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Åldrande arbetskraft

Europas åldrande befolkning innebär en mängd utmaningar för politikerna gällande sysselsättning, arbetsvillkor, levnadsstandard och välfärd. Detta har skapat oro över pensionssystemens hållbarhet och tillhandahållandet av arbetskraft. Att främja sysselsättningsmöjligheter för en åldrande arbetskraft kräver att man tänker i nya banor på företagsnivå, nationell nivå och på EU-nivå.

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EU context

Trots betydande tillväxt i fråga om andelen äldre arbetstagare med sysselsättning under det senaste årtiondet i många EU-länder påpekas det i kommissionen gemensamma sysselsättningsrapport från 2017 att det finns potential att öka dessa andelar ytterligare. Under 2016 var sysselsättningsgraden hos äldre arbetstagare i åldern 55–64 i EU 55,3 procent jämfört med 66,6 procent för dem i åldern 15–64 som en helhet. Denna ökning har varit störst bland äldre kvinnor.

Den europeiska pelaren för sociala rättigheter erbjuder en ram för att hjälpa arbetsmarknaderna att anpassa sig efter nya utmaningar samtidigt som man främjar rättvisa och solidaritet mellan generationerna. I pelaren framhålls rätten till en arbetsmiljö som är anpassad efter arbetstagarens yrkesmässiga behov för att göra det möjligt för honom eller henne att förlänga sitt deltagande på arbetsmarknaden. I det nyligen överenskomna fristående avtalet mellan Europas arbetsmarknadsparter om aktivt åldrande och en generationsöverskridande strategi åtar sig parterna att göra det lättare för äldre arbetstagare att delta aktivt och stanna kvar längre på arbetsmarknaden.

Eurofounds arbete

Eurofound har sedan länge expertis i frågor som rör den åldrande arbetskraften. Sedan 1990 har forskningen varit inriktad på arbetsmarknadsdeltagande, arbetsförmåga, arbetsvillkor och arbetspreferenser bland äldre arbetstagare mot den politiska bakgrund som utgörs av Europas skiftande demografiska profil. Arbetet har också fokuserat på statligt stöd och initiativ på företagsnivå som främjar sysselsättningen bland äldre arbetstagare. Man har tittat på äldre kvinnliga arbetstagare och belyst de ökande sysselsättningstalen för denna grupp och deras ökande andel av arbetskraften, särskilt i åldersgruppen 55–64.

Data från undersökningar

Eurofounds större undersökningar tillhandahåller en mängd data om situationen bland äldre arbetstagare. I den sjätte europeiska undersökningen om arbetsvillkor (EWCS) tittar man på hur äldre arbetstagare skattar olika aspekter av kvalitet i arbetet. Trots att det är mindre sannolikt att äldre arbetstagare blir arbetslösa än yngre visar uppgifterna att äldre arbetstagare känner att om de blir av med sitt arbete så skulle de inte hitta ett nytt arbete med samma lön, och skulle till och med ha svårt att ta sig in på arbetsmarknaden igen.

En studie som baseras på Eurofounds femte europeiska undersökning om arbetsvillkor (EWCS) tittar på kännetecknen för den äldre arbetskraften och för arbete i olika åldrar, liksom på faktorer som gör arbetet hållbart för en åldrande arbetskraft: bra arbetsvillkor, fysiskt och psykiskt välmående samt balans mellan arbetslivet och privatlivet.

Eurofounds undersökning om livskvaliteten i Europa (EQLS) erbjuder åldersrelaterade uppgifter med avseende på olika aspekter av livskvalitet i Europa. En analys av arbetspreferenserna efter det att arbetstagarna fyllt 50 år utgår från uppgifter i den tredje EQLS och visar att många äldre arbetstagare föredrar att arbeta färre timmar, även med tanke på deras ekonomiska behov. Genom att underlätta denna anpassning av arbetstimmar efter preferenser kan man göra det möjligt för och motivera människor att arbeta längre.

Längre arbetsliv

Nyligen anslöt sig Eurofound till tre andra EU-byråer för att titta på åldersvänligt arbete i Europa, de politiska utmaningar som hör ihop med den åldrande arbetskraften och innovativa lösningar.

