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Starnúca pracovná sila

Starnutie populácie v Európe prináša prináša pre tvorcov politík moho otázok v oblasti zamestnanosti, pracovných podmienok, životnej úrovne a zabezpečenia. Vyvolalo aj k obavy, pokiaľ ide o udržateľnosť dôchodkových systémov a ponuku práce. Propagovanie pracovných príležitostí pre starnúcu pracovnú silu si vyžaduje nový prístup na úrovni spoločností, jednotlivých štátov aj EÚ.

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EU context

Aj napriek tomu, že miera zamestnanosti starších vekových skupín za posledné desaťročie v mnohých krajinách EÚ výrazne stúpla, Európska komisia v spoločnej správe o zamestnanosti z roku 2017 zdôrazňuje potenciál na jej ďalšie zvyšovanie. V roku 2016 miera zamestnanosti starších zamestnancov vo veku 55 – 64 rokov v EÚ dosahovala 55,3 %, pričom pre všetkých ľudí vo veku 15 – 64 rokov to bolo 66,6 %. Najväčší nárast sa zaznamenal medzi staršími ženami.

Európsky pilier sociálnych práv poskytuje rámec, ktorý má pracovným trhom pomôcť prispôsobiť sa novým požiadavkám, no pritom aj naďalej zachovávať spravodlivosť a solidaritu medzi generáciami. Zdôrazňuje právo na pracovné prostredie prispôsobené profesionálnym potrebám pracovníka, ktoré mu má umožniť predĺžiť si účasť na trhu práce. Okrem toho sa európski sociálni partneri v nedávnej autonómnej dohode týkajúcej sa aktívneho starnutia a medzigeneračného prístupu zaväzujú, že starším pracovníkom uľahčia aktívnu účasť a dlhšie zotrvanie na trhu práce.

Práca nadácie Eurofound

Nadácia Eurofound sa dlhodobo zameriava na problémy, ktorým čelí starnúca pracovná sila. Výskum od 90. rokov 20. storočia sa sústreďuje na účasť na trhu práce, výkon práce, pracovné podmienky a pracovné preferencie starších pracovníkov v kontexte politiky meniaceho sa demografického profilu Európy. Úsilie sa zameriava aj na verejnú podporu a iniciatívy na úrovni spoločnosti, ktorými sa podporuje zamestnanosť starších pracovníkov. Skúma sa aj skupina starších pracujúcich žien, v prípade ktorej sa zdôrazňuje stúpajúca miera zamestnanosti a nárast podielu v rámci pracovnej sily, a to najmä vo vekovej kategórii 55 – 64 rokov.

Údaje z prieskumu

Z hlavných prieskumov nadácie Eurofound vyplýva množstvo údajov o situácii starších pracovníkov. V šiestom Európskom prieskume pracovných podmienok (EWCS) sa skúma porovnanie starších pracovníkov vzhľadom na rôzne aspekty kvality práce. Hoci pravdepodobnosť, že zostanú nezamestnaní, je pri starších pracovníkoch menšia ako pri mladších, údaje ukazujú, že starší pracovníci majú pocit, že keby prišli o prácu, novú a podobne platenú by si už nenašli, a opätovný vstup na trh práce dokonca považujú za náročný.

V štúdii založenej na piatom Európskom prieskume pracovných podmienok (EWCS) nadácie Eurofound sa sledujú charakteristiky staršej pracovnej sily a práca v rôznom veku, ako aj na faktory, vďaka ktorým je práca pre starnúcu pracovnú silu udržateľnejšia: dobré pracovné podmienky, fyzická a duševná pohoda a rovnováha medzi pracovným a súkromným životom.

Z Európskeho prieskumu kvality života nadácie Eurofound (EQLS) vyplývajú vo vzťahu k rôznym aspektom kvality života v Európe zistenia súvisiace s vekom. Analýza pracovných preferencií po veku 50 rokov vychádza zo zistení tretieho prieskumu EQLS a vyplýva z nej, že mnoho starších pracovníkov preferuje kratší pracovný čas, pričom úlohu zohrávajú aj ich finančné potreby. Uľahčenie možnosti zosúladenia pracovného času s preferenciami môže umožniť ľuďom pracovať dlhšie a zároveň ich aj k tomu motivovať.

Dlhší pracovný život

Nedávno sa nadácia Eurofound spojila s tromi ďalšími agentúrami EÚ a spoločne skúmali prácu vhodnú pre starších ľudí v Európe, požiadavky na politiku týkajúce sa starnúcej pracovnej sily a inovatívne riešenia.

