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Arbetsmarknadsrelationer och social dialog

Arbetsmarknadsrelationer och social dialog är en av sex huvudsakliga verksamheter i Eurofounds arbetsprogram för perioden 2021–2024. Eurofound kommer att fortsätta fungera som ett kompetenscentrum för övervakning och analys av utvecklingen inom system för arbetsmarknadsrelationer och social dialog på nationell nivå och EU-nivå. Eurofound kommer även att fortsätta stödja dialogen mellan arbetsmarknadens parter, bland annat mot bakgrund av effekterna av covid-19, med hjälp av sakkunskap från nätverket av Eurofounds korrespondenter på nationell nivå.

Under de kommande fyra åren kommer Eurofound att ge viktiga insikter i utmaningarna och framtidsutsikterna på området arbetsmarknadsrelationer och social dialogi EU. Med sin långa expertis på detta område utforskar Eurofound den viktigaste utvecklingen som påverkar aktörer, processer och centrala resultat vad gäller arbetsmarknadsrelationer. Eurofound jämför nationella system för arbetsmarknadsrelationer, inklusive den nationella sociala dialogen och kollektiva förhandlingar. Genom att bygga vidare på sin databas COVID-19 EU PolicyWatch, som skapades 2020, kommer Eurofound att övervaka politiska initiativ av regeringar, arbetsmarknadens parter och andra aktörer för att motverka de sociala och ekonomiska konsekvenserna av krisen samt bidra till återhämtningen. Eurofound kommer att fortsätta att regelbundet rapportera om utvecklingen inom lönebildning, minimilön och arbetstid och även om resultat som avser arbetslivet.

Med sin sakkunskap stödjer Eurofound arbetsmarknadsparternas kapacitetsuppbyggnad i att få till stånd en effektiv social dialog, och myndigheten främjar utvecklingen av den sociala dialogen i EU genom att granska arbetsmarknadsparternasrepresentativiteti olika sektorer för att bedöma huruvida de har rätt att delta i kommittéer för social dialog.

”Vi finns här för att stödja dialogen mellan arbetsmarknadens parter. Och jag tror att de uppgifter vi sammanställer och den forskning vi bedriver spelar stor roll, om det hjälper aktörerna själva att fungera bättre... En levande social dialog är en del av vad man skulle kunna kalla en social marknadsekonomi, vilket är vad Europeiska unionen strävar efter att uppnå.”

David Foden, rådgivare, arbetsmarknadsrelationer

 

Topic

Recent updates

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After #MeToo: Changes in sexual harassment policy at work

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Viktiga politiska budskap

Infografik

De huvudsakliga resultaten av Eurofounds forskning utgör underlag för beslutsfattarna vad gäller hanteringen av några av de viktigaste frågorna på detta område.

