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Elamistingimused ja elukvaliteet

Elamistingimused ja elukvaliteet on üks kuuest põhitegevusest Eurofoundi 2021.–2024. aasta tööprogrammis. Eurofound jätkab Euroopa inimeste elamistingimuste parandamisega seotud põhiaspektide kaardistamist ja analüüsimist, sh kogudes teavet selle kohta, kuid nad tajuvad elu- ja ühiskonna kvaliteeti. Kuivõrd COVID-19 pandeemia ja sellele järgnenud majanduskriis on inimeste elu sügavalt mõjutanud, uurib Eurofound selle kriisi mõju ELi kodanikele eri eluetappidel.

Aastatel 2021–2024 pakub Eurofoundi uurimistegevus põhjalikku ülevaadet ELis esinevatest väljakutsetest ja väljavaadetest elamistingimuste ja elukvaliteedi valdkonnas ning erinevate algatuste rollist, mille eesmärk on leevendada eri kodanikerühmade sotsiaalprobleeme. Erilist huvi pakuvad eakatelele ja hoolekandele, noortele ning nende sotsiaalsele kaasamisele ja sotsiaalsele liikuvusele avalduv mõju ning kriisi erinevad tagajärjed meestele ja naistele .

ELi avalikel teenustel oli oluline roll COVID-19 kriisile reageerimisel, kuid selles valdkonnas esines ka suuri probleeme, mistõttu neid teenuseid hinnatakse üksikasjalikumalt, keskendudes sellistele aspektidele nagu kvaliteet, juurdepääs ja taskukohasus. Varasematest järeldustest ilmnes, et kriisil oli teatud rühmadele – olenevalt vanusest, hoolduskohustusest ning töö- ja eraelu tasakaalust – ebaproportsionaalne mõju ning Eurofound kavatseb seda põhjalikumalt analüüsida.

Koostöös Euroopa Soolise Võrdõiguslikkuse Instituudiga (EIGE) kavatseb Eurofound uurida mitmemõõtmelist soolist ebavõrdsust, uurides COVID-19 kriisi mõju meestele ja naistele seoses tööhõives osalemise, materiaalsete elamistingimuste ja heaoluga, et teha kindlaks erinevused ja hinnata selle mõju soolisele ebavõrdsusele.

„ Kaasaegse Euroopa institutsioonide vastu suurema usalduse loomise põhiteguriks on olnud avalike teenuste kvaliteet ning see on eriti oluline praeguste ja tulevaste väljakutsetega toimetulekul. Kvaliteetsed teenused on ka valdkond, kus tuleks tegeleda innovatsiooniga, eriti digitaalsetele ja keskkonnahoidlikumatele teenustele üleminekuga, et olla tulevikus valmis sellisteks ohtudeks nagu pandeemia.“

Tadas Leončikas, vanem teadusjuht, sotsiaalpoliitika üksus

Topic

Recent updates

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Increasing emphasis on independent living and social inclusion is driving deinstitutionalisation – the shift away from a reliance on residential institutions towards family- and community-based settings for the provision of...

25 oktoober 2024
Publication
Research report

Poliitika põhisõnumid

Infograafik

Eurofoundi uurimistöö peamisi järeldusi kasutavad poliitikakujundajad selleks, et käsitleda valdkonna põhiprobleeme.