Mnohí pracovníci nie sú schopní alebo motivovaní pracovať až do zákonného veku odchodu do dôchodku. Nájdu sa však aj takí, ktorí sú schopní a ochotní pracovať aj dlhšie. Nadácia Eurofound skúmala tento narastajúci trend práce po odchode do dôchodku.

V nedávnom výskume sa sledovalo predĺženie pracovného života prostredníctvom pružných systémov odchodu do dôchodku a najmä systémy čiastočného odchodu do dôchodku, ktoré ho môžu uľahčiť. K predĺženiu pracovného života môžu prispieť aj hodnotenia uprostred kariéry. Vo výskume sa sledovalo aj to, ako je možné pomôcť objasniť možnosti pracovníkov na zotrvanie v práci až do neskoršieho dôchodkového veku. Bolo poukázané na rôzne nástroje, ktoré si krajiny vyvinuli, aby neprišli o starších pracovníkov.

V inom výskume sa zas dokumentujú vnútroštátne a sektorové iniciatívy vlád a sociálnych partnerov vrátane finančných stimulov a zlepšených podmienok, ktoré majú pomôcť udržať starších pracovníkov na trhu práce. V skoršom projekte sa analyzovali iniciatívy na riadenie otázok týkajúcich sa veku zavedené pred recesiou aj po nej, aby sa zdôraznili osvedčené postupy v spoločnostiach v Európe.

Zdroje

Key outputs

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This report uses European Working Conditions Survey data to examine working conditions and their implications for worker’s health. Ensuring the sustainability of work in the context of ageing populations implies...

13 máj 2019
Publication
Research report
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Nearly 37,000 people in 33 European countries (28 EU Member States and 5 candidate countries) were interviewed in the last quarter of 2016 for the fourth wave of the European...

23 január 2018
Publication
Research report
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Demographic change is increasing the number of older workers in employment in Europe. In order for all of them to work beyond 55 or even after the pension age, it...

21 december 2017
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

Research continues in this topic on a variety of themes, which are outlined below with links to forthcoming titles.

Eurofound expert(s)

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Hans Dubois is a senior research manager in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. His research topics include housing, over-indebtedness, healthcare, long-term care, social...

Senior research manager,
Social policies research unit
Publications results (101)

Eurofound’s research on ‘Restructuring in recession and labour force participation’ explored the age management practices of companies in light of restructuring undergone during the recession. The study looked at policy in relation to the retention of older workers (aged 50 or more) in employment at

22 January 2012

Eurofound’s research on ‘Restructuring in recession and labour force participation’ explored the age management practices of companies in light of restructuring undergone during the recession. The study looked at policy in relation to the retention of older workers (aged 50 or more) in employment at

22 January 2012

As is the case in many other organisations operating in the transport industry in Latvia, Latvian Railway Group’s human resources (HR) strategy, policies and activities are built on the General Agreement and collective agreements. The aim of the General Agreement and collective agreements is to

22 January 2012

Vattenfall launched its age management programme in 2001. As an early adopter of such programmes and policies, Vattenfall has been seen as a forerunner in Sweden. It won an Employer of the Year Award in 2006 and received considerable attention in the media for the programme’s innovative approach

22 January 2012

Over the past five years employment rates among workers aged 65 to 74 years increased by 15% in the EU27 (Eurostat, 2011). Most people in this age group are pensioners, demonstrating that it has become more common for pensioners to take on paid employment, albeit starting from a fairly low level

14 December 2011

Europeans are living longer than ever before, but fewer babies are being born. The increased lifespan is great news but also poses many questions for individuals, their families and social systems. This fact sheet forms part of the Eurofound resource pack on 'Living longer, working better – Active

14 December 2011

Keeping older employees in the workforce for longer has been at the heart of national and European policies since the late 1990s. These policies have had an impact. Employment rates for older workers aged 55 to 64 have increased considerably over the last ten years, from 38% to 47% (Eurostat, 2000

14 December 2011

For most people work is not only a source of income but also an important aspect of their personal identity and their social life. When workers grow older, the positive elements of work often retain their importance, but for many it becomes more difficult to do their jobs. This fact sheet forms part

14 December 2011

Europe is undergoing a previously unwitnessed ageing of the population. In view of this, social inclusion of the elderly and strategies to promote voluntary work among older people are now important items on the EU’s political agenda. This report is based on 30 case studies from 11 Member States in

08 September 2011

Older people have typically been seen as the beneficiaries of voluntary activities. Indeed, the role of voluntary services is likely to become increasingly important in the context of cuts in state-provided welfare services and payments as a result of the economic crisis. However, increasing