  • Genom kollektiva förhandlingar spelar arbetsmarknadens parter en avgörande roll för att trygga en rättvis behandling av Europas arbetstagare och ett stabilt och förutsägbart ramverk för arbetsgivare.
  • Effektiva kollektiva förhandlingar gör att konkurrensen mellan företag kan inriktas på att öka effektiviteten i stället för att fokus läggs på att utnyttja arbetskraften genom gemensamma regler om löner och arbetsvillkor.
  • Systemen som reglerar arbetsmarknadsrelationer står inför allt större hot på grund av förändringar i samhället, på arbetsmarknaden och när det gäller hur arbetet organiseras. Detta har lett till utmaningar när det gäller kapaciteten hos centrala arbetsmarknadsparter inom systemen för arbetsmarknadsrelationer i medlemsstaterna.
  • När det gäller lön anger sju av tio arbetstagare med minimilön i EU-rapporten att de åtminstone har vissa problem med att få ekonomin att gå ihop, jämfört med färre än fem av tio andra arbetstagare. Dessa siffror varierar emellertid kraftigt mellan olika länder. Mot bakgrund av pandemin kan minimilöner spela en roll i en politisk strategi för att stabilisera inkomster – och således efterfrågan – för att motverka en nedåtgående spiral mot recession eller depression.
  • För en effektiv social dialog i EU krävs starka förbindelser med nationella aktörer så att EU:s agenda fortsätter att vara relevant och så att EU:s självständiga avtal genomförs på ett meningsfullt sätt på nationell nivå.
  • Trots att flera gemensamma initiativ har uppstått ur den sociala dialogen i EU har få avtal ingåtts. Det finns en farhåga inom vissa sektorer när det gäller att begäranden från arbetsmarknadens parter om att genomföra avtal genom EU-lagstiftningen har avslagits och att det krävs bättre förbindelser mellan EU och medlemsstaterna.
  • En fallande tendens beträffande graden av fackföreningsanslutning skapar oro i många medlemsstater. Färre än en av tre arbetsplatser (med 10 eller fler arbetstagare) i EU (29 procent) har någon form av arbetstagarrepresentation. Att det finns lagstadgade krav är en viktig drivkraft för förekomsten av representation.
  • Kollektiva förhandlingar står fortfarande i centrum när det gäller systemen för arbetsmarknadsrelationer i EU. Beslutsfattarna bör ta tillfället i akt under covid-19-krisen att införa nya initiativ för att främja, stärka och stödja kollektiva förhandlingar.
  • Utöver arbetsmarknadsparternas ansträngningar kräver en effektiv social dialog och välfungerande arbetsmarknadsrelationer offentliga medel och myndighetsstöd. Beslutsfattarna bör undersöka nya former av kunskapsöverföring, tillhandahållande av resurser och diskussioner med arbetsmarknadsparter på EU-nivå och nationell nivå.
  • Att trygga och verka för rättvisa, välfungerande och balanserade arbetsmarknadsrelationer är avgörande för att säkerställa hållbar tillväxt för alla och sociala framsteg i EU. I efterdyningarna av covid-19 kommer detta även att vara ett viktigt sätt för beslutsfattare att integrera EU:s sociala och ekonomiska dimensioner, såsom fastställs i den europeiska pelaren för sociala rättigheter.

2021–2024 work plan

During 2021–2024, Eurofound will provide important insights into the challenges and prospects in the area of industrial relations and social dialogue in the EU. With a long-established expertise in this field, Eurofound explores the main developments affecting the actors, processes and key outcomes of industrial relations. It compares national systems of industrial relations, including national social dialogue and collective bargaining. Building on its EU PolicyWatch database created in 2020, Eurofound will monitor policy initiatives by governments, social partners and other actors to cushion the social and economic fallouts of the crisis, as well as to assist in the recovery efforts. Its regular reporting on pay setting, minimum wage and working time developments, as well as working life outcomes, will be ongoing.

Eurofound’s expertise supports the capacity-building of the social partners to achieve effective social dialogue, and the Agency promotes the development of the European social dialogue by looking at the representativeness of social partner organisations in different sectors to assess their eligibility to participate in social dialogue committees.

Addressing stakeholder priorities

Eurofound’s research aims to assist the European institutions, national public authorities and social partners at various levels to address the challenges facing the EU and at national level in the areas of policy formation, social dialogue, collective bargaining and the regulation of employment relations.

The Agency’s work programme is aligned with the European Commission’s political guidelines over the next four years, directly feeding into a number of key policy areas aimed at creating a strong social Europe. In particular, Eurofound will support the policy initiatives under the European Pillar of Social Rights linked to social dialogue and the involvement of workers, particularly in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. Specific findings will be available to inform the European policy debate on minimum wages and pay transparency, as well as on working time. In consultation with the European Commission, Eurofound will continue its focused work on European social dialogue through its series of representativeness studies in selected sectors.

 

Eurofound research

In 2024, Eurofound continues its national monitoring of trends and developments in industrial relations, social dialogue, collective bargaining and working life regulations and outcomes. 

To support European social dialogue, in 2024 the Agency plans to publish studies on the representativeness of social partner organisations in six sectors: construction, extractive industries, chemical sector, road transport including urban public transport, postal and courier services, and graphical industries. In addition, studies are ongoing on the following sectors: agriculture, temporary agency work, ports, maritime transport, tanning and leather, footwear, sugar, inland waterway transport, central government administration, railways and commerce. Eurofound continues its work on initiatives to support capacity building for effective social dialogue. In 2024, the Agency launches a new phase of Tripartite Exchange Seminars in collaboration with the European Training Foundation, Cedefop and the European Environment Agency.

Eurofound carries out its annual exercise of examining the involvement of national social partners in policymaking, in the context of the European Semester process and the Recovery and Resilience Facility, which in 2024 includes findings on the role of tripartite discussions held in Economic and Social Councils in Member States having such bodies. The contribution made by sectoral social partners to the implementation of reforms and investments included in the Recovery and Resilience Plans is also analysed, looking at policy processes that link European and national policy agendas. 

