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Életkörülmények és életminőség

Az életkörülmények és az életminőség az Eurofound 2021–2024 közötti időszakra szóló munkaprogramjában szereplő hat fő tevékenységi terület egyike. Az Eurofound tovább folytatja az európai emberek életminőségének javításához kapcsolódó főbb szempontok feltérképezését és elemzését, ideértve az életminőségre és a társadalomra vonatkozó percepciókról való tájékozódást is. Mivel a Covid19 -világjárvány és az ezt követő válság alapjaiban hatott az emberek életére, az Eurofound tovább fogja vizsgálni, hogy a válság a különböző életszakaszokban hogyan érintette az uniós polgárokat.

Az Eurofound kutatásaiban 2021–2024 folyamán érdemben fog foglalkozni az életkörülmények és az életminőség terén az Unióban tapasztalt kihívásokkal és kilátásokkal, illetve a polgárok különböző csoportjait érintő szociális nehézségek enyhítésére irányuló különféle kezdeményezések által betöltött szereppel. Különösen érdekes, hogy ezek milyen hatással voltak az idősekre és a gondozási szükségletekre, a fiatalokra és a társadalmi befogadásukra és társadalmi mobilitásukra, valamint hogy a válságnak milyen eltérő következményei voltak a férfiakra és a nőkre nézve.

közszolgáltatásoknak az EU egész területén döntő szerepe volt a Covid19-válság kezelésében, miközben maguk is komoly kihívásokkal néztek szembe, és róluk is részletes értékelés készül majd, a középpontban olyan kérdésekkel, mint a minőség, a hozzáférés és a megfizethetőség. Amint azt korábbi eredmények már megmutatták, a válság az életkortól, a gondozási kötelezettségektől és a munka és a magánélet közötti egyensúlytól függően aránytalan mértékben érintett egyes csoportokat, amit az Eurofound behatóbban fog elemezni.

Az Eurofound tervei szerint a Nemek Közötti Egyenlőség Európai Intézetével (EIGE) egyeztetve fogja kutatni a nemek közötti szakadék sokféle dimenzióját: megvizsgálják, hogyan hatott a Covid19-válság a férfiakra és a nőkre a foglalkoztatásban való részvétel, az anyagi életkörülmények és a jóllét terén, hogy megkeressék a különbségeket, és értékeljék a járvány hatását a nemek közötti különbségekre.

„Európában ma a közszolgáltatások minősége döntő mértékben befolyásolja az intézményekbe vetett bizalmat, és kulcsfontosságú lesz az aktuális és a jövőben várható problémák leküzdéséhez. A színvonalas szolgáltatások a jövőben teret adnak az innovációnak is, különösen a digitális, zöldebb szolgáltatásokra való átállás és a világjárványhoz hasonló kockázatokra való felkészültség tekintetében.”

Tadas Leončikas, kutatásvezető tisztviselő, szociálpolitikai egység

Topic

Recent updates

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In this episode of Eurofound Talks, Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound researchers Eszter Sandor and Massimiliano Mascherini about the situation for young people in Europe.

Podcast

A legfontosabb szakpolitikai üzenetek

Infografika

Az Eurofound kutatásaiból származó fontosabb megállapítások alapot adnak a politikusoknak ahhoz, hogy foglalkozzanak a terület néhány meghatározó kérdésével.

