Pārlekt uz galveno saturu
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Darba laiks

Darba laiks ir jebkurš laikposms, kurā darba ņēmējs strādā darba devēja labā un veic savu darbu vai pilda pienākumus saskaņā ar valsts tiesību aktiem un/vai praksi. Dažādās profesijās un dažādos dzīves posmos darba ņēmējiem ir atšķirīgs darba stundu skaits, un, nosakot šīs atšķirības, īpaši svarīgs ir dzimums.

Topic

Recent updates

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In this episode of Eurofound Talks Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound Research Manager Tina Weber about new research on the right to disconnect, the evolution of the right to disconnect...

Podcast

EU context

Darba laiks ir darba dzīves galvenais elements, un tā regulējums ir bijis politikas, ekonomikas un sociālo diskusiju galvenais temats ES un valstu līmenī. Lai aizsargātu darba ņēmēju veselību un drošību, ES Darba laika direktīvā ir noteikts, ka visām dalībvalstīm ir jānodrošina obligāto standartu izpilde attiecībā uz darba stundu skaitu visiem darba ņēmējiem ES. Tostarp ir standarti attiecībā uz maksimālo nedēļas darba stundu skaitu (nepārsniedzot 48 stundas), minimālajiem atpūtas laikposmiem un pārtraukumiem, ikgadējo atvaļinājumu, darbu naktīs un maiņu darbu.

Eurofound darbs

Jau vairākus gadus Eurofound apkopo informāciju par dažādiem darba laika aspektiem un to ietekmi uz vīriešu un sieviešu darba apstākļiem un dzīves kvalitāti ES. Veicot pētījumus par darba laiku, Eurofound cenšas labāk izprast darba laika organizēšanas principus un to ietekmi uz nodarbinātību, produktivitāti, labjutību un darba un privātās dzīves līdzsvaru. Regulāri tiek publicēti un nesen arī ilgtermiņa skatījumā ir analizēti dati par koplīgumos noteikto darba laiku un sociālo partneru nozīmi. Pētījumos salīdzinot vīriešu un sieviešu darba laiku, ir konstatēts, ka vīrieši daudz biežāk strādā ilgāk, toties sievietes daudz vairāk laika pavada, veicot neapmaksātu darbu mājsaimniecībā.

Darba laika regulējums un organizēšana

Darba laika regulējums ir svarīgs, lai uzlabotu ne vien darba un privātās dzīves līdzsvaru , bet arī līdzdalību darba tirgū . Uzņēmumiem un darba ņēmējiem ir jāspēj pielāgoties strauji mainīgajai ekonomikas videi. Eurofound ir izpētījis darba laika un darba un privātās dzīves attiecību dzīves cikla skatījumā.

Pētījumā ir aplūkoti dažādi darba laika organizēšanas aspekti, kā arī darba laika ietekme uz ražīgumu un darba apstākļiem . Tā kā darba laika organizēšanas procesā notiek pārmaiņas, Eurofound kopā ar Starptautisko Darba organizāciju nesen izvērtēja, kā attālināts darbs un mobils darbs IKT jomā ietekmē šādā darba režīmā strādājošo darba ņēmēju darba laiku.

Izvērtējot darba laiku ilgtermiņa skatījumā, nesen veiktajā pētījumā ir analizēta koplīgumos noteiktā darba laika aspektu attīstība ES no 21. gadsimta sākuma. Pētījumā galvenā uzmanība pievērsta piecām nozarēm: ķīmiskā rūpniecība, metālapstrāde, banku pakalpojumi, mazumtirdzniecība un valsts pārvalde. Ziņojumā raksturoti regulējuma institucionālie režīmi un novērtētas līgumā paredzēto darba stundu un parasto darba stundu izmaiņas laikposmā no 1999. gada līdz 2014. gadam.

Darba laika analīze apsekojumos

Trīs galvenie Eurofound pētījumi sniedz datus saistībā ar darba laiku.

Eiropas darba apstākļu apsekojumā (EWCS) aplūkoti dažādi darba laika aspekti. Sestajā EWCS 2015 darba laika kvalitāte bija viens no septiņiem darba kvalitātes rādītājiem. Tas tika izmantots, lai izmērītu garu darba stundu biežumu, iespēju izmantot pārtraukumu, netipisku darba laiku, darba laika režīmus un elastīga darba laika iespējas un to ietekmi uz darba ņēmēju veselību un labjutību. Secināts, ka ļoti regulārs darba grafiks ir 43 % darbinieku.