Eurofound’s EU PolicyWatch database continues to capture relevant policy initiatives by governments, social partners and other actors, including those taken to mitigate the socioeconomic consequences of the war in Ukraine, as well as those related to the twin transition.

Work on outcomes in collective bargaining agreements beyond the topic of pay concludes in 2024 and the results and dataset are planned for 2025. Research also concludes on how larger increases in statutory minimum wages affect collective bargaining and collectively agreed wages for low-paid groups. 

Eurofound collaborates with the European Institute for Gender Equality in 2024 to investigate further experiences with the implementation of gender pay transparency measures, with a focus also on those Member States that have recently introduced new legislation, and how the ‘work of equal value principle’ is defined and implemented.

The annual reviews on minimum wages and on working time in the EU continue in 2024. The working life country profiles are also being updated. The ongoing monitoring of industrial relations systems includes regular updates to the European Industrial Relations Dictionary.

Key outputs

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Eurofound's 2024 work programme is set in the context of the upcoming European elections, war in Ukraine, renewed Middle East conflict and rising cost of living across the EU.

23 januari 2024
Publication
Work programme
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Den årliga översynen av minimilöner för 2023 utarbetades mot bakgrund av en aldrig tidigare skådad inflation i Europa. Även om detta ledde till kraftiga ökningar av de nominella lönerna i...

29 juni 2023
Publication
Research report

Eurofound expert(s)

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Christine Aumayr-Pintar is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. Her current research topics include minimum wages, collectively agreed wages and gender...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
Publications results (534)

Over the last decade, information and communication technologies have changed the way employees work and communicate with each other. While the digitalisation of work offers many benefits, widespread access to digital devices in working life has created new forms of antisocial behaviour.

25 September 2024

This publication comprises individual country reports on developments in working life in each of the 27 EU Member States and Norway in 2023, based on national research and survey results. The topics covered include the political context in 2023; updates on the social partners and social dialogue ins

26 July 2024

This 2024 annual review of minimum wages provides a synopsis of minimum wage setting during 2023 in the EU27 and Norway. It reports in detail on the processes and outcomes of setting the minimum wage rates for 2024 and beyond. It investigates the extent to which minimum wage earners were affected by

26 June 2024

The post-pandemic recovery of Europe continued in 2023, with strong job creation despite subdued economic growth, against a background of rising geopolitical tension. Eurofound’s research over the year brought to light evidence on the key issues shaping the daily lives and work of Europeans.

02 May 2024

Three years after the adoption of the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF), this report reviews the quality of the social partners’ involvement in 2023 in the ongoing implementation of reforms and investments funded by that initiative. It also examines the quality of their involvement in the prepa

26 February 2024

In this pilot project, Eurofound successfully established the feasibility of, and piloted, an EU-wide database of minimum pay rates contained in collective agreements related to low-paid workers. A conceptual and measurement framework was devised, a total of 692 collective agreements – related to 24

26 January 2024

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the furniture sector.

08 December 2023

Previous Eurofound research developed three complementary tools to examine the dynamics of industrial relations and compare how national industrial relations systems are faring in terms of quality and change over time.

05 December 2023

In the EU, non-compliance with statutory or negotiated minimum wages averages 6.93% or 1.3%, depending on the statistics used. The lowest national estimate is 0.01% in Belgium and the highest is 11.59% in Hungary.

27 November 2023

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the woodworking sector.

21 November 2023

Online resources results (1801)

After #MeToo: Changes in sexual harassment policy at work

The #MeToo movement, which began in 2017 with allegations of sexual harassment and assault in the entertainment industry, has brought significant attention to sexual harassment, particularly as it affects working women. The #MeToo movement has sparked a broader discussion about the prevalence of

Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound Research Manager Carlos Vacas about the situation of the middle class in Europe. They look at developments over the past two decades, the significance of income adequacy and equality in the development of a robust middle class in Europe.