  • Az érezhető társadalmi feszültségek az intézményekbe vetett bizalomra vannak a legkárosabb hatással, miközben a közszolgáltatások érzékelt színvonala döntő mértékben befolyásolja az intézményekbe vetett bizalom mértékét.
  • Nagyobb szükség van a tartós ápolási-gondozási szolgáltatásra, nagyobb rugalmasság mellett. Szélesebb körben hozzáférhetővé kell tenni az otthoni ápolást és segítségnyújtást, különösen azokban az uniós tagállamokban, ahol a jövedelem a legalacsonyabb.
  • Az egészségügyi alapellátáshoz, szociális gondozáshoz és tartós gondozáshoz való gyors hozzáférés elindíthatja a korai beavatkozást, a szükségletek változásának figyelemmel kísérését, és így megelőzheti a tartós gondozási problémák eszkalálódását.
  • A fiatalok körében egyre gyakoribbak a mentálhigiénés problémák, bár nem lehet tudni, hogy ez az előfordulási gyakoriság növekedéséből, vagy a jobb felismerésből és diagnosztizálásból ered. A mentális egészség szorosan kapcsolódik más ifjúságpolitikai kérdésekhez, és az egyenlőtlenségeknek egyszerre lehet a következménye és a forrása is. A mentálhigiénés problémák kockázati tényezői közé tartozik a fogyatékosság és a tartós betegség, a családi problémák, a kortárskapcsolati problémák és a közösségi média túlzott használata.
  • Bár a pénzügyi válság óta a bizalom és a társadalmi kohézió szintje összességében helyreállt az Unióban, a Covid19-járvány kitörése a világjárvány által leginkább sújtott országokban jelentős hatással volt a jóllétre.
  • A korlátozások legnagyobb vesztesei közé tartoznak a fiatalok: a munkanélküliek mellett a fiatalok számoltak be a jóllét legalacsonyabb szintjeiről, annak ellenére, hogy a világjárvány kezdete óta némi javulás következett be. Jóllehet 2020. április óta nőtt az élettel való elégedettség és az optimizmus, a fiatalok továbbra is a társadalomból kirekesztettnek érzik magukat, és a depresszió nagy kockázatának vannak kitéve, ami azt mutatja, hogy őket súlyosabban érintik a lezárás alatti korlátozások.
  • A koronavírus-járvány újabb hullámai esetén döntő jelentőségűek lesznek a munkanélküliek és a fiatalok mentális egészségét érintő kockázatok mérséklésére a Covid19 nyomán bevezetett intézkedések. A folyamatban lévő szakpolitikai intézkedések keretében célzott támogatást kell biztosítani, amely lehetővé teszi a munkát keresők számára, hogy újra talpra álljanak, és megbirkózzanak a világjárvány hatásaival, emellett biztosítani kell, hogy a fiatalok teljeskörűen részt vehessenek a társadalomban.
  • A Covid19-válság a nők körében a férfiaknál is károsabb hatással volt az optimizmusra és a munka és a magánélet közötti egyensúlyra. E hátrány orvoslása rendkívül fontos lesz annak biztosításához, hogy a nők ne fizessenek aránytalanul nagy árat a világjárvány miatt.
  • A polgárok nemzeti és európai intézményekbe vetett bizalmának megőrzését a válság idején is kulcsfontosságú prioritásként kell kezelni, mivel a Covid19 ellenőrzés alatt tartását célzó intézkedések betartása nagyban függ az intézmények és a tudományos tanácsadás iránti bizalom mértékétől. Az intézmények iránti bizalom mértékének növekedése, amiről azok a válaszadók számoltak be, akik támogató intézkedések kedvezményezettjei voltak, szintén világos üzenet a nemzeti kormányoknak és az EU-nak.

2021–2024 work plan

During 2021–2024, Eurofound’s research will provide an important insight into the challenges and prospects in the area of living conditions and quality of life in the EU and the role played by various initiatives aimed at alleviating the social hardship of various groups of citizens. Of particular interest are the implications for older people and care needs, youth and their social inclusion and social mobility, and the varying consequences of the crisis on men and women.

Public services across the EU played a major role in addressing the COVID-19 crisis while facing significant challenges and they will be assessed in greater detail, focusing on issues such as quality, access and affordability. As previous findings have shown, the crisis has had disproportionate effects on certain groups according to age, care responsibilities and work-life balance, and Eurofound will analyse this further.

In coordination with the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE), Eurofound intends to research the multidimensional gender gap by investigating the impact on men and women of the COVID-19 crisis in terms of employment participation, material living conditions and well-being – in order to identify the differences and assess its effect on gender gaps.

