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Condições e qualidade de vida

As condições e a qualidade de vida são uma das seis principais atividades do programa de trabalho da Eurofound para o período de 2021-2024. A Eurofound continuará a identificar e analisar os principais aspetos relacionados com a melhoria das condições de vida das pessoas na Europa, incluindo informações sobre a sua perceção da qualidade de vida e da sociedade. Uma vez que a pandemia da COVID-19 e a subsequente crise económica afetaram profundamente a vida das pessoas, a Eurofound continuará a investigar o impacto desta crise nos cidadãos da UE em diferentes fases da vida.

Durante o período de 2021-2024, a investigação da Eurofound proporcionará uma visão importante dos desafios e das perspetivas no domínio das condições e da qualidade de vida na UE, bem como do papel desempenhado por várias iniciativas destinadas a atenuar as dificuldades sociais de vários grupos de cidadãos. Revestem-se de especial interesse as implicações para os idosos e as necessidades de cuidados, a juventude e a sua inclusão social e mobilidade social, bem como as diferentes consequências da crise para os homens e as mulheres .

Os serviços públicos em toda a UE desempenharam um papel importante na resposta à crise da COVID-19, enfrentando simultaneamente desafios significativos, e serão avaliados com mais pormenor, centrando-se em questões como a qualidade, o acesso e a acessibilidade dos preços. Tal como demonstrado por constatações anteriores, a crise teve efeitos desproporcionados em determinados grupos, em função da idade, das responsabilidades familiares e da conciliação entre a vida profissional e a vida familiar , pelo que a Eurofound analisará mais aprofundadamente esta questão.

Em coordenação com o Instituto Europeu para a Igualdade de Género (EIGE), a Eurofound pretende investigar as disparidades multidimensionais entre géneros, investigando o impacto da crise da COVID-19 nos homens e nas mulheres em termos de participação no emprego, condições materiais de vida e bem-estar, a fim de identificar as diferenças e avaliar o seu efeito nas disparidades entre géneros.

« A qualidade dos serviços públicos tem sido fundamental para criar confiança nas instituições da Europa contemporânea e será crucial para enfrentar os desafios atuais e futuros. Os serviços de qualidade são também um domínio de inovação, especialmente na transição para serviços digitais mais respeitadores do ambiente e preparados para riscos, como a pandemia, no futuro.»

Tadas Leončikas, gestor principal de investigação, Unidade de Políticas Sociais

Topic

Recent updates

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In this episode of Eurofound Talks, Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound researchers Eszter Sandor and Massimiliano Mascherini about the situation for young people in Europe.

Podcast

Principais mensagens das políticas

Infografia

As principais conclusões da investigação da Eurofound servem de contributo para os decisores políticos abordarem algumas das questões-chave neste domínio.