  • Ühiskondlikud pinged kahjustavad enim usaldust institutsioonide vastu, samas kui institutsioonide suurema usaldamise põhitegur on avalike teenuste tajutav kvaliteet.
  • Vajalik on tagada pikaajalisem ja paindlikum hoolekanne. Koduhooldus ja -abi tuleks muuta kättesaadavamaks, eriti ELi liikmesriikides, kus on kõige madalam sissetulek.
  • Esmatasandi tervishoiuteenuste, sotsiaalhoolekande ja pikaajalise hoolekande kiire kättesaadavus võib käivitada varajase sekkumise ja muutuvate vajaduste seire ning takistada hoolekandega seotud pikaajaliste probleemide süvenemist.
  • Noorte vaimse tervise probleemid suurenevad, kuigi ei ole selge, kas see on tingitud suuremast esinemissagedusest või sellest, et teadlikkus on suurem ja diagnoosimine on parem. Vaimne tervis on tihedalt seotud muude noorteprobleemidega ja võib olla nii ebavõrdsuse tulemus kui ka ebavõrdsuse allikas. Vaimse tervise probleemide riskitegurite hulka kuuluvad puue ja krooniline haigus, perekonnaprobleemid, suhteprobleemid eakaaslastega ja sotsiaalmeedia väga sage kasutamine.
  • Kuigi usalduse ja sotsiaalse ühtekuuluvuse tasemed on ELis finantskriisi järel üldiselt taastunud, on COVID-19 pandeemia märkimisväärselt mõjutanud heaolu riikides, mida pandeemia kõige raskemini tabas.
  • Liikumispiirangute kehtestamise tõttu enim kaotanute seas kerkivad esile noored: sarnaselt töötutele märgivad noored, et nende heaolu on kõige madalamal tasemel, hoolimata teatavast paranemisest pandeemia algusega võrreldes. Kuigi eluga rahulolu ja optimism on 2020. aasta aprilliga võrreldes suurenenud, tunnevad noored end ikka veel ühiskonnast kõrvalejäetuna ning on suurimas depressiooniohus, mis tõendab, et piirangud mõjutavad neid rohkem.
  • Koroonaviiruse järgmiste lainete korral omandab kriitilise tähtsuse vaimse tervise riskide leevendamine töötute ja noorte seas COVID-19 kontekstis. Poliitiliste meetmete raames tuleb pakkuda tööotsijatele elurütmi taastamiseks ja pandeemia tagajärgedega toimetulekuks sihipärast abi ning tagada noortele võimalus ühiskonnaelus täielikult osaleda.
  • COVID-19 kriis on vähendanud optimismi taset ja mõjutanud töö- ja eraelu tasakaalu naistel rohkem kui meestel. Selle kahju heastamine on esmatähtis, et vältida pandeemia ebaproportsionaalset mõju naistele.
  • Kodanike usalduse säilimine Euroopa institutsioonide vastu peab olema kriisi ajal erilise tähelepanu all, sest COVID-19 tõrjemeetmete järgimine sõltub suurel määral sellest, kui palju usaldatakse institutsioone ja teaduslikke nõuandeid. Toetusmeetmetest abi saanud vastanute kasvanud usaldus institutsioonide vastu annab samuti riikide valitsustele ja ELile selge signaali.

2021–2024 work plan

During 2021–2024, Eurofound’s research will provide an important insight into the challenges and prospects in the area of living conditions and quality of life in the EU and the role played by various initiatives aimed at alleviating the social hardship of various groups of citizens. Of particular interest are the implications for older people and care needs, youth and their social inclusion and social mobility, and the varying consequences of the crisis on men and women.

Public services across the EU played a major role in addressing the COVID-19 crisis while facing significant challenges and they will be assessed in greater detail, focusing on issues such as quality, access and affordability. As previous findings have shown, the crisis has had disproportionate effects on certain groups according to age, care responsibilities and work-life balance, and Eurofound will analyse this further.

In coordination with the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE), Eurofound intends to research the multidimensional gender gap by investigating the impact on men and women of the COVID-19 crisis in terms of employment participation, material living conditions and well-being – in order to identify the differences and assess its effect on gender gaps.

Addressing stakeholder priorities

Eurofound’s research aims to assist policy action addressing the challenges and opportunities for the EU and national levels in the area of living conditions and quality of life. In particular, it will monitor the impact of COVID-19 and the ensuing economic crisis by providing knowledge on status, trends, risks, as well as ways to improve living conditions in the EU. Eurofound will focus on identifying and analysing pressing issues for the most vulnerable groups, specifically older citizens and young people. Eurofound will also inform policymakers by producing evidence on trends and drivers in relation to the delivery of public services, also linking in, for example, with the European Pillar of Social Rights.

The Agency’s work plan is aligned with the European Commission’s political guidelines over the next four years, directly feeding into a number of key policy areas aimed at creating a strong social Europe. In particular, the research will support policy initiatives and activities linked with the implementation of the European Gender Equality Strategy 2020–2025, the Youth Guarantee, the Child Guarantee and the European Semester and its country-specific recommendations.