Izmantojot sestā EWCS datus, Eurofound nesen izvērtēja, kā darba laika modeļi ietekmē darba ilgtspēju. Šajā analīzē ir aplūkota saistība starp darba laika modeļiem, darba un privātās dzīves līdzsvaru un vēlamo darba laiku, kā arī darba ņēmēju veselību un labjutību. Tajā ir arī novērtēta pašreizējo darba apstākļu un darba laika modeļu ilgtspēja nākotnē.

Eiropas dzīves kvalitātes apsekojumā (EALS) ir aplūkoti gan apmaksātā, gan neapmaksātā darba laika režīmi un to ietekme uz apmierinātību ar darba un privātās dzīves līdzsvaru.

Darba laika režīmi var būtiski ietekmēt ne vien uzņēmumu efektivitāti, ražīgumu un konkurētspēju, bet arī to darbinieku labjutību un motivāciju. Izmantojot Eiropas uzņēmumu apsekojumu (ECS), Eurofound veica arī vispusīgu pētījumu par darba laiku un darba un privātās dzīves līdzsvarošanu. Tajā ir aplūkota elastīgu darba režīmu un darba laika uzskaites, nepilna darba laika darba, virsstundu un nestandarta darba stundu izplatība; vecāku atvaļinājumi un citi ilgtermiņa atvaļinājumi; pakāpeniska un priekšlaicīga pensionēšanās, kā arī darba un privātās dzīves līdzsvarošanas atbalsta politika uzņēmumos.

Izcēlums: EurWORK tematiskais kopsavilkums par darbu svētdienās Eiropā

2016. gada 23. septembris — ES dalībvalstis pieņem likumus, lai regulētu veikalu un uzņēmumu darba laiku svētdienās. Tomēr ir arī tādas dalībvalstis, kuru jaunie tiesību akti darba laiku ierobežo. Eiropas darba apstākļu apsekojumā konstatēts, ka no 2010. līdz 2015. gadam ir palielinājies to darba ņēmēju īpatsvars, kuri strādā svētdienās, tādējādi apstiprinot, ka tirdzniecība svētdienās kļūst aizvien izplatītāka.
What's happening with Sunday work in Europe

Resursi

Eurofound research

For many years now, Eurofound has collected information on various aspects of working time and their implications for working conditions and quality of life of men and women in the EU. Eurofound’s studies on working time aim to improve understanding of how long workers work and how their time is organised and the implications of working time patterns for employment, productivity, well-being and the balance between work and private life. Data on collectively agreed working time and the role of the social partners have been published regularly, and have also been analysed from a long-term perspective. Research on men’s working time versus women’s shows that men are much more likely to work longer hours and women are more likely to spend more time doing unpaid domestic work. While most individuals, regardless of their sex, seem to be satisfied with their current working time, the majority of those expressing a preference to change their working time say they would like to reduce their hours.

Regulation and organisation of working time

Regulating working time has a role to play in increasing work–life balance and also labour market participation. In a fast-changing economic climate, companies and workers need flexibility. Eurofound has explored the relationship between working time and work–life balance in a life course perspective.

Research has looked at the various aspects of the organisation of working time and the implications for productivity and working conditions. As the organisation of working time is changing, Eurofound together with the International Labour Organization examined the effects of telework and ICT-mobile work on the working time of those engaged in such work arrangements.

Taking a long-term perspective on working time, Eurofound has examined the evolution of aspects of collectively agreed working time in the EU at the beginning of the 21st century. The research focused in particular on five sectors: chemicals, metalworking, banking, retail and public administration. It described the institutional regimes of working time regulation and assesses changes in agreed working hours and usual working hours between 1999 and 2014.

Eurofound has also looked at the national approaches on how and when breaks from work should be taken. The research compares different approaches among Member States, gives examples of judicial rulings, highlights some types of work that attract special consideration and looks into causal relationships between breaks, health and performance at work.

Research on new ways of working fostered by digitalisation like teleworking and platform work have highlighted the increasing trend towards flexible working with far-reaching implications for the duration and organisation of working time. These aspects are also part of the regulatory debate at EU and national level, for instance wtih the adoption of legislation on the right to disconnect. 

Working time in survey analysis

Eurofound’s three major surveys provide data on issues related to working time.

The European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) covers working time from various angles. In the 2021 European Working Conditions Telephone Survey (EWCTS), working time arrangements was one of six dimensions of job quality analysed. This dimension includes unsocial work schedules (as a job demand) and working time flexibility (as a job resource). The EWCTS captured four types of working time that are generally regarded as unsocial: regularly working in one’s free time, regularly working at night, working long hours and regularly being required to work at short notice. Flexibility in working hours is positively related to worker’s well-being and supports a healthy balance between their personal and working lives. The EWCTS highlighted the ease with which an individual can take an hour or two off during working hours to attend to a personal matter as an indicator of such flexibility. 