  • A perceção das tensões na sociedade tem o impacto mais negativo na confiança nas instituições, enquanto a perceção da qualidade dos serviços públicos é um fator essencial para uma maior confiança nas instituições.
  • É necessária uma maior oferta de cuidados continuados — com maior flexibilidade. Os cuidados e a assistência ao domicílio devem ser mais disponibilizados, especialmente nos Estados-Membros da UE onde o rendimento é mais baixo.
  • O acesso rápido aos cuidados de saúde primários, aos cuidados sociais e aos cuidados continuados pode desencadear uma intervenção precoce e o acompanhamento da evolução das necessidades e evitar a escalada dos problemas de cuidados continuados.
  • Os problemas de saúde mental estão a aumentar para os jovens, embora não seja claro se tal se deve a uma maior incidência ou a uma melhor sensibilização e diagnóstico. A saúde mental está estreitamente relacionada com outras questões relacionadas com a juventude e pode ser um resultado das desigualdades e uma fonte de desigualdade por si mesma. Os fatores de risco para as questões de saúde mental incluem a deficiência e as doenças prolongadas, os problemas familiares, os problemas de relacionamento com os pares e a utilização exagerada das redes sociais.
  • Embora os níveis de confiança e coesão social tenham recuperado globalmente na UE desde a crise financeira, o início da COVID-19 teve um impacto significativo no bem-estar nos países mais afetados pela pandemia.
  • Os jovens estão cada vez mais entre quem mais está a sofrer as consequências do confinamento: juntamente com os desempregados, os jovens reportam os níveis mais baixos de bem-estar, apesar de se terem verificado algumas melhorias desde o início da pandemia. Apesar de, desde abril de 2020, os jovens estarem mais satisfeitos e otimistas em relação à sua vida, continuam a sentir-se excluídos da sociedade e permanecem em maior risco de depressão, mostrando como são mais afetados pelas restrições durante o confinamento.
  • Medidas para mitigar os riscos de saúde mental dos desempregados e dos jovens na sequência da COVID-19 serão críticas em novas vagas do Coronavírus. A prestação de apoio direcionado para permitir que aqueles que procuram trabalho voltem ao bom caminho e enfrentem o impacto da pandemia, bem como a garantia de que os jovens possam participar plenamente na sociedade, devem fazer parte das medidas políticas em curso.
  • A crise da COVID-19 reduziu os níveis de otimismo e afetou mais o equilíbrio entre vida profissional e familiar das mulheres do que a dos homens. A reparação destes danos será fundamental para assegurar que as mulheres não sofram de forma desproporcionada as consequências da pandemia.
  • A manutenção da confiança dos cidadãos nas instituições nacionais e europeias deve continuar a ser um objetivo central em tempos de crise, uma vez que o cumprimento das medidas de controlo da COVID-19 depende grandemente dos níveis de confiança nas instituições e no aconselhamento científico. O aumento dos níveis de confiança institucional expresso pelos inquiridos que beneficiaram de medidas de apoio também envia uma mensagem clara aos governos nacionais e à UE.

2021–2024 work plan

During 2021–2024, Eurofound’s research will provide an important insight into the challenges and prospects in the area of living conditions and quality of life in the EU and the role played by various initiatives aimed at alleviating the social hardship of various groups of citizens. Of particular interest are the implications for older people and care needs, youth and their social inclusion and social mobility, and the varying consequences of the crisis on men and women.

Public services across the EU played a major role in addressing the COVID-19 crisis while facing significant challenges and they will be assessed in greater detail, focusing on issues such as quality, access and affordability. As previous findings have shown, the crisis has had disproportionate effects on certain groups according to age, care responsibilities and work-life balance, and Eurofound will analyse this further.

In coordination with the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE), Eurofound intends to research the multidimensional gender gap by investigating the impact on men and women of the COVID-19 crisis in terms of employment participation, material living conditions and well-being – in order to identify the differences and assess its effect on gender gaps.

Addressing stakeholder priorities

Eurofound’s research aims to assist policy action addressing the challenges and opportunities for the EU and national levels in the area of living conditions and quality of life. In particular, it will monitor the impact of COVID-19 and the ensuing economic crisis by providing knowledge on status, trends, risks, as well as ways to improve living conditions in the EU. Eurofound will focus on identifying and analysing pressing issues for the most vulnerable groups, specifically older citizens and young people. Eurofound will also inform policymakers by producing evidence on trends and drivers in relation to the delivery of public services, also linking in, for example, with the European Pillar of Social Rights.

The Agency’s work plan is aligned with the European Commission’s political guidelines over the next four years, directly feeding into a number of key policy areas aimed at creating a strong social Europe. In particular, the research will support policy initiatives and activities linked with the implementation of the European Gender Equality Strategy 2020–2025, the Youth Guarantee, the Child Guarantee and the European Semester and its country-specific recommendations.