 

Eurofound research

In 2024, Eurofound continues to monitor trends in living conditions and quality of life, against the backdrop of the health-related and economic fallout of the COVID-19 pandemic, the implications of the war in Ukraine, rising energy prices, and increases in costs of living. Building on the various rounds of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey, as well as on data gathered in 2023, the Agency investigates the impact of these challenges on the living conditions of Europeans.

The European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) commences in 2024, including some questions on working conditions and living conditions relevant to the aftermath of COVID-19. The European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) follows in 2026 using lessons drawn from the 2024 EWCS.

Research concludes on identifying groups not covered by social protection, due to coverage gaps and non-take-up of minimum income and unemployment schemes. It also looks at adequacy of these benefits, digitalisation of application procedures, linked service entitlements and sanctioning measures. Eurofound also publishes its findings on EU citizens’ rights and opportunities to live independently. It analyses the situation faced by various vulnerable groups and provides an overview of measures that facilitate family- and community-based care and support in the Member States.

Building on previous work on young people, research concludes on the life and prospects of young people in the post-pandemic era. Using new data collected in 2023, this research assesses the long-term impact of the pandemic on this group, looking into changes in the social situation of young people, as well as their quality of life, mental health and future prospects.

Analysis of the monitoring framework of the European Child Guarantee comes to an end in 2024, while new research starts to support national governments and the EU institutions in the implementation and evaluation of the Child Guarantee since it came into force. This work investigates the Member States’ levels of performance and their disparities, building on its previous work on convergence. It focuses on the workforce needed to deliver the Child Guarantee in areas of early childhood education and care, education, healthcare and other relevant sectors.

Considering the importance of care provision in EU societies, new research investigates informal care provision in the EU, the challenges faced by informal caregivers, and the measures in place to support them. This research considers care provided to people of all ages, while taking into consideration the diversity among informal carers. 

Eurofound launches new research on mental health services, investigating trends in and prevalence of mental health problems for different groups and how these needs are met in various countries in light of the pandemic and the arrival of Ukrainian refugees. 

Key outputs

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Eurofound's 2024 work programme is set in the context of the upcoming European elections, war in Ukraine, renewed Middle East conflict and rising cost of living across the EU.

23 jaanuar 2024
Publication
Work programme
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Mittetaskukohased eluasemed on ELis suur probleem. See põhjustab kodutust, eluasemega seotud ebakindlust, rahalist pinget ja puudulikke elamistingimusi. Samuti takistab see noortel vanematekodust lahkumist. Need probleemid kahjustavad inimeste tervist ja heaolu...

30 Mai 2023
Publication
Research report
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2022. aasta algas ettevaatliku optimismiga. Euroopa oli väljumas kaks aastat kestnud COVID-19 pandeemiast, kusjuures NextGenerationEU koostas taastamiskava, millega luuakse tugev ja jätkusuutlik tulevik. Venemaa sissetung Ukrainasse muutis aga aasta alguses...

4 Mai 2023
Publication
Annual report

Eurofound expert(s)

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Hans Dubois is a senior research manager in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. His research topics include housing, over-indebtedness, healthcare, long-term care, social...

Senior research manager,
Social policies research unit
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Massimiliano Mascherini has been Head of the Social Policies unit at Eurofound since October 2019. He joined Eurofound in 2009 as a research manager, designing and coordinating...

Head of Unit,
Social policies research unit
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Sanna Nivakoski is a research officer in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. Before joining Eurofound in 2021, she worked as a post-doctoral researcher at University College...

Research officer,
Social policies research unit
Publications results (310)

Increasing emphasis on independent living and social inclusion is driving deinstitutionalisation – the shift away from a reliance on residential institutions towards family- and community-based settings for the provision of care and services. The aim is to ensure that people at risk of marginalisati

25 October 2024

This report focuses on unemployment and minimum income benefits for people of working age. Individuals with short or no employment records (mainly young people), the self-employed, those with non-standard working arrangements, and the long-term unemployed are often not entitled to higher-tier, or

08 October 2024

During the pandemic, many young people had to change their plans for the future. While at the end of 2023 young people’s labour market situation was more favourable than it had been in recent years, many obstacles remained on their route to independence, such as the rising cost of living and

21 May 2024

The post-pandemic recovery of Europe continued in 2023, with strong job creation despite subdued economic growth, against a background of rising geopolitical tension. Eurofound’s research over the year brought to light evidence on the key issues shaping the daily lives and work of Europeans.

