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Rodna ravnopravnost
Rodna ravnopravnost odnosi se na ravnopravnost žena i muškaraca u odnosu na njihova prava, postupanje prema njima, njihove odgovornosti, prilike te njihova gospodarska i društvena postignuća. Rodna ravnopravnost postiže se kad žene i muškarci imaju ista prava, odgovornosti i prilike u svim dijelovima društva te kad se različiti interesi, potrebe i prioriteti muškaraca i žena jednako vrednuju.
Inequalities have become more apparent in many areas: between men and women; between rich and poor; between young and old; and between rural and urban areas. What are the implications...
Employment levels in the EU27 recovered from the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020–2021 much faster than they did after the global financial crisis in 2008–2010. This was despite...
In this special episode of Eurofound Talks for International Women's Day 2024, Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound researchers Carlos Vacas and Barbara Gerstenberger about the gender pay and employment gaps...
Podcast
Kontekst EU-a
Rodna ravnopravnost jedna je od glavnih vrijednosti EU-a, temeljno pravo, komponenta ključna za gospodarski rast te jedno od glavnih načela europskog stupa socijalnih prava. S obzirom na to, Europska unija proteklih je desetljeća napredovala u području rodne ravnopravnosti. Međutim, unatoč napretku, nakon dva desetljeća u 21. stoljeću, rodna neravnopravnost i dalje je prisutna na tržištima rada, u zapošljavanju, kvaliteti života te na poslu. Rodna ravnopravnost ostaje važan prioritet politike kao dio zakonodavnog programa i programa rada Komisije. Cilj je uvesti novu europsku Strategiju za rodnu ravnopravnost te poboljšati rezultat EU-a od 68,0 u Indeksu rodne ravnopravnosti za 2021.
Komisija je 5. ožujka 2020. pokrenula novu Strategiju za rodnu ravnopravnost 2020.–2025. Glavne teme strategije su: nasilje nad ženama, transparentnost plaća i razlika u plaći na temelju spola, ravnoteža spolova u upravnim odborima trgovačkih društava te ravnoteža između poslovnog i privatnog života. Strategija je vođena vizijom „Europe u kojoj žene i muškarci mogu slobodno kročiti putem koji su odabrali, imaju jednake mogućnosti za uspjeh te mogu ravnopravno sudjelovati u našem europskom društvu i voditi ga.” Kao jednog od prvih rezultata strategije, Komisija je 4. ožujka 2021. predstavila prijedlog o obvezujućim mjerama za transparentnost plaća.
Europski parlament održao je od 25. do 28. listopada 2021. drugi Europski tjedan rodne ravnopravnosti, na inicijativu Odbora za prava žena i rodnu ravnopravnost (FEMM). Na parlamentarnim odborima raspravljalo se o nizu problema povezanih s rodnom ravnopravnosti. Europski institut za ravnopravnost spolova (EIGE) objavio je tog tjedna zaključke svojeg Indeksa rodne ravnopravnosti za 2021., s posebnim fokusom na zdravlje, na to kako spol utječe na zdravlje žena i muškaraca te na pristup zdravstvenim uslugama.
Pandemija bolesti COVID-19 ima velike posljedice na zdravlje, dobrobit, kvalitetu života, tržište rada i gospodarstvo. Osim toga, višestruko utječe na rodnu ravnopravnost na poslu i kod kuće. Najvažniji dio odgovora politike EU-a na krizu jest promoviranje rodne ravnopravnosti, u skladu sa Strategijom rodne ravnopravnosti.
Rad Eurofounda na rodnoj ravnopravnosti povezan je s prioritetom Komisije za razdoblje 2019.-2024. o gospodarstvu u interesu građana. Eurofound je nedavno pridonio EU-ovim inicijativama o održavanju ravnoteže između poslovnog i privatnog života te o transparentnosti plaća.