Många arbetstagare kan eller vill inte arbeta fram till den lagstadgade pensionsåldern. Det finns dock också en grupp som kan och är villig att arbeta längre än den. Eurofound har undersökt detta växande fenomen med människor som väljer att fortsätta jobba efter pensionen.

Aktuell forskning har inriktats på hur man kan förlänga arbetslivet genom flexibla pensionssystem, där man särskilt tittat på system med delpension som kan underlätta detta. Översyner mitt i karriären kan också bidra till längre arbetsliv. Forskarna har tittat på hur de kan hjälpa till att klargöra arbetstagarnas alternativ för att fortsätta arbeta till en senare pensionsålder. Forskningen belyser olika instrument som tagits fram av företag för att behålla åldrande arbetstagare.

I annan forskning dokumenterar man nationella och branschspecifika initiativ på statlig nivå och bland arbetsmarknadsparter för att behålla äldre arbetstagare på arbetsmarknaden, inklusive finansiella incitament och förbättrade villkor. Under ett tidigare projekt analyserades initiativ för hantering av åldersfrågor som introducerats före och efter lågkonjunkturen för att framhålla god praxis vid europeiska företag.

Resurser

Key outputs

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This report uses European Working Conditions Survey data to examine working conditions and their implications for worker’s health. Ensuring the sustainability of work in the context of ageing populations implies...

13 maj 2019
Publication
Research report
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Nearly 37,000 people in 33 European countries (28 EU Member States and 5 candidate countries) were interviewed in the last quarter of 2016 for the fourth wave of the European...

23 januari 2018
Publication
Research report
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Demographic change is increasing the number of older workers in employment in Europe. In order for all of them to work beyond 55 or even after the pension age, it...

21 december 2017
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

Research continues in this topic on a variety of themes, which are outlined below with links to forthcoming titles.

Eurofound expert(s)

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Hans Dubois is a senior research manager in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. His research topics include housing, over-indebtedness, healthcare, long-term care, social...

Senior research manager,
Social policies research unit
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Franz Eiffe is a research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. He is involved in projects on sustainable work, quantitative analyses and upward convergence in the EU, as...

Research manager,
Working life research unit
Publications results (101)

Europe is facing unprecedented demographic change including a previously unknown ageing of the population. In view of these demographic and societal changes, social inclusion of the elderly is of growing importance. In searching for measures to promote the social inclusion of the older population

02 March 2011

The results of Eurofound’s second European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS 2007) show that older people run the risk of being socially excluded. The highest proportion of people reporting a feeling of being ‘left out of society’ is in the over-65 age bracket. Compared to younger age groups, a much

19 January 2010

Over the last decade, Foundation research has examined effective ways of promoting the participation of older workers in the labour market, to enhance their contribution and productivity, and prevent their early exit and unemployment. This report extends the research to the new Member States and the

21 April 2009

This issue of Foundation Findings deals with older women workers in Europe. Older women workers represent an increasing proportion of the workforce in the EU, especially in the 55–64 years age group. Employment rates for older women workers have been increasing in Europe. Foundation Findings provide

22 February 2009

The report highlights four factors which are key to shaping the age structure of Europe’s workforce: ensuring career and employment security; maintaining and promoting the health and well-being of workers; developing skills and competencies; and reconciling working and non-working life. The findings

21 September 2008

This report looks at the evolution of initiatives related to older employees undertaken by selected organisations (case studies) in Ireland over the last decade. It reviews the following points: main impacts of measures/initiatives at the company level; driving forces for implementing good practice

10 November 2007

This report looks at the evolution of initiatives related to older employees undertaken by selected organisations (case studies) in Estonia over the last decade. It reviews the following points: main impacts of measures/initiatives at the company level; driving forces for implementing good practice

17 October 2007

This report looks at the evolution of initiatives related to older employees undertaken by selected organisations (case studies) in Bulgaria over the last decade. It reviews the following points: main impacts of measures/initiatives at the company level; driving forces for implementing good practice

17 October 2007

This report looks at the evolution of initiatives related to older employees undertaken by selected organisations (case studies) in the Czech Republic over the last decade. It reviews the following points: main impacts of measures/initiatives at the company level; driving forces for implementing

17 October 2007

This report looks at the evolution of initiatives related to older employees undertaken by selected organisations (case studies) in Cyprus over the last decade. It reviews the following points: main impacts of measures/initiatives at the company level; driving forces for implementing good practice