Using EWCS 2015 data, Eurofound has examined working time patterns for sustainable work. The analysis looks at the links between working time patterns, work–life balance and working time preferences, as well as workers’ health and well-being. It also assesses how sustainable the current working conditions and working time patterns are into the future.

The European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) looks at working time arrangements, both paid and unpaid, and their impact on satisfaction with work–life balance.

Working time arrangements can have a significant bearing on the efficiency, productivity and competitiveness of companies, not to mention the health, well-being and motivation of their employees. Through its European Company Survey (ECS), Eurofound has also carried out comprehensive research on working time and work–life balance. It has looked at the prevalence of flexible working time arrangements and working time accounts, part-time work, overtime and non-standard working hours; parental and other long-term leave; phased and early retirement; as well as specific policies to support work–life balance in companies.

Key outputs

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This report examines the average weekly working hours across Europe in 2021 and 2022. It covers important developments resulting from legislative reforms in collective bargaining at national or sectoral level...

24 Oktobris 2023
Publication
Research report
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Šajā ziņojumā ir izklāstīts Eurofound pētījums par tāldarbu Covid-19 pandēmijas laikā 2020.–2021. gadā. Tajā ir pētītas tāldarba biežuma, darba apstākļu izmaiņas, ar kādām saskārās darbinieki, strādājot no mājām, un izmaiņas...

8 Decembris 2022
Publication
Research report
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Stingrie sabiedrības veselības ierobežojumi, ko valdības ieviesa 2020. gadā, lai kontrolētu Covid-19 pandēmiju, pēkšņi mainīja darba dzīvi un turpināja to ietekmēt turpmākajos divos gados. No 2021. gada marta līdz novembrim...

29 Novembris 2022
Publication
Research report
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Disclaimer: Please note that this report was updated with revised data (specifically for Bulgaria) on 23 March 2021.Šā ziņojuma mērķis ir novērtēt Covid-19 krīzes sākotnējo ietekmi uz nodarbinātību Eiropā (līdz...

11 Marts 2021
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

Research continues in this topic on a variety of themes, which are outlined below with links to forthcoming titles.

Eurofound expert(s)

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Jorge Cabrita is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit. He is responsible for formulating, coordinating and managing European-wide research, and promoting the...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
Oscar Vargas Llave

Oscar Vargas Llave is a research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound and manages projects on changes in the world of work and the impact on working conditions and related...

Research manager,
Working life research unit
Publications results (214)

This report gives an overview of working conditions, job quality, workers’ health and job sustainability in the industrial cleaning sector (NACE 81). The findings are based mostly on the fifth European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS), which gathers data on working conditions and the quality of work

14 November 2014

This report gives an overview of working conditions, job quality, workers’ health and job sustainability in the textiles and clothing sector (NACE13 and 14). It is based mostly on the fifth European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS), which gathers data on working conditions and the quality of work

03 September 2014

This report gives an overview of working conditions, job quality, workers’ health and job sustainability in the public administration sector (NACE 84). The findings are based mostly on the fifth European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS), which gathers data on working conditions and the quality of

03 September 2014

Job quality indexes are constructed on the basis of such aspects of working conditions as earnings, prospects, working time, and intrinsic job quality. Occupations where job quality is consistently low are labelled ‘occupations with multiple disadvantages’. This report uses data from the fifth

19 August 2014

In 2013, the average collective agreed weekly working time in the European Union was 38.1 hours, the same as in 2012. However, the working week was, on average, 30 minutes shorter in the pre-2004 EU15 Member States, and more than 90 minutes longer in the more recent Member States. If the

23 June 2014

This report gives an overview of working conditions, job quality, workers’ health and job sustainability in the residential care sector (NACE 87). The findings are based mostly on the fifth European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS), which gathers data on working conditions and the quality of work

17 June 2014

This report gives an overview of working conditions, job quality, workers’ health and job sustainability in the food and beverage service activities sector (NACE 56). It is based mostly on the fifth European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS), which gathers data on working conditions and the quality

17 June 2014

This policy brief highlights findings on a specific topic from Eurofound’s European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) that is of particular interest from a policy perspective. It brings results of the analysis of these data together with evidence from other Eurofound projects to formulate a number of

14 June 2014

This report maps the impact of the global financial, economic and public debt crisis on industrial relations and working conditions at national level in the EU Member States from 2008 to end 2012. The impact of the crisis on industrial relations is mapped with regard to the actors, processes and

22 April 2014

This report gives an overview of working conditions, job quality, workers’ health and job sustainability in the construction sector (NACE 41, 42, 43). It is based mostly on the fifth European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS), which gathers data on working conditions and the quality of work across 34

13 April 2014

Online resources results (559)

Luxembourg: New law to make working time more flexible

New legislation to make working time more flexible came into force on 1 January 2017, allowing for an extension of the reference period from one to four months, in exchange for supplementary leave for employees. Employers are critical of the new law, claiming it will be difficult to enforce.