Na temelju rezultata ankete Eurofounda Život, posao i COVID-19, žene su i dalje pod nerazmjernim utjecajem krize te su manje optimistične oko svoje budućnosti od muškaraca.
Pandemija bolesti COVID-19 utjecala je i na ravnotežu između poslovnog i privatnog života žena više nego na onu muškaraca, pri čemu je na žene više utjecala mjera skraćenog radnog vremena te su mlade žene češće gubile posao od mladih muškaraca. Konkretno, teret odgovornosti žena u pogledu skrbi povećao se tijekom pandemije. Ublažavanje te štete bit će ključno kako bi se osiguralo da žene nesrazmjerno ne trpe posljedice trenutačne pandemije.
Zapošljavanje
U prošla dva desetljeća, dva od tri nova radna mjesta u EU-u preuzele su žene. Taj je porast bio najveći kod žena između 30 i 49 godina te žena starijih od 50 godina.
Razlika na temelju spola u zapošljavanju u EU-u nastavlja se smanjivati. Otprilike 46 % radnika u EU-u su žene, u usporedbi s 40 % u prošloj generaciji. Međutim, smanjenje razlike na temelju spola u zapošljavanju usporilo se zadnjih nekoliko godina te je 2020. mirovalo na 11,3 postotnih bodova, što je EU koštalo 320 milijardi eura. Mjere protiv pandemije bolesti COVID-19 nerazmjerno su utjecale na uslužne sektore s niskim plaćama i većinom ženskih radnika, zbog čega je više žena bilo prisiljeno napustiti tržište rada.
Žene su i dalje značajno prezastupljene u poslovima s niskim plaćama, ali zaposlenost žena raste brže od zaposlenosti muškaraca u poslovima s najvišim plaćama, a to su oni koji čine 20 % poslova s najvećom prosječnom plaćom.
Plaće
Žene su prezastupljene među niže plaćenim radnicima i radnicima na minimalnoj plaći u gotovo svim državama članicama.
Razlika u plaći na temelju spola najveća je u dobro plaćenim poslovima. To je učestala pojava u državama članicama i do toga dolazi unatoč činjenici da mlađe žene sve više nadmašuju mlađe muškarce u stjecanju obrazovanja.
Sve češći postaju varijabilni oblici plaće, kao što su dionice društva ili plaće na temelju uspješnosti društva. Ti elementi plaće brže se povećavaju kod muškaraca nego kod žena, što bi moglo povećati razliku u plaći na temelju spola (koja je 2019. iznosila 14,1 %).
Jednostavniji oblici izvješćivanja o plaćama prema spolu ne predstavljaju velike prepreke trgovačkim društvima. Međutim, izvještajni i revizijski zahtjevi postaju značajniji kad uključuju složenije i potpunije podatke i analizu. To uključuje razne druge komponente plaće, osim osnovnih prihoda i dodatne informacije poput duljine radnog iskustva ili staža radnika.
Zajedničkim izvješćivanjem, raspravom i dogovorenim daljnjim postupanjem između uprave i predstavnika radnika uspješno će se izbjeći pretvaranje izvješća i revizija u puko birokratsko računovodstvo. Ipak, još ima prostora za poboljšanje, i to uključivanjem predstavnika radnika u proces.
Radni uvjeti
Rodne neravnopravnosti na tržištima rada, u zapošljavanju i na poslu obuhvaćaju puno veće područje od segmentacije tržišta rada i razlika u plaći na temelju spola.
One su prisutne i u radnim uvjetima te kvaliteti radnih mjesta žena i muškaraca u različitim državama, sektorima i zanimanjima.
Muškarci prijavljuju više količinskih zahtjeva na poslu, dok žene češće prijavljuju izloženost emocionalnim potrebama, kao što je briga o ljutim klijentima, pacijentima ili učenicima ili situacije koje su emocionalno uznemirujuće.