 

Eurofound research

In 2024, Eurofound continues to monitor trends in living conditions and quality of life, against the backdrop of the health-related and economic fallout of the COVID-19 pandemic, the implications of the war in Ukraine, rising energy prices, and increases in costs of living. Building on the various rounds of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey, as well as on data gathered in 2023, the Agency investigates the impact of these challenges on the living conditions of Europeans.

The European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) commences in 2024, including some questions on working conditions and living conditions relevant to the aftermath of COVID-19. The European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) follows in 2026 using lessons drawn from the 2024 EWCS.

Research concludes on identifying groups not covered by social protection, due to coverage gaps and non-take-up of minimum income and unemployment schemes. It also looks at adequacy of these benefits, digitalisation of application procedures, linked service entitlements and sanctioning measures. Eurofound also publishes its findings on EU citizens’ rights and opportunities to live independently. It analyses the situation faced by various vulnerable groups and provides an overview of measures that facilitate family- and community-based care and support in the Member States.

Building on previous work on young people, research concludes on the life and prospects of young people in the post-pandemic era. Using new data collected in 2023, this research assesses the long-term impact of the pandemic on this group, looking into changes in the social situation of young people, as well as their quality of life, mental health and future prospects.

Analysis of the monitoring framework of the European Child Guarantee comes to an end in 2024, while new research starts to support national governments and the EU institutions in the implementation and evaluation of the Child Guarantee since it came into force. This work investigates the Member States’ levels of performance and their disparities, building on its previous work on convergence. It focuses on the workforce needed to deliver the Child Guarantee in areas of early childhood education and care, education, healthcare and other relevant sectors.

Considering the importance of care provision in EU societies, new research investigates informal care provision in the EU, the challenges faced by informal caregivers, and the measures in place to support them. This research considers care provided to people of all ages, while taking into consideration the diversity among informal carers. 

Eurofound launches new research on mental health services, investigating trends in and prevalence of mental health problems for different groups and how these needs are met in various countries in light of the pandemic and the arrival of Ukrainian refugees. 

Key outputs

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Eurofound's 2024 work programme is set in the context of the upcoming European elections, war in Ukraine, renewed Middle East conflict and rising cost of living across the EU.

23 Janeiro 2024
Publication
Work programme
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A falta de acesso a habitação a preços comportáveis é uma questão de grande preocupação na UE. É um problema que conduz à situação de sem abrigo, à insegurança habitacional...

30 Maio 2023
Publication
Research report
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O ano de 2022 começou com um otimismo cauteloso. A Europa emergiu de dois anos da pandemia de COVID-19, com o instrumento NextGenerationEU a definir um plano para uma recuperação...

4 Maio 2023
Publication
Annual report

Eurofound expert(s)

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Hans Dubois is a senior research manager in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. His research topics include housing, over-indebtedness, healthcare, long-term care, social...

Senior research manager,
Social policies research unit
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Massimiliano Mascherini has been Head of the Social Policies unit at Eurofound since October 2019. He joined Eurofound in 2009 as a research manager, designing and coordinating...

Head of Unit,
Social policies research unit
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Sanna Nivakoski is a research officer in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. Before joining Eurofound in 2021, she worked as a post-doctoral researcher at University College...

Research officer,
Social policies research unit
Publications results (308)

Today, foreigners from 175 nations live in Frankfurt and make up one quarter of its population. The proportion with a migration background is 38% of the total population of the city. Frankfurt saw the necessity of integration and diversity policies quite early on and created a Department of

02 June 2009

In this overview, the city of Mataró shows some specific characteristics when compared with other CLIP cities. Mataró is dealing with a large influx of migrants that has developed over the last 10 years; it has to deal with a considerable number of irregular migrants and consequently many immigrants

02 June 2009

Immigration in Finland and in Turku is relatively new. It has been predominantly supply-driven (refugees, returnees and family related migration) and is now gradually changing to more demand-driven migration. Policy reactions – both at the national and local level – have been partial and targeted