Article

Latvia: Impact of austerity measures on the public health sector

Workers in Latvia’s public healthcare sector have protested about the less favourable working conditions in their sector, not just low pay, but also the level of shift work, overtime work and work during public holidays.

EU level: Latest working life developments – Q1 2017

Issues related to the European Commission’s proposal on the European Pillar of Social Rights, as well as some developments in social dialogue at EU level, are the main topics of interest in this article. This update reports on the latest developments in working life at EU level in the first quarter

Poland: Latest working life developments – Q1 2017

Continuing debate on the proposal to curb Sunday trading, a strike by teachers against the reform of compulsory education and the implementation of employment-related regulations are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life

Norway: Latest working life developments – Q1 2017

Arriving at a wage agreement for the private sector, proposals to facilitate evening work and to increase protection for whistle-blowers, and a review of the country's Occupational Health Service are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments

Finland: Latest working life developments – Q1 2017

The effects of the decision by the Confederation of Finnish Industries EK to terminate most peak-level agreements with trade unions and a setback for employment policy reforms are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in

Austria: Latest working life developments – Q1 2017

New legislation regarding social and wage dumping, qualification and childcare benefits, the federal government’s work programme and an increase in members for the Austrian Trade Union Federation are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments

Belgium: A short analysis of ‘Peeters law’

A law proposed by Kris Peeters, the Minister of Employment, Economy and Consumers, has been met with mixed reactions by the social partners. The law, adopted by the Chamber of Representatives in February, aims to allow more flexibility in work organisation in order to modernise the Belgian labour

France: New rules on working time enter into force

The new labour law was adopted by parliament in July 2016 after lengthy discussions and much campaigning by the trade unions. Several subsequent decrees implement the law’s main provisions, including important new rules on working time which give precedence to company-level agreements over branch

Luxembourg: Latest working life developments – Q4 2016

New collective agreements, ongoing negotiations in three key sectors, discussions about workplace surveillance, plans to improve the education system and an increase in the minimum wage are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working


Blogs results (9)

The jury is still out on the question whether men and women are from distinct planets. When it comes to the world of work, however, they are worlds apart.

25 Oktobris 2023
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Europe Day is a celebration of unity, solidarity and harmony. While we may not have had much to celebrate this past year, one thing we can be proud of is how Europe has come together in the face of large-scale challenges and threats, showing that solidarity is the key to resilience and resolve.

8 Maijs 2023
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​​​​​​​To date, close to six million workers in the EU have lost their jobs due to COVID-19. Many businesses have closed their doors forever or been pushed to the brink, bringing severe financial and psychological hardship to the individuals and families affected. However, the toll of the pandemic c

9 Februāris 2021
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The International Labour Organization (ILO) met for the first time 100 years ago, and right at the top of the agenda for discussion for this new specialised UN agency was the 8-hour working day. This discussion subsequently resulted in the Hours of Work (Industry) Convention, which stated that ‘The

12 Novembris 2019
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Unemployment in the EU is continuing to fall, with the rate approaching its 2008 low point. This is good news: the Europe 2020 target of 75% employment in the working age population is now in sight for many Member States. However, as unemployment reaches new lows, the opposite problem is emerging –

19 Novembris 2018
Rethinking working time in Europe

The results of recent research on working time patterns in the EU constitute a strong plea for working time policies that clearly acknowledge the life course perspective. This means that working time must not only be thought and organised in daily, weekly, monthly and/or yearly terms but also take i

1 Novembris 2017
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There are limits to the effectiveness of member states’ pension reforms. Europe, it’s often said, is experiencing a worsening ageing crisis. European governments grappling with this and the related unsustainability of many pension schemes have taken measures to keep older workers longer in employmen

26 Septembris 2016
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​Nowadays we all know that long or excessive working hours may have serious negative impacts on a person’s health and wellbeing. Eurofound‘s new report 'Working time developments in the 21st century' suggests that if working time standards are mainly left to legislation or to be set unilaterally by

4 Marts 2016
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The latest research from Eurofound on working conditions in Europe highlights that the 9-to-5 day is not the norm for many workers, and work commonly spills over into home life. Such patterns make it difficult to balance work and life outside work.

25 Novembris 2015
Data results (26)

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