14 March 2011

Online resources results (133)

Older employees cite stress and fatigue as biggest problems at work

Within the framework of the European Community EQUAL Initiative [1] project Support network for reintegration into the labour market in the Utena and Vilnius counties [2], a survey was carried out in 2005. It aimed at identifying the status of pre-pension employees in companies in these two regions

Training opportunities for older workers

The Austrian Chamber of Labour (Arbeiterkammer Österreich [1]) carried out a quantitative study on older workers, focusing on their access to and satisfaction with training, among other issues. The survey involved more than 600 employees over the age of 45 years, who are employed in six different

Company-level policies prove effective in age management

The European Commission’s Green Paper on Confronting demographic change: a new solidarity between generations (COM (2005) 94 final, 309 Kb PDF) [1] outlines the social and economic problems faced by the European Union in light of demographic developments. In terms of an ageing workforce, it is

Changed attitudes towards older workers

A qualitative case study, /New age contract/, which was carried out in 2001, emphasises that long working careers can only be built when working conditions are good and reasonable demands are made of people at all ages. Longer careers than are currently the norm will not be possible unless

Low labour market participation among older workers

The Economic Research Centre (Κέντρο Οικονομικής Έρευνας, ΚΟΕ [1]) of the University of Cyprus has conducted a study on the subject of labour market participation and retirement decisions. The study examines for the first time at a microeconomic level the factors affecting labour market

Views on retirement of middle-aged employees

The representative study on ‘ageing and remaining active’ (Älter werden – aktiv bleiben?!, 480 Kb PDF [1]), conducted on behalf of the Bertelsmann Foundation [2] (Bertelsmann Stiftung), among middle-aged employees reveals their attitude to work as they approach retirement age. The survey was carried

Companies plan for an ageing workforce

Adapting working conditions to meet the changing needs of staff plays a key role in encouraging older workers to stay at work. Adjustments can be made in three broad areas: working hours, function and tasks, and physical welfare and health at work. In the spring of 2004, the Centre for Population

Extent of discrimination against older workers

A survey was carried out in Luxembourg in order to assess the attitude of businesses towards older workers. The Centre for Population, Poverty and Socioeconomic Policy Studies (Centre d’études de populations, de pauvreté et des politiques socio-économiques, CEPS [1]) conducted the survey

Factors influencing workers to continue working until retirement age

Between 1993 and 2004, the labour force participation [1] rate of younger workers (15-24 years old) in the Netherlands was stable at around 40%. In the 25-49 year age group, the participation rate rose from 70% to 79%. However, the most remarkable finding relates to the oldest age group (50-64 years

Survey explores age-related policies, practices and preferences

New research, published in 2006 by the Department for Work and Pensions (DWP [1]) and the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI [2]), has explored the extent to which current employment policies and practices comply with equal opportunities [3] regarding age. The report aimed to evaluate the effects


Blogs results (6)

There’s a demographic shift sweeping Europe: people are living longer and working longer. Older workers, however, face significant labour market barriers.

25 január 2024
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Motivated workers have higher levels of engagement, better health and are able to work longer. Improving motivation at work is therefore a key component in meeting the challenges of Europe’s ageing workforce and improving the EU’s long-term competitiveness on a global scale. This means that fosterin

20 marec 2019
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Over the last decade, European labour markets have seen a surge in the number of older workers in work and a continuous decline in their unemployment rates. A lot of young and middle-aged workers lost their jobs in the Great Recession, but not so the older age group. This favourable state of affairs

15 november 2018
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In this article, Jean-Marie Jungblut looks at the health of careers in Europe. He argues that, since the average length of the most important job in a person’s life is over 20 years, time should be put aside in the middle of a career to check the fit between the worker and the job. Different scenari

21 jún 2018
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In this blog piece, originally published in Social Europe, Eurofound Research Officer Daniel Molinuevo looks at the service providers delivering long-term care to older people in Europe.

18 január 2018
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There are limits to the effectiveness of member states’ pension reforms. Europe, it’s often said, is experiencing a worsening ageing crisis. European governments grappling with this and the related unsustainability of many pension schemes have taken measures to keep older workers longer in employmen

26 september 2016
Upcoming publications results (1)

The European population is living longer, with a declining natural population since 2014, offset only by positive net migration. The proportion of older people, especially those over 50, is increasing. Demographic ageing, where the working-age population shrinks while the number of older individuals

March 2025
Data results (2)

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