Žene su kao rukovoditelji podzastupljene u gotovo svim gospodarskim sektorima. Javni sektor ima najbolju ravnotežu spolova u upravljačkim strukturama, iako su i ovdje muškarci zastupljeniji.
Kvaliteta života
Muškarci i žene imaju sličan subjektivni osjećaj dobrobiti u cijeloj Europi. Međutim, kad upravljaju drugim faktorima (posebice prihodom) zadovoljstvo životom više je kod žena nego kod muškaraca. Pretpostavlja se da niži prosječni prihod pridonosi nižoj prosječnoj dobrobiti žena.
U većini nuklearnih obitelji rade oba roditelja, a u njima je prisutna najveća neravnoteža s obzirom na raspodjelu neplaćenog rada: žene obavljaju najveći dio kućanskih poslova i mnoge imaju puno poteškoća pri postizanju ravnoteže između poslovnog i privatnog života.
Žene će dvostruko vjerojatnije pružati dugotrajnu svakodnevnu skrb nego muškarci. Najveća je razlika prisutna kod onih između 50 i 64 godine starosti.
Osim jasnog gospodarskog cilja ukidanja razlike na temelju spola u zapošljavanju, postoji i društveni imperativ, zbog posljedica koje ta razlika ima na život žena, uključujući financijsku sigurnost i kvalitetu života.
Infographic: Gender equality in the EU
Two out of three net new jobs in the EU over the last two decades have been taken up by women. While the gender employment gap has narrowed in recent decades, women continue to participate less than men in the labour market.
The gender pay gap means that women, on average, earn 14.1% less per hour than men. The pay gap has reduced in around two-thirds of Member States.
The COVID-19 pandemic risks rolling back years of progress on gender equality. Eurofound’s e-survey Living, working and COVID-19 offers an insight into the impact of the pandemic on the lives of EU citizens. Conducted in five rounds during 2020, 2021 and 2022, it allows for comparison of the challenges that arose during the different stages of living through the pandemic. Findings show that COVID-19 has impacted gender equality at home. The pandemic has significantly increased the number of teleworkers in Europe, and women were more likely to work from home during the pandemic than men. Furthermore, the closure of schools and childcare facilities during confinement disproportionately impacted women, who generally assumed greater domestic and care responsibilities.
The findings also reveal a general deterioration of work–life balance among workers in the EU with more women and men reporting work–life conflicts, but women who have to telework and care for small children appear to be struggling most. The percentage of women reporting difficulties was higher in April 2020 than in previous Eurofound surveys. Women are also reporting greater financial strain than men during the pandemic. The COVID-19 survey questionnaire drew on questions used in Eurofound’s pan-European surveys, the European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) and the European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS).
Eurofound's EU PolicyWatch database collates and maps the national-level policy responses across Europe to the COVID-19 crisis, the war in Ukraine and rising inflation. Some of these measures have a gender dimension.
Eurofound research explores the characteristics and consequences of gender gaps in labour market participation, as well as policies and measures aimed at fostering female labour market participation. Women’s employment and participation rates are still lower than those of men in almost all EU Member States. Eurofound has estimated the cost of this gender employment gap in the EU at more than €320 billion in 2018. Although the cost of the gap is falling, the economic loss is still significantly high. Research also looks at upward convergence in the gender employment gap, assessing which are the best and worst-performing Member States in this regard.
The European Jobs Monitor (EJM) tracks structural change in European labour markets in terms of occupation and sector, giving a qualitative assessment of these shifts using various proxies of job quality. This monitoring includes analysis of patterns of employment change by gender and by job-wage quintile, as well as labour market segregation.
Wages and gender
Eurofound research covers a range of topics linking wages and gender, such as variable pay, performance-related pay, low pay and the gender pay gap. Survey research looks at earnings as one of seven indicators of job quality for men and women at work. On minimum wages, an annual review monitors the level of minimum wages across Europe, also measuring coverage rates of workers by gender in 2019 and the link with the gender pay gap. Furthermore, the EJM analyses the extent to which different jobs, occupations and sectors contribute to the gender pay gap. This will be useful for the interpretation of the Commission’s social scoreboard’s indicator on the gender pay gap and for the implementation of the gender-equality principle of the European Pillar of Social Rights.
