IE0003149F [2]), became subject to considerable pressure as workers and trade unions pushed for compensation for increases in the cost of living (IE0010159F [3]). Inflation stood at 6.8% as

Flexible career options introduced in the Flemish not-for-profit sector

In late October 2000, the Flemish minister of employment, Renaat Landuyt (of the Socialist Party), reached an agreement with employers' and employees' organisations on the practical implementation of an agreement for the not-for-profit (also known as "social profit") sector - welfare, healthcare and


Blogs results (32)
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Discussions on Germany at European level invariably focus on the country’s strong economic performance and how this relates to the labour market and broader society. This is a narrative I have myself contributed to in a previous blog piece. However, Eurofound’s European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS)

7 mars 2018
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The European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS), carried out by Eurofound every four years, explores a variety of aspects related to living standards, health, family and work–life balance, as well as people's happiness levels, satisfaction with their lives, and their perceptions regarding the quality of

21 février 2018
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In this blog piece, originally published in Social Europe, Eurofound Research Officer Daniel Molinuevo looks at the service providers delivering long-term care to older people in Europe.

18 janvier 2018
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In this blog piece, originally published in Social Europe, Eurofound Research Manager Anna Ludwinek looks at the substantial section of the population that is not working and does not figure in unemployment statistics, but retains significant employment potential.

20 décembre 2017
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In-work poverty increased during the economic and financial crisis that hit European shores in 2008. By 2014, ten per cent of European workers were at risk of poverty, up from eight per cent in 2007. Ten per cent is a significant figure: the working poor represent a substantial group that can’t be i

13 octobre 2017
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Average unemployment rates continue to fall across Europe, employment is growing again in middle-paying jobs, offshoring is on the decline, the proportion of routine jobs is falling, and efforts to make work more sustainable have borne fruit.

6 juin 2017
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Equality of opportunity and upward social mobility are important aspects of the European social model. Until quite recently concerns about rising inequalities were often countered by assurances about protecting social mobility, and the assertion that an individual’s status is mainly down to their wo

26 avril 2017
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There are limits to the effectiveness of member states’ pension reforms. Europe, it’s often said, is experiencing a worsening ageing crisis. European governments grappling with this and the related unsustainability of many pension schemes have taken measures to keep older workers longer in employmen

26 septembre 2016
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In this blog piece, originally posted on Social Europe, Eurofound Director Juan Menéndez-Valdés looks the complex and multi-faceted story of what it is to live and work in the European Union of today.

13 juin 2016

Upcoming publications results (4)

This factsheet will provide a snapshot of society and quality of life in spring 2024. It will look at a number of issues, including mental well-being, trust, access to healthcare, social support and coping with increases in the cost of living. The analysis is based on the Living and working in the

December 2024

This report analyses data from Eurofound’s European Working Conditions Telephone Survey (EWCTS), the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey and official statistics to examine employment trends, working conditions and social inclusion challenges experienced by young people in the Western Balkans (Alba

November 2024
Forthcoming
Publication
Research report

This report explores the implications of the right of all EU citizens to live independently. It investigates the barriers faced by people who wish to live independently, and the situation of people at risk of living in institutional settings. It maps the various measures taken by EU Member States to

October 2024

Social protection can include a range of entitlements to monetary and in-kind benefits. Eurofound’s project focuses on unemployment and minimum income benefits. Social protection can provide a safety net for people who are negatively impacted by the green and digital transitions. During the COVID-19

September 2024
Data results (1)
24 octobre 2023
Reference period:

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