Addressing stakeholder priorities

Eurofound’s research aims to assist policy action addressing the challenges and opportunities for the EU and national levels in the area of living conditions and quality of life. In particular, it will monitor the impact of COVID-19 and the ensuing economic crisis by providing knowledge on status, trends, risks, as well as ways to improve living conditions in the EU. Eurofound will focus on identifying and analysing pressing issues for the most vulnerable groups, specifically older citizens and young people. Eurofound will also inform policymakers by producing evidence on trends and drivers in relation to the delivery of public services, also linking in, for example, with the European Pillar of Social Rights.

The Agency’s work plan is aligned with the European Commission’s political guidelines over the next four years, directly feeding into a number of key policy areas aimed at creating a strong social Europe. In particular, the research will support policy initiatives and activities linked with the implementation of the European Gender Equality Strategy 2020–2025, the Youth Guarantee, the Child Guarantee and the European Semester and its country-specific recommendations.

 

Eurofound research

In 2024, Eurofound continues to monitor trends in living conditions and quality of life, against the backdrop of the health-related and economic fallout of the COVID-19 pandemic, the implications of the war in Ukraine, rising energy prices, and increases in costs of living. Building on the various rounds of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey, as well as on data gathered in 2023, the Agency investigates the impact of these challenges on the living conditions of Europeans.

The European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) commences in 2024, including some questions on working conditions and living conditions relevant to the aftermath of COVID-19. The European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) follows in 2026 using lessons drawn from the 2024 EWCS.

Research concludes on identifying groups not covered by social protection, due to coverage gaps and non-take-up of minimum income and unemployment schemes. It also looks at adequacy of these benefits, digitalisation of application procedures, linked service entitlements and sanctioning measures. Eurofound also publishes its findings on EU citizens’ rights and opportunities to live independently. It analyses the situation faced by various vulnerable groups and provides an overview of measures that facilitate family- and community-based care and support in the Member States.

Building on previous work on young people, research concludes on the life and prospects of young people in the post-pandemic era. Using new data collected in 2023, this research assesses the long-term impact of the pandemic on this group, looking into changes in the social situation of young people, as well as their quality of life, mental health and future prospects.

Analysis of the monitoring framework of the European Child Guarantee comes to an end in 2024, while new research starts to support national governments and the EU institutions in the implementation and evaluation of the Child Guarantee since it came into force. This work investigates the Member States’ levels of performance and their disparities, building on its previous work on convergence. It focuses on the workforce needed to deliver the Child Guarantee in areas of early childhood education and care, education, healthcare and other relevant sectors.

Considering the importance of care provision in EU societies, new research investigates informal care provision in the EU, the challenges faced by informal caregivers, and the measures in place to support them. This research considers care provided to people of all ages, while taking into consideration the diversity among informal carers. 

Eurofound launches new research on mental health services, investigating trends in and prevalence of mental health problems for different groups and how these needs are met in various countries in light of the pandemic and the arrival of Ukrainian refugees. 

Key outputs

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Eurofound's 2024 work programme is set in the context of the upcoming European elections, war in Ukraine, renewed Middle East conflict and rising cost of living across the EU.

23 január 2024
Publication
Work programme
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A megfizethetetlen lakhatás komoly aggodalomra ad okot az EU-ban. Ez hajléktalansághoz, lakhatási bizonytalansághoz, pénzügyi nehézségekhez és nem megfelelő lakhatási körülményekhez vezet. Emellett megakadályozza, hogy a fiatalok elhagyják a családi otthont...

30 május 2023
Publication
Research report
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A 2022-es év elejét óvatos optimizmus jellemezte. A Covid19-világjárvány két évét követően Európa ismét magára talált, és a NextGenerationEU helyreállítási eszköz keretében kidolgoztak egy erős és fenntartható jövő építésére irányuló...

4 május 2023
Publication
Annual report

Eurofound expert(s)

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Hans Dubois is a senior research manager in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. His research topics include housing, over-indebtedness, healthcare, long-term care, social...

Senior research manager,
Social policies research unit
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Massimiliano Mascherini has been Head of the Social Policies unit at Eurofound since October 2019. He joined Eurofound in 2009 as a research manager, designing and coordinating...