Eurofound reviewed the first experiences of countries with gender pay transparency measures in 2018. At the Commission’s request, Eurofound has initiated an ad hoc study on measures to promote gender pay transparency in companies, looking at how much they cost and whether companies can see any opportunities. This will feed into the Commission’s impact assessment.
Eurofound’s European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) covers a range of aspects of working conditions from a gender perspective. In recent questionnaires, gender mainstreaming has been an important topic. The survey monitors occupational, sectoral, time and pay gaps, as well as working time patterns, work–life balance, violence and harassment at work, and health and well-being, including what all this means for sustainable work. The European Working Conditions Telephone Survey (EWCTS) 2021 analysed the multiple dimensions of job quality, comparing the situation in the Member States also by gender.
EWCS analysis will help to inform policies aimed at closing gender gaps in the area of job and employment quality. The knowledge provided is relevant for the principle of gender equality and initiatives to improve work–life balance, as well as those included in the context of the European Pillar of Social Rights and implementation of the European Gender Equality Strategy.
Research also looks at the experience of women in management roles and how their underrepresentation in management can be addressed. It analyses the job quality of both male and female managers, and the impact a management job has on personal life.
Other research analyses the level of female entrepreneurship in Europe and the market gap when it comes to investing in women-led enterprises. It examines the financial hurdles facing female entrepreneurs and the use of private or public funds to invest in this group. In addition, it investigates the prevalence of public finance tools and public support schemes that effectively remove barriers and enable women to become competent entrepreneurs.
The higher participation of women in the labour market has prompted changes in the way European social partner organisations tackle gender issues. Research has also assessed the role of the EU social partners in advancing gender equality, exploring actions taken within the different national frameworks of industrial relations and against the ranking of Member States on EIGE’s Gender Equality Index.
Moreover, Eurofound has worked on a joint project with the International Labour Organization (ILO) to look at working conditions in a global perspective. It expands on gender gaps across the world (1.2 billion workers) and provides evidence on the gendered differences in job quality and on higher risk of women to be exposed to sexual violence; the latter is also identified in EWCS 2015.
Quality of life and gender
The European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) also covers the gender dimension, in relation to issues such as employment, income, risk of poverty, household composition and well-being, education, family and care responsibilities, health and work–life balance.
Both the EWCS and EQLS data contribute to the policy debate on reconciliation issues and work–life balance for men and women. The EQLS looks at the difference between men and women in their levels of life satisfaction or happiness. The gendered division of unpaid work, in relation to for example childcare or caring for elderly relatives, is also covered in the EQLS.
Research on patterns of social mobility for men and women across the EU looks at barriers to equal opportunities and policies to promote it. It highlights the increasingly important gendered patterns of social mobility in different countries.
Eurofound collaboration with EIGE
Eurofound cooperates with the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE) on gender-related topics. Eurofound is a key data provider for EIGE’s Gender Equality Index and is involved in the working group for this indicator. Following on for a number of collaborations in 2022, other areas for cooperation between the two Agencies in 2023 include research related to the impact of the transition to a carbon neutral economy, as well as that on care, the working life of essential workers, the impact of the war against Ukraine from a gender perspective and in relation to integration of refugees, the socioeconomic impact of COVID-19 on women and gender equality, and platform work.
Gender equality is a core value of the EU, a fundamental right, a critical component of economic growth and a key principle of the European Pillar of Social Rights. In this light, the EU has been making progress in the gender equality field over the past decades, albeit at a slow pace. The Gender Equality Index score for the EU in 2023 is 70.2 points out of 100, surpassing 70 points for the first time. This is an improvement of 1.6 points since the 2022 edition and the highest year-on-year increase since 2013. Two decades into the 21st century, gender inequalities persist in many areas, including in employment, working conditions and quality of life. As part of the European Commission’s work programme, gender equality remains an important policy priority, with the goal being to roll out the European Gender Equality Strategy.
