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NEET-ovi

Snižavanje stope nezaposlenosti mladih i nastojanje da se što veći broj mladih ljudi u Europi učinkovitije uključi u svijet rada u središtu je programa politike EU-a. Gospodarska kriza dovela je do visoke stope nezaposlenosti mladih, a time i isključenosti mladih ljudi. Zbog toga istraživači i državni dužnosnici traže nove načine praćenja i analize učestalosti ranjivosti tržišta rada i isključenosti mladih ljudi. 

Pojam „NEET” označava mlade ljude koji nisu zaposleni, ne obrazuju se i ne osposobljavaju

Topic

Recent updates

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In this episode of Eurofound Talks, Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound researchers Eszter Sandor and Massimiliano Mascherini about the situation for young people in Europe.

Podcast

EU context

Koncept se široko upotrebljava kao pokazatelj za informiranje politika usmjerenih na mlade o zapošljavanju, obrazovanju, osposobljavanju i socijalnoj uključenosti u 28 država članica EU-a od 2010. 

NEET-ovi su prvi put spomenuti u europskim raspravama o politikama u okviru vodeće inicijative strategije Europa 2020. „Mladi u pokretu”. Tada je tim pojmom bila obuhvaćena skupina mladih ljudi u dobi od 15 do 24 godine, a kasnije je on proširen na mlade od 15 do 29 godina. Taj je koncept sada ugrađen u središte diskursa o politici na razini EU-a. Trenutačno 14,2 % stanovništva u dobi od 15 do 29 godina pripada skupini NEET. 

U travnju 2013. Vijeće Europske unije donijelo je prijedlog Europske komisije za provedbu Garancije za mlade u svim državama članicama. Smanjenje broja NEET-ova izričit je politički cilj Garancije za mlade. Cilj je te inicijative osigurati da svi mladi u dobi od 15 do 24 godine dobiju kvalitetnu ponudu radnih mjesta, mogućnosti za nastavak obrazovanja, naukovanja ili osposobljavanja u roku od četiri mjeseca otkad postanu nezaposleni ili napuste formalno obrazovanje. Početak provedbe Garancije za mlade u svim državama članicama putem Inicijative za zapošljavanje mladih smanjilo je broj NEET-ova i na taj način pridonijelo poboljšanju situacije na terenu. 

Nedavno, 7. prosinca 2016., Europska komisija pokrenula je inicijativu Ulaganje u mlade u Europi, povećavajući napore u pogledu pružanja potpore mladim ljudima. S obzirom na pozitivan učinak koji je Garancija za mlade dosad imala, Komisija nastoji potaknuti i povećati financijska sredstva dostupna za Inicijativu za zapošljavanje mladih do 2020. kako bi potaknula učinkovitije informiranje mladih ljudi. 

Rad Eurofounda

Provedbom Garancije za mlade broj NEET-ova u dobi od 15 do 29 godina blago se smanjio, s otprilike 14 milijuna na vrhuncu krize na 12,5 milijuna 2016. (14,2 %). Međutim, Eurofoundovo istraživanje procjenjuje da je gubitak koji su pretrpjela europska gospodarstva i dalje velik, oko 142 milijarde EUR godišnje (2015.) – u naknadama i neostvarenoj zaradi i porezima. To ima snažan utjecaj na gospodarski i društveni razvoj EU-a. 

Ključni doprinosi

Eurofound je prvi proveo opširna istraživanja o NEET-ovima (vidjeti publikacije u nastavku) i dosad je:

  • proveo prvu usporednu analizu u EU-u na temu NEET-ova
  • objasnio tko su NEET-ovi
  • procijenio koliki su NEET-ovi trošak za gospodarstvo
  • istražio kakve su društvene posljedice pripadanja skupini NEET
  • procijenio čimbenike rizika pripadanja kategoriji NEET
  • istražio učinkovitost politika za ponovno uključivanje NEET-ova
  • pratio provedbu Garancije za mlade. 

Raznolikost NEET-ova

Kao dio tog istraživanja Eurofound je nastojao otkriti heterogenost populacije NEET. Najnovije istraživanje o raznolikosti NEET-ova pruža novi okvir za kategorizaciju u sedam podskupina kako bi se bolje razumio sastav te skupine mladih ljudi. Cilj je pružiti učinkovitiju pomoć tvorcima politika u razumijevanju tko su NEET-ovi i pomoći u dizajniranju primjerenih mjera za potporu kako bi se zadovoljile različite potrebe. Svaka od tih skupina sastoji se od mješavine ranjivih i manje ranjivih mladih ljudi koji ne prikupljaju ljudski kapital formalnim kanalima, bilo dobrovoljno ili prisilno.

Ostale teme istraživanja

Osim navedenog istraživanja Eurofound je posljednjih godina istraživao sljedeće teme (vidjeti publikacije u nastavku):

  • obilježja i vrijednosti poduzetništva mladih
  • kako uključiti „sredinu koja nedostaje”: mlade ljude sa završenim sekundarnim obrazovanjem koji ne prate akademske rute prema visokom obrazovanju
  • socijalnu uključenost mladih 
  • prijelaz mladih na tržište rada
  • porast privremenog zapošljavanja među mladima i pristup socijalnoj zaštiti
  • radne uvjete mladih koji tek ulaze na tržište rada
  • nedavne razvoje politika povezanih s NEET-ovima.