Head of Unit,
Social policies research unit
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Sanna Nivakoski is a research officer in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. Before joining Eurofound in 2021, she worked as a post-doctoral researcher at University College...

Research officer,
Social policies research unit
Publications results (308)

Chronic illness and disability play a key role in unemployment and exclusion from the workplace. When reading about ‘people with disabilities’, most people think of people born with an obvious disability or who have acquired a disability through illness or injury later in life. However, in relation

19 January 2010

Addressing child poverty is crucial to the achievement of greater social cohesion and sustainable social and economic development in Europe. Across the EU, 19% of children under the age of 16 are at risk of poverty; some 15% of children leave school without a secondary-level education; the rate of

19 January 2010

Key elements of the EU’s strategy to combat social exclusion are the promotion of quality of work and the eradication of poverty; however, the persistence of in-work poverty – people who fall below the poverty level while being employed – seem to undermine these goals. Having a paid job is usually

19 January 2010

Spain took over the European Union’s six-month Presidency from Sweden on 1 January 2010. This report aims to present an overview of the Spanish labour market and industrial relations system, mainly using research findings from the European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working

18 January 2010

Quality of life touches on areas of life relevant to everybody, such as relations with family and friends, as well as on issues pertaining to public policy, such as housing and social relations in the community. This report draws on two rounds of the European Quality of Life Survey, carried out by

09 December 2009

The city of Vienna’s integration policies since the beginning of the 1990s have aimed to achieve equal rights and opportunities for immigrants in all spheres of social and economic, cultural and political life of the local population. Thus, a comprehensive set of measures were implemented to provide

29 September 2009

Antwerp is the largest city in Flanders, with 470,044 inhabitants in 2006. Some 13% of the city’s population consists of foreigners, of whom 8% are non-EU nationals. Antwerp’s municipal housing policy aims to sustain and even increase the diversity within the city. This diversity pertains not so

29 September 2009

Migrant integration in Arnsberg has primarily taken place by opening up the core institutions, such as the education system and the labour market, to migrants and by including migrants in the national welfare system. With regard to the housing market, this means that non-Germans have the same legal

29 September 2009

As early as the 1960s, due to its industrial facilities, Frankfurt became one of the first main destinations for guest workers. Today, almost 161,000 foreigners from 130 countries live in Frankfurt, accounting for one quarter of the city’s population. Frankfurt’s housing market, particularly in the

29 September 2009

Stuttgart has about 600,000 inhabitants, almost a quarter of whom are foreigners and 40% have a migration background. In this prosperous city, the integration of migrants has primarily taken place through structural integration into the labour market. The city included migrants in the general

29 September 2009

Online resources results (219)

Substantial wage increases and a new bargaining situation for the medical profession

As a result of the 1996 wage settlement, medical physicians employed at Norwegian hospitals gained substantial wage increases. These increases can in part be explained by an increase in basic wages, and in part by prolonging weekly working hours through permitting more overtime and at the same time

Survey argues that UK employees are better off than their European neighbours

A combination of falling unemployment and soaring corporate profit has still not generated demands from UK workers for a round of substantial pay increases. The annual rate of growth of average earnings fell slightly from 4.5% in April 1997 to 4.25% in both May and June, according to the latest

Hospital administration and working conditions reform proposed

A public debate has begun in Portugal about the privatisation of public hospitals. Medical, paramedical and nursing unions have reacted largely negatively to proposed changes in the regulation of industrial relations, employment contracts and working conditions, and strikes were due in August

Continuity and change in pay and working time

One of the most significant transformations of British industrial relations in recent years has been the shift from national to enterprise-level bargaining. Multi-employer bargaining arrangements have tended to be replaced with multi-establishment, single employer bargaining, although there are also

Strikes in the hospital sector

The law on social welfare, adopted in November 1995, included provisions on a range of matters, such as: the submission of the social security budget to parliamentary vote; the setting up of a new tax known as "social security deficit clearance" (Remboursement de la dette sociale); the abolition of

Proposal for reform of the welfare state

On 5 March 1997, the Italian Prime Minister, Romano Prodi, informed the political parties and social partners about the report drawn up by the "Commission for macroeconomic compatibility of social expenditure", a committee of experts established by the Government and chaired by Professor Paolo

New collective agreement for hospitals

At the end of February 1997, the social partners in Luxembourg's hospital sector concluded a new collective agreement in a "cooperative" atmosphere. The deal provides for pay increases and a reduction and reorganisation of working hours for 5,000 employees.