On 5 March 2020, the Commission launched a new Gender Equality Strategy 2020–2025. The Strategy’s main topics are: violence against women; pay transparency and the gender pay gap; gender balance on company boards; and work–life balance. It is also guided by the vision of ‘a Europe where women and men are free to pursue their chosen path in life, where they have equal opportunities to thrive, and where they can equally participate in and lead our European society’. As one of the first deliverables of the Strategy, the Commission presented a proposal for a pay transparency directive on 4 March 2021, which was backed by the European Parliament on 5 April 2022. The Parliament, EU Council and Commission reached a provisional agreement on the directive on 30 November 2022. The Council adopted the directive on 24 April 2023.
In October 2023, the European Parliament holds its fourth European Gender Equality Week, at the initiative of the Women’s Rights and Gender Equality Committee (FEMM). During the week, the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE) also publishes the findings of its Gender Equality Index 2023.
The COVID-19 pandemic has had vast implications on health, well-being, quality of life, the labour market and the economy. It has also had a multifaceted impact on gender equality at work and at home. Promoting gender equality is at the heart of the EU policy response to the crisis, in line with the Gender Equality Strategy.
Eurofound’s work on gender equality links in with the Commission’s 2019–2024 priorities on an economy that works for people and a new push for European democracy. Eurofound has contributed in the recent past to the EU initiative on work–life balance and on the pay transparency initiative.
The rise of the platform economy during the last decade is one of the main disrupting forces for European labour markets. While standard employment remains the norm, platforms are expanding...
Pandemija bolesti COVID-19 naglasila je nejednakosti u mnogim dimenzijama europskih društava, uključujući nejednakosti između žena i muškaraca u nekoliko ključnih područja. U ovom se izvješću razmatraju rodne nejednakosti koje su...
Jedan od najuočljivijih događaja u proteklih pola stoljeća bio je golem porast sudjelovanja žena na tržištu rada. Žene su zaposlene na dva od tri neto nova radna mjesta otvorena tijekom...
Despite the increasing participation of women in the labour market and a higher share of women than men being hired into well-paid jobs in recent years, a gender pay gap...
Over the last decade, the EU has made slow progress towards gender equality. As achievements in gender equality vary considerably by Member State, it is important to understand the evolution...
Closing gender gaps in the labour market by achieving the equal participation of women is among the key objectives of the new Gender Equality Strategy 2020–2025. Despite significant progress in...
Pandemija bolesti COVID-19 predstavlja rizik koji može poništiti godine napretka u rodnoj ravnopravnosti. Eurofoundova e-anketa Život, posao i COVID-19 pruža uvid u utjecaj pandemije na živote građana EU-a. S obzirom na to da je provedena u nekoliko navrata tijekom 2020. i 2021., omogućuje usporedbu izazova koji su se pojavili u različitim fazama života u pandemiji. Rezultati pokazuju da COVID-19 utječe na rodnu ravnopravnost kod kuće. Tijekom pandemije značajno se povisio broj radnika na daljinu, posebice među ženama. Nadalje, zatvaranje škola i ustanova za skrb o djeci tijekom zatvaranja nerazmjerno je utjecalo na žene, koje su obično preuzimale više kućanskih poslova i obveza skrbi.
Rezultati ujedno otkrivaju opće pogoršanje ravnoteže između poslovnog i privatnog života kod radnika u EU-u. Sve više žena i muškaraca prijavljuje sukobe poslovnog i privatnog života, ali čini se da se najviše muče žene koje rade na daljinu i u isto vrijeme brinu o maloj djeci. Žene su isto tako prijavile i veće financijske probleme od muškaraca u pandemiji. E-upitnik o pandemiji bolesti COVID-19 koristio je pitanja iz Eurofoundovih paneuropskih anketa, EQLS-a i EWCS-a.