Popis publikacija možete pronaći u nastavku.

Aktualno: Istraživanje raznolikosti NEET-ova

4. srpnja 2016. – Nastavljajući se na izvješće Eurofounda za 2012., NEET-ovi – Mladi ljudi koji nisu zaposleni, u ovom izvješću upotrebom podataka iz Ankete o radnoj snazi EU-a iz 2013. istražuje se raznolikost NEET-ova kroz sedam predloženih podskupina u koje se može razvrstati populacija NEET. Te podskupine omogućuju bolju analizu načina na koji politike, društvena klima i sporo ali postupno poboljšanje tržišta rada imaju utjecaj na populaciju NEET-ova u 28 država članica EU-a. Podskupine pomažu i u utvrđivanju koraka koji se mogu poduzeti kako bi se riješili problemi u kojima, na primjer, dugotrajno nezaposleni čine 22 % NEET-ova u dobi od 15 do 24 godine. Dostupno je i 28 profila zemalja u pogledu raznolikosti NEET-ova koji pružaju sliku o situaciji NEET-ova na razini država članica EU-a. Oni promatraju trendove u nezaposlenosti mladih i broju NEET-ova te sastav skupine NEET i rizik od njihove socijalne isključenosti.

Istraživanje raznolikosti NEET-ova

Infografika o NEET-ovima

Eurofound research

With Youth Guarantee implementation, the number of NEETs aged 15–29 has decreased, from around 14 million at the height of the 2008–2013 crisis to 9.3 million in 2019 (12.6%), rising during the COVID-19 pandemic and falling again to 8.2 million in 2023 (11.2%). However, Eurofound research estimates the loss to European economies in benefits and forgone earnings and taxes to be significant (€142 billion a year in 2015). This has a major impact on the economic and social development of the EU. 

With the situation of young people also exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, Eurofound analyses the impact of the crisis on these figures, building on its previous research on youth. 

Focus of research

Eurofound has pioneered a decade of extensive research on NEETs (see publications further below) and has:

  • performed the first EU comparative analysis on NEETs
  • explained who NEETs are
  • estimated the economic costs of NEETs
  • investigated the social consequences of being NEETs
  • estimated risk factors of falling into the NEET category
  • investigated the effectiveness of policies for reintegrating NEETs
  • monitored Youth Guarantee implementation. 

Diversity of NEETs

As part of this research, Eurofound has sought to unravel the heterogeneity of the NEET population. Its 2016 study on the diversity of NEETs provides a new categorisation into seven subgroups in order to better understand the composition of this group of young people. The aim is to better assist policymakers in understanding who the NEETs are and to assist the design of adequate support measures to meet a wide variety of needs. Each of these groups is made up of a mix of vulnerable and non-vulnerable young people who are not accumulating human capital through formal channels, whether voluntarily or involuntarily. Eurofound's 2021 study on the 'Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on young people' includes an update of the diversity of NEETs based on 2019 data. 

Image: Seven subgroups of NEETs - Re-entrants, Short-term unemployed, Long-term unemployed, Unavailable due to illness or disability, Unavailable due to family responsibilities, Discouraged workers, Other inactive

 

COVID-19 and NEETs

Eurofound’s e-survey on Living, working and COVID-19, launched during the pandemic and carried out in various rounds from 2020 to 2022, aimed to establish the initial impact of the pandemic on the lives of EU citizens. Young people in Europe felt the strong impact of pandemic restrictions as they tried to cope with the lowest levels of mental well-being and high levels of loneliness. Young men also appeared most affected by job loss. 

NEETs emerged as one of the most vulnerable groups following the 2008–2013 Great Recession. The major concern for policymakers is how these young people will again be affected by the economic and social consequences of COVID-19. 

Impact of COVID-19 crisis on young people

Building on its previous research on youth, Eurofound continues to examine the impact of the pandemic on young people, in particular their economic and social situation, with a focus on employment, their wishes and plans for the future, their route to independence, as well as well-being outcomes in a post-pandemic world. It estimates how the NEET population has changed in size and composition over the last decade, and how the pandemic and the rising cost of living might affect this. The research also examines the most important policy initiatives adopted in the EU Member States to support young people during the crisis, particularly measures related to employment, education and financial help.

Other related research topics

In addition to research on the diversity of NEETs, over the years Eurofound has explored (see publications section below):

  • the characteristics and values of youth entrepreneurship
  • how to engage the ‘missing middle’: young people with second-level education who do not follow academic routes into higher education
  • the social inclusion of young people 
  • youth transitions in the labour market
  • the rise in temporary employment among young people and access to social protection
  • working conditions of young entrants to the labour market
  • recent policy developments related to NEETs

Key outputs

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Nakon dugog oporavka od gospodarske krize (2007. – 2013.) mladi u EU-u pokazali su se osjetljivijima na utjecaje ograničenja uvedenih radi usporavanja širenja pandemije bolesti COVID-19. Mladi ljudi bili su...