Public sector pay policies

Three independent pay review bodies were created more than 25 years ago in what has been described as an attempt "to remove a range of highly sensitive settlements from the political arena" (P Bassett, /The Times,/ 7 February 1997). They recommended pay increases for doctors and dentists, the most

Agreement on working time at EDF and GDF

On 21 January 1997, the two French electricity and gas public utility companies signed an agreement with three trade unions ( the CFDT, the CFTC and the CFE-CGC). This agreement is designed to improve their competitiveness and productivity while at the same time maintaining their workforce at


Blogs results (32)

The housing crisis could be tackled by improving public services, better urban planning and ensuring that social protection benefits reach the people who need them most.

2 május 2024

The state in which the EU finds itself has been described as a ‘permacrisis’, whereby the Union is confronted by challenge after challenge, and citizens are constantly having to adapt to a ‘new normal’.

11 december 2023
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Spiralling housing costs are causing despair across the EU. The situation is making people anxious that they will lose their accommodation or become homeless; they may become overburdened financially or forced to live in substandard accommodation; and many young people are unable to leave home. Whil

4 április 2023
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Lower levels of health, increasing financial pressure and a significant degree of unmet healthcare: these are the findings of the fifth round of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey: Living in a new era of uncertainty – a report that presents an overview of responses from over 200,000 people ac

6 október 2022
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Rising energy prices are putting more people under increased financial pressure and at greater risk of energy poverty. In this data story, we take a closer look at the data from the fifth round of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey to explore the extent of the issue and the threat of energy p

3 augusztus 2022
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Trust in national institutions has declined across the EU over the past two years. Driven by increasingly difficult economic circumstances and unreliable news sources, even people who previously expressed higher trust levels – such as those in financially secure positions – have become less trusting

25 július 2022
Image of people waiting for tram in city street and man cycling on cycle path

The Russian invasion of Ukraine and the resulting sanctions have caused energy prices to soar. Governments seeking to alleviate the negative impacts of price increases on households have introduced energy subsidies and VAT reductions for electricity, gas and fuel. While such policies may be needed

10 június 2022
Image of family cooking around camp fire outside home under bombardment in Ukraine

We are 100 days on from the invasion by Russia of Ukraine on 24 February, when peace in Europe was shattered. As the human tragedy began to unfold and with more than 6.8 million Ukrainians, mostly women and children, escaping their country since the start of the war, European citizens have been watc

8 június 2022
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The European Pillar of Social Rights states that ‘everyone has the right to affordable long-term care services of good quality, in particular home-care and community-based services’. Taking a step to make this principle a reality, the European Commission is currently preparing a European Care Strate

5 május 2022

Upcoming publications results (4)

This factsheet will provide a snapshot of society and quality of life in spring 2024. It will look at a number of issues, including mental well-being, trust, access to healthcare, social support and coping with increases in the cost of living. The analysis is based on the Living and working in the

December 2024

This report analyses data from Eurofound’s European Working Conditions Telephone Survey (EWCTS), the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey and official statistics to examine employment trends, working conditions and social inclusion challenges experienced by young people in the Western Balkans (Alba

November 2024
Forthcoming
Publication
Research report

This report explores the implications of the right of all EU citizens to live independently. It investigates the barriers faced by people who wish to live independently, and the situation of people at risk of living in institutional settings. It maps the various measures taken by EU Member States to

October 2024

Social protection can include a range of entitlements to monetary and in-kind benefits. Eurofound’s project focuses on unemployment and minimum income benefits. Social protection can provide a safety net for people who are negatively impacted by the green and digital transitions. During the COVID-19

September 2024
Data results (1)
24 október 2023
Reference period:

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