Eurofound je u svibnju 2020. pokrenuo COVID-19 EU PolicyWatch, bazu podataka koja uspoređuje i mapira odgovore politika na državnoj razini koji su u pandemiji uvedeni u cijeloj Europi. Neke od tih mjera imaju rodnu dimenziju.
Istraživanjem Eurofounda ispituju se karakteristike i posljedice rodnih neravnopravnosti u sudjelovanju na tržištu rada te politike i mjere usmjerene na poticanje sudjelovanja žena na tržištu rada. Stope zaposlenosti i sudjelovanja žena i dalje su niže od stopa muškaraca u gotovo svim državama članicama. Eurofound procjenjuje da je godišnji trošak tih razlika na temelju spola u zapošljavanju 2018. iznosio 320 milijardi eura. Iako se trošak razlika smanjuje, gospodarski gubitak još je iznimno visok. Istraživanje ujedno promatra i uzlaznu konvergenciju u razlici na temelju spola u zapošljavanju te procjenjuje koje su države članice u tom pogledu najbolje, a koje najlošije.
Europski monitor poslova (European Jobs Monitor - EJM) prati strukturne promjene na europskim tržištima rada u smislu zanimanja i sektora. Time daje kvalitativnu procjenu tih pomaka koristeći razne pokazatelje kvalitete radnih mjesta. To praćenje uključuje analizu obrazaca promjene zaposlenja prema spolu i kvintilu plaće na poslu, kao i analizu segregacije na tržištu rada.
Plaće i spol
Istraživanje Eurofounda obuhvaća niz tema koje povezuju plaće i rodna pitanja, kao što su varijabilna plaća, plaća povezane s postignutim rezultatima, niska plaća te razlika u plaći na temelju spola. U anketnom istraživanju zarada je jedan od sedam pokazatelja kvalitete radnog mjesta za muškarce i žene na poslu. U godišnjem izvješću prati se iznos minimalnih plaća u cijeloj Europi, a ujedno se mjere stope obuhvaćenosti radnika po spolu u 2019. i veza s razlikom u plaći na temelju spola. Nadalje, EJM će analizirati u kolikoj mjeri različiti poslovi, zanimanja i sektori pridonose razlikama u plaći na temelju spola. To će biti korisno u tumačenju Komisijina pregleda socijalnih pokazatelja o razlici u plaći na temelju spola te za provedbu načela rodne ravnopravnosti Europskog stupa socijalnih prava .
Eurofound je pregledao prva iskustva država s mjerama transparentnosti plaća prema spolovima 2018. Na zahtjev Komisije Eurofound je pokrenuo istraživanje o mjerama za promicanje transparentnosti plaća prema spolu u poduzećima, kojim namjerava otkriti koliko te mjere koštaju te vide li poduzeća ikakve prilike. To će se uzeti u obzir u Komisijinoj procjeni učinka.
Eurofoundovo Europsko izvješće o radnim uvjetima obuhvaća niz aspekata radnih uvjeta iz rodne perspektive. U posljednjim anketama o rodno osviještenoj politici bile su jedna od najvažnijih tema. Anketa prati razlike u zanimanjima, sektorima, radnom vremenu i plaći, rasporede radnog vremena, ravnotežu poslovnog i privatnog života, nasilje i uznemiravanje na poslu, zdravlje i dobrobit, kao i što sve to znači za održivi rad.
Analiza Europskog izvješća o radnim uvjetima pomoći će u podršci politika usmjerenih na brisanje rodnih razlika u području kvalitete radnih mjesta i zapošljavanja. Saznanja iz te analize važna su za načelo rodne ravnopravnosti, inicijative za poboljšanje ravnoteže poslovnog i privatnog života te inicijative uključene u kontekst europskog stupa socijalnih prava.