9 studenog 2021
Publication
Research report
image_blog_youth_23102020.png

The exponential growth of COVID-19 cases across Europe this autumn has quickly erased hopes that the virus had been contained and confirmed the surge of another wave of the pandemic...

Blog
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The concept of NEET (young people not in employment, education or training) has, since 2010, been widely used as a tool to inform youth-oriented policies in the 28 Member States...

4 srpnja 2016
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

 

Other ongoing work

  • Policy brief on underemployment, long-term unemployment and in-work poverty 

Eurofound expert(s)

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Eszter Sandor is a senior research manager in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. She has expertise in survey methodology and statistical analysis, has worked on the preparation...

Senior research manager,
Social policies research unit
Publications results (17)

During the pandemic, many young people had to change their plans for the future. While at the end of 2023 young people’s labour market situation was more favourable than it had been in recent years, many obstacles remained on their route to independence, such as the rising cost of living and

21 May 2024

Nakon dugog oporavka od gospodarske krize (2007. – 2013.) mladi u EU-u pokazali su se osjetljivijima na utjecaje ograničenja uvedenih radi usporavanja širenja pandemije bolesti COVID-19. Mladi ljudi bili su izloženi većem riziku od gubitka zaposlenja, financijske nesigurnosti i problema povezanih s

09 November 2021

While the youth labour market has improved considerably since 2014, one legacy of the recent economic crisis is the large cohort of long-term unemployed young people, which represents nearly one-third of jobless young people. This report provides an updated profile of the youth labour market in 2016

14 December 2017

The concept of NEET (young people not in employment, education or training) has, since 2010, been widely used as a tool to inform youth-oriented policies in the 28 Member States of the European Union. While it has been a valuable addition to more traditional indicators used to understand the

04 July 2016

Against a background of high youth unemployment, policymakers are paying more attention to encouraging young people to start their own businesses as a means of easing their entry into the labour market.

13 April 2016

Youth unemployment policy has tended to focus on two groups: young people with low educational attainment and those with higher education who have failed to find work. However, there is a large group of middle attainers who tend to be overlooked by policy – young people who have completed second

23 March 2016

Since the onset of the economic crisis, the unemployment level among young people has risen sharply and although an improvement is now being registered some EU countries still have stubbornly high youth unemployment rates. Young people, especially those who are not in employment, education or

23 September 2015

Young people in Europe continue to experience great difficulties in entering the labour market. Although the youth unemployment rate in a few Member States has started to fall, overall 23% of young European job-seekers aged 15–24 could not find a job in January 2014. In 2012, 14.6 million young

23 July 2014

Youth unemployment rates in Europe are dramatically high. Many EU Member States have implemented youth employment policies that facilitate and support young people’s pathways through education to employment and tackle such diverse issues as early school leaving, school-to-work transitions and

20 December 2012
Publication
Research report

The proportion of people aged 65 and over will rise from 17% to 30% of the EU population by 2060, while at the same time the working age population will decline. The European Commission estimates that most of the increase in public spending in the EU over the next 50 years will be on pensions, long

28 November 2012

Online resources results (4)

In this episode of Eurofound Talks, Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound researchers Eszter Sandor and Massimiliano Mascherini about the situation for young people in Europe.

25 lipnja 2024

Young people and long-term unemployed – Remaining challenges in the labour market Informal Meeting of Employment, Social Policy, Health and Consumer Affairs Council (EPSCO) - Employment & Social Policy, 17-18 April 2018, Sofia, Bulgaria Presentation by Juan Menéndez-Valdés, Director, Eurofound

17 travnja 2018

Lithuania: Social partners sign memorandum of cooperation to implement Youth Guarantee

In January 2014, social partners agreed to cooperate in implementing the Youth Guarantee in Lithuania. They will seek to ensure that young people acquire the appropriate competencies and qualifications and be offered a job or continued education/training within four months of leaving education or

Spain: New findings on labour market performance of university graduates

The 2013–2014 annual report providing data on the Spanish university system focuses on the graduates of the 2005–2006 academic year, describing their subsequent labour market situation, including unemployment rates, self-employment, type of contract, income and mobility. In general, the data show

Blogs results (2)
image2_blog_unemployed_youth_03052018.jpg

Europe has weathered a number of storms in recent years, yet despite the Great Recession, the migration crisis and the challenges posed by Brexit, the EU continues on a stable path to economic recovery, closer cooperation and cohesion. However, the legacy of the crisis lives on in the number of youn

3 svibnja 2018
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In this blog, originally posted in Social Europe, Massimiliano Mascherini looks at the enduring issue of long-term unemployment among young people. Despite considerable improvement in the labour market participation of youth in recent years, the legacy of the crisis is still visible in the substanti

17 travnja 2018
Data results (4)
20 rujna 2023

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