16 October 2007

Online resources results (133)

Unfair treatment of older people in the labour market

In December 2013, the Slovak Republic Government [1] launched the National Programme of Active Ageing for 2014–2020 (in Slovak, 1.3 MB PDF) [2]. Its aim was to tackle the problem of the country’s ageing population and make the complex issue of ‘active ageing’ a political priority. While the

Low economic activity among people over 45

A 2013 report, Diagnosis of the current situation of women and men aged 50+ on the labour market in Poland (66 MB PDF) [1], investigates how active this age group is in the country’s labour market. It is part of a larger project focusing on ‘Equal opportunities in the labour market for people aged

Better ‘workability’ means longer careers

Every three years, the Foundation for Innovation and Labour [1], part of the Flemish Social-Economic Council (SERV [2]), carries out a survey of attitudes towards work in the Flemish Region of Belgium. The results are used to assess the ‘workability’ of jobs in the region. The survey was first

Sharp fall in minimum pension scheme claims

The French minimum pension scheme supports people on low incomes. It helps them reach the legally guaranteed minimum income.

Sharp rise in sickness absence

Sickness absence in Belgium has increased continuously since 2002. More employees take more sick leave more often, and in 2012 total absence due to sickness was 4.7% of all hours worked. This translates to an annual average of more than twelve working days’ absence per person. Short term sickness

How unskilled workers’ health deteriorates with age

In light of demographic change and the increase of the retirement age from 65 to 67, older workers are becoming increasingly important for the German labour market. While some fear increasing poverty among those who might not be able to work until the age of 67, others argue that an even higher

Inequality and discrimination in employment still high

A survey, Equality and discrimination in the workplace (in Bulgarian), [1] was commissioned by Bulgaria’s Ministry of Labour and Social Policy (MLSP [2]) and the Commission for Protection against discrimination (KZD [3]). It was part of a project, Progress Towards Equality: National Effective and

Challenges of an ageing population

In December 2012, Estonia’s Centre of Applied Social Sciences (CASS [1]) presented a study, The elderly in the Estonian labour market (in Estonian, 1.5KB PDF [2]). Its aim was to gather labour market related information on people aged between 50 and 74. The study was designed to map their situation

Employers positive about recruiting young workers

The Chartered Institute for Personnel and Development (CIPD [1]) released a report in September 2012 called Learning to Work [2], examining employers’ views of young people and their attitudes towards the recruitment of young workers. The survey, based on replies from 760 workplaces, showed that a

Rise in age-related discrimination at work

One of the purposes of the ‘Trends’ survey carried out in April 2011 by research agency Centre of Empirical Studies (STEM [1]) was to learn more about the views of Czech people on discrimination at work. This representative survey involves a set of questions that have been asked each year since 2004


Blogs results (6)

There’s a demographic shift sweeping Europe: people are living longer and working longer. Older workers, however, face significant labour market barriers.

25 januari 2024
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Motivated workers have higher levels of engagement, better health and are able to work longer. Improving motivation at work is therefore a key component in meeting the challenges of Europe’s ageing workforce and improving the EU’s long-term competitiveness on a global scale. This means that fosterin

20 mars 2019
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Over the last decade, European labour markets have seen a surge in the number of older workers in work and a continuous decline in their unemployment rates. A lot of young and middle-aged workers lost their jobs in the Great Recession, but not so the older age group. This favourable state of affairs

15 november 2018
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In this article, Jean-Marie Jungblut looks at the health of careers in Europe. He argues that, since the average length of the most important job in a person’s life is over 20 years, time should be put aside in the middle of a career to check the fit between the worker and the job. Different scenari

21 juni 2018
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In this blog piece, originally published in Social Europe, Eurofound Research Officer Daniel Molinuevo looks at the service providers delivering long-term care to older people in Europe.

18 januari 2018
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There are limits to the effectiveness of member states’ pension reforms. Europe, it’s often said, is experiencing a worsening ageing crisis. European governments grappling with this and the related unsustainability of many pension schemes have taken measures to keep older workers longer in employmen

26 september 2016
Upcoming publications results (1)

The European population is living longer, with a declining natural population since 2014, offset only by positive net migration. The proportion of older people, especially those over 50, is increasing. Demographic ageing, where the working-age population shrinks while the number of older individuals

March 2025
Data results (2)

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