Istraživanje provjerava i iskustvo žena na rukovodećim položajima te kako se može riješiti pitanje njihove nedovoljne zastupljenosti na tim položajima. Analizira kvalitetu radnog mjesta muških i ženskih menadžera te utjecaj takvog posla na privatni život.
U drugom istraživanju analizira se broj žena poduzetnica u Europi te neravnopravnost na tržištu kad se radi o ulaganju u poduzeća kojima upravljaju žene. Ispituju se financijske prepreke s kojima se poduzetnice suočavaju te korištenje privatnih ili javnih sredstava za ulaganje u tu skupinu. Osim toga, ispituje se učestalost instrumenata javnog financiranja i programa javne potpore kojima se učinkovito uklanjaju prepreke i ženama omogućuju da postanu sposobne poduzetnice.
Sve veće sudjelovanje žena na tržištu rada potaknulo je promjene u načinu na koji se europske organizacije socijalnih partnera suočavaju s rodnim pitanjima. Istraživanjima se isto tako procijenila uloga socijalnih partnera EU-a u unaprjeđenju rodne ravnopravnosti. U tom kontekstu ispitane su mjere poduzete u različitim državnim okvirima radnih odnosa i protiv poretka država članica na Indeksu rodne ravnopravnosti EIGE-a.
Povrh toga, Eurofound je sudjelovao u zajedničkom projektu s Međunarodnom organizacijom rada (ILO) kako bi se radni uvjeti promotrili iz globalne perspektive. U projektu su opisane rodne razlike u cijelom svijetu (1,2 milijarde radnika) i pruženi dokazi o rodnoj neravnopravnosti s obzirom na kvalitetu posla te postojanju većeg rizika da žene budu izložene spolnom nasilju, što je vidljivo i u Europskom izvješću o radnim uvjetima za 2015.
Kvaliteta života i spol
Europsko istraživanje o kvaliteti života obuhvaća rodnu dimenziju u odnosu na pitanja kao što su zapošljavanje, dohodak, rizik od siromaštva, sastav kućanstva i dobrobit, obrazovanje, obiteljske odgovornosti i odgovornosti u pogledu skrbi, zdravlje i ravnoteža između poslovnog i privatnog života.
Podaci Europskog izvješća o radnim uvjetima i Europskog istraživanja o kvaliteti života pridonose raspravi o politikama oko problema usklađivanja i ravnoteže između poslovnog i privatnog života za muškarce i žene. Europskim istraživanjem o kvaliteti života ispituju se razlike između muškaraca i žena u tome koliko su zadovoljni životom ili sretni. Ono obuhvaća i razlike između spolova u pogledu neplaćenog rada, primjerice u pogledu skrbi za djecu ili brige za starije članove obitelji.
Istraživanjem o obrascima društvene mobilnosti za muškarce i žene u cijeloj Europi ispituju se prepreke jednakim mogućnostima i politike za promicanje te mobilnosti. Ističu se svi važniji rodno određeni obrasci društvene mobilnosti u različitim zemljama.
Suradnja Eurofounda s EIGE-om
Eurofound surađuje s Europskim institutom za ravnopravnost spolova (EIGE) u temama povezanima sa spolom. Eurofound je ključni pružatelj podataka za EIGE-ov Indeks rodne ravnopravnosti te je uključen u radnu skupinu za izradu tog pokazatelja. Dvije agencije surađivale su na zajedničkom projektu o uzlaznoj konvergenciji u različitim dimenzijama Indeksa rodne ravnopravnosti. Druga područja suradnje uključuju socioekonomski utjecaj bolesti COVID-19 na žene i rodnu ravnopravnost, tematsku analizu EJM-a o spolu i dobi te istraživanje o radu putem digitalnih platformi.
Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...
Sanna Nivakoski is a research officer in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. Before joining Eurofound in 2021, she worked as a post-doctoral researcher at University College...
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