02 June 2009

Vienna’s integration policy has traditionally been characterised by efforts to overcome conflicts, the development of municipal strategies for problem areas as well as by the promotion of social integration of foreigners. Innovative measures and ‘integration‘ are firmly established as both

01 June 2009

Because of its flourishing economy, Brescia is one of the Italian cities which has attracted a large number of migrants, especially in the last decade. In the field of employment, people with a migration background are employed by the city only within the office providing services to the migrant

01 June 2009

Turin is one of the Italian cities that has attracted a large number of migrants, especially in the past decade. As is often the case, labour migration has been followed by the settlement of migrant families, and the migrant population has developed significant needs in all spheres of economic and

01 June 2009

Altogether, in Arnsberg, the percentage of people with a migration background is about 15%. As in most German cities, migrant integration has primarily taken place by opening up the core institutions, such as the education system and the labour market, and by including the migrants in the national

01 June 2009

Today, people from over 170 countries live in Stuttgart: a quarter of the population are foreigners, 38% of the population have a migration background. In 2001, the Stuttgart city council adopted a new comprehensive Pact for Integration between the public sector, the private sector and civil society

01 June 2009

Denmark is a welfare state in a rather pronounced form. It has inclusive policies, not only for its citizens but also for all legal residents. Equality and equal treatment are keywords in the political discourse. The city of Copenhagen follows the national model to a great extent, but also deviates

01 June 2009

The city of Terrassa has been confronted with a recent influx of immigrants in the last eight to 10 years, and has started to build up services and to adjust the existing service provision to these new groups. The general assumption is that specific services are only needed to bridge the period

01 June 2009

Online resources results (219)

More measures needed to attract people to teaching

The initial results of a comprehensive study (in Dutch, 398Kb PDF) [1] on teaching as a career have been published. The study was undertaken by the Vrije Universiteit Brussels (VUB [2]) and the University of Antwerp (Universiteit Antwerpen [3]), and was commissioned by the Flemish Minister of Work

Differences in corporate family policies between MNC HQ and Czech subsidiary

At the turn of 2006 and 2007, the Department of Gender and Sociology of the Sociological Institute of the Academy of Science of the Czech Republic (Sociologický ústav Akademie věd ČR [1]) carried out a research project, which sought to reveal employees’ work-life balance [2] conditions, and the

Fathers’ experience of parental leave

A joint study entitled ‘Fathers on parental leave’ has been carried out in Denmark, Lithuania, Malta and Iceland based on qualitative research with fathers on leave, employers and decision makers. In Malta, the research was commissioned by the Employment and Training Corporation (ETC [1]). The study

Benefits of work–life balance measures in SMEs

The report /Promoting equal opportunities in small and medium-sized enterprises/ (La promozione delle pari opportunità nelle piccole e medie imprese (923Kb PDF) [1]), published by the Confederation of Italian Industry (Confederazione Generale dell’Industria Italiana, Confindustria [2]), investigates

Parents and family–work conflict

At the request of the Ministry of Social Security and Labour (Socialinės apsaugos ir darbo ministerija, SADM [1]), a joint research group conducted a survey in 2008 analysing parents’ needs for ensuring the welfare of their families. The methodology used was a representative survey of households

Majority of employers adopt work–life balance measures

In 2009, the Employment and Training Corporation (ETC [1]), Malta’s public employment service organisation, commissioned a transnational study on work–life reconciliation measures. The research was co-funded by the European Commission [2], with the countries Cyprus, Iceland, Slovenia and Sweden also

Role of public employment service in reconciling work and family life

The research project ‘Reconciliation of work and family life in Slovenia: Role of the public employment service’ was carried out by a group of researchers from the Faculty of Social Sciences of the University of Ljubljana [1] in 2008. The project sought to examine the framework for reconciling work

Reported health differences between working and non-working people

In 2006, almost 25% of the Norwegian population aged between 16 and 66 years was regarded as belonging to the population group of non-working individuals. Reasons for not working were classified into six categories: disability, unemployment, having an old-age or early retirement pension, acting as a