30 september 2024

Work–life balance: Policy developments

In recent years, work–life balance has become a central theme in labour policies across Europe. While EU Member States have adopted different approaches, the common aim is to promote a more inclusive working environment. A major driving force behind these policies was the Work–Life Balance Directive

Labour disputes across Europe in 2023: Ongoing struggle for higher wages as cost of living rises

The year 2023 was marked by several significant labour disputes across Europe, even in countries with a traditionally ‘quiet’ industrial relations landscape. The main reason for industrial unrest was wages not keeping pace with the increasing cost of living. The most affected sectors were transport,

Towards adequate minimum wages: Fairness and a decent standard of living

The adequacy of minimum wages established by the EU Minimum Wage Directive shall be assessed on two dimensions: fairness and the provision of a decent standard of living. It is up to the Member States to decide on their approaches to assessing the adequacy of minimum wage levels.

Working life in Czechia

This profile describes the key characteristics of working life in Czechia. It aims to provide the relevant background information on the structures, institutions and relevant regulations regarding working life.

Working life in Austria

This profile describes the key characteristics of working life in Austria. It aims to provide the relevant background information on the structures, institutions and relevant regulations regarding working life.

Working life in Cyprus

This profile describes the key characteristics of working life in Cyprus. It aims to provide the relevant background information on the structures, institutions and relevant regulations regarding working life.

Working life in Croatia

This profile describes the key characteristics of working life in Croatia. It aims to provide the relevant background information on the structures, institutions and relevant regulations regarding working life.

Working life in Bulgaria

This profile describes the key characteristics of working life in Bulgaria. It aims to provide the relevant background information on the structures, institutions and relevant regulations regarding working life.


Blogs results (22)
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Minimum wages have risen significantly in 2022, as the EU Member States leave behind the cautious mood of the pandemic. However, rising inflation is eating up these wage increases, and only flexibility in the regular minimum wage setting processes may avoid generalised losses in purchasing power amo

15 juni 2022
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With the arrival of the month of May, the 2022 European Semester Spring Package is anticipated soon. After a transformative year in 2021, which saw the launch of the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) under NextGenerationEU, the European Semester cycle has resumed its role as the reference frame

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With its proposed directive on gender pay transparency, the European Commission has significantly bolstered the set of tools for delivering its objectives compared to those presented in its 2014 Recommendation. The proposed portfolio of measures addresses many shortcomings of the instruments that na

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Decision-makers approached minimum wage setting for 2021 cautiously due to the economic uncertainty caused by the pandemic. Despite this, nominal statutory minimum wages rose in most Member States and the UK, although at lower rates than in recent years.

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In the context of the ongoing trend of a fall in collective bargaining coverage, and recent calls at EU level to promote collective bargaining coverage as an instrument to support fair and decent wages, new data from Eurofound’s fourth European Company Survey (ECS) show that two-thirds of workers (i

28 oktober 2020
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The coronavirus disease (Covid-19) is having drastic consequences for the world of work. In most European countries workers who are not delivering essential ‘frontline’ services are being asked to stay home. Unfortunately many are out of work, while many of those who are not are minimum-wage and low

1 april 2020
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As one of their ‘100 days in office’ initiatives, the new European Commission intends to propose an initiative for an EU minimum wage. The aim is that by 2024 every worker in the EU should earn a fair and adequate wage, no matter where they live.

15 januari 2020
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Trade unions in many EU Member States face the issue of declining membership. This is a fundamental challenge for organised labour, but it is premature to speak about the redundancy unions: when it comes to important decisions affecting the workplace, restructuring being one, trade unions remain a p

20 november 2019
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The International Labour Organization (ILO) met for the first time 100 years ago, and right at the top of the agenda for discussion for this new specialised UN agency was the 8-hour working day. This discussion subsequently resulted in the Hours of Work (Industry) Convention, which stated that ‘The

12 november 2019
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The European Platform Tackling Undeclared Work last year documented the case of a Dutch temporary work agency that hired workers of various nationalities to work for a construction company in Belgium. The wages were suspiciously low, and the Belgian Labour Inspectorate believed that EU law guarantee

17 juli 2019

Upcoming publications results (7)

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the graphical industry. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participation

July 2025

This report reviews the quality of the national social partners’ involvement in the implementation of the reforms and investments shaping the digital and green transition in the context of national policymaking. These reforms and investments stem mainly from the Recovery and Resilience Facility.

March 2025

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the extractive industries sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective par

December 2024

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the construction sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participatio

December 2024

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the chemical sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participation in

December 2024

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the road transport sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participat

December 2024

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the postal and courier activities sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effec

November 2024
Data results (10)

Eurofound publishes gross and nominal statutory minimum wages applicable in EU countries that have a statutory minimum wage.

25 januari 2024
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