Role of managers in facilitating work–life balance

The Irish Congress of Trade Unions (ICTU [1]) published a research paper in 2009, exploring the role of managers in relation to work-life balance [2] policies. The study is entitled Living to work or working to live? The role of managers in creating work–life balance in Ireland (181Kb PDF) [3]. [1]

Gender differences in quality of work and life

The project ‘QUALITY of life in a changing Europe [1]’ (2006–2009) has been conducted in eight countries – Bulgaria, Finland, Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden and the UK – under the European Community Sixth Framework Programme. Based on quantitative and qualitative research, the


Blogs results (32)
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Vaccine acceptance is key to the success of COVID-19 vaccination campaigns worldwide. Worryingly, over a quarter of people living in Europe are hesitant about taking a COVID-19 vaccine, and the level of hesitancy is especially high among heavy users of social media. The spread of misinformation on s

23 Junho 2021
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An ageing Europe and rising public expenditure on long-term care have signalled for some time that the fundamentals of care provision need to be addressed. However, the shocking death toll in care homes during the COVID-19 pandemic and the fact that many long-term care services were ill-equipped to

2 Dezembro 2020
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As Europe faces into what appears to be a second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, concern is mounting about the evolution and dramatic impact of the disease, with rising numbers of infections, hospitalisations and deaths. There is also a growing focus on the repercussions for the economy, the labour m

7 Outubro 2020
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​​​​​​​While women appear to be more resilient than men to COVID-19 in terms of health outcomes, that is not the case when it comes to the economic and social fallout. Measures taken by governments to control the spread of the virus are exacerbating gender divides in unemployment, domestic labour an

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While we now know that the idea that ‘COVID-19 only affects older people’ is fake news, the first weeks of the pandemic have shown that young people are in general more resilient than older people to the disease. But are they also more resilient to its social and economic impacts?

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The impact of COVID-19 continues to create chaos in people’s lives across Europe and the world. The economy is heading towards another major dip, and a sense of general insecurity pervades. The daunting challenges confronting health services and projections on the long-term impact of the crisis domi

12 Maio 2020
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The votes have been cast, tallied and declared and we can now see the political landscape of the new European Parliament. It is a complex picture: there has been growth of far-right and populist parties, but well short of what was projected, and at the same time there has been a boost for pro

30 Maio 2019
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Depopulation of rural areas and the concentration of employment and education opportunities in urban centres is a fact of modern life. What impact does this have on the quality of life of rural residents? Do they feel increasingly isolated, and what are the emerging trends? New research by Eurofound

8 Maio 2019
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Europe is showing visible signs of progress; in most countries, labour markets are healthier than they have been in a decade, with more people active and in work than ever before, while social exclusion is declining. However, it is also a continent in transition, where an imbalance in opportunities

18 Junho 2018

Upcoming publications results (4)

This factsheet will provide a snapshot of society and quality of life in spring 2024. It will look at a number of issues, including mental well-being, trust, access to healthcare, social support and coping with increases in the cost of living. The analysis is based on the Living and working in the

December 2024

This report analyses data from Eurofound’s European Working Conditions Telephone Survey (EWCTS), the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey and official statistics to examine employment trends, working conditions and social inclusion challenges experienced by young people in the Western Balkans (Alba

November 2024
Forthcoming
Publication
Research report

This report explores the implications of the right of all EU citizens to live independently. It investigates the barriers faced by people who wish to live independently, and the situation of people at risk of living in institutional settings. It maps the various measures taken by EU Member States to

October 2024

Social protection can include a range of entitlements to monetary and in-kind benefits. Eurofound’s project focuses on unemployment and minimum income benefits. Social protection can provide a safety net for people who are negatively impacted by the green and digital transitions. During the COVID-19

September 2024
Data results (1)
24 Outubro 2023
Reference period:

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