02 May 2024

This background paper focuses on one important aspect of social protection: unemployment benefits, both first tier (usually contributory) and lower tier (predominantly tax-based, non-contributory and means-tested). Unemployment benefits help to cushion the impact of job loss on household finances an

02 February 2024

The various economic and social shocks of the past decade and a half – most recently the COVID-19 pandemic – have ongoing consequences for the living standards and prospects of Europeans, and sometimes these outcomes have been uneven across age groups. Social policies – such as those in the areas of

19 December 2023

The urban-rural divide in EU countries has grown in recent years, and the depopulation of certain rural areas in favour of cities is a challenge when it comes to promoting economic development and maintaining social cohesion and convergence.

18 October 2023

Selles aruandes käsitletakse COVID-19 kriisi mõju sotsiaalteenustele ELis. Kuigi pandeemia mõjutas sotsiaalteenuseid negatiivselt, õpetas see siiski, kuidas neid uutele väljakutsetele ja sotsiaalsetele riskidele reageerimiseks kohandada. Üks õppetund on näiteks, et tuleks välja töötada poliitikad

16 August 2023

Mittetaskukohased eluasemed on ELis suur probleem. See põhjustab kodutust, eluasemega seotud ebakindlust, rahalist pinget ja puudulikke elamistingimusi. Samuti takistab see noortel vanematekodust lahkumist. Need probleemid kahjustavad inimeste tervist ja heaolu, väljendavad ebavõrdseid

30 May 2023

2022. aasta algas ettevaatliku optimismiga. Euroopa oli väljumas kaks aastat kestnud COVID-19 pandeemiast, kusjuures NextGenerationEU koostas taastamiskava, millega luuakse tugev ja jätkusuutlik tulevik. Venemaa sissetung Ukrainasse muutis aga aasta alguses olukorda dramaatiliselt, tekitades uusi

04 May 2023

Online resources results (219)

In this episode of Eurofound Talks, Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound researchers Eszter Sandor and Massimiliano Mascherini about the situation for young people in Europe.

25 juuni 2024

In this episode Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound Senior Research Manager Hans Dubois on the issues that feed into housing insecurity in Europe, and the actions that need to be taken to address them. Together, they analyse findings from Eurofound’s recent Unaffordable and inadequate housing in Eu

15 juuni 2023

The rise in cost of living and energy poverty: Social impact and policy responses. 14 October 2022, Informal Meeting of Employment and Social Affairs Ministers (EPSCO). Presentation by Ivailo Kalfin, Executive Director, Eurofound.

14 oktoober 2022
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Wages in long-term care and other social services 21% below average

New data from the EU Structure of Earnings Survey (SES) show that, on average, EU Member States paid their social services workers 21% less than the average national hourly earnings in 2018: this compares with 19% less than the average in 2010 and 20% less in 2014. The majority of social services

European Quality of Life Survey 2016 New results for the EU candidate countries Event on Improving quality of life in Europe – Sharing data to shape better policies, 26 June 2018, Belgrade, Serbia Presentation by Tadas Leončikas, Senior Research Manager, Eurofound

26 juuni 2018

Germany: Trade unions' approach to climate change policies

While the international trade union movement is calling for a more effective implementation of the Paris Agreement on climate change, national trade unions differ regarding the way forward. German unions are taking a traditional path in joining forces with employers and calling for governmental

Malta: Latest working life developments – Q3 2017

Compensating workers for weekend public holidays, the effect of legalising marijuana in the workplace, and a proposal that the first day of sick leave should be unpaid are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Malta in

Finland: Major reform to healthcare and social services underway

The Finnish government is preparing a major reform to health, social services and regional government which will make regional governments a new level of public administration. Healthcare and social services and public employment services will be transferred from local governments to regional


Blogs results (32)

The housing crisis could be tackled by improving public services, better urban planning and ensuring that social protection benefits reach the people who need them most.

2 Mai 2024

The state in which the EU finds itself has been described as a ‘permacrisis’, whereby the Union is confronted by challenge after challenge, and citizens are constantly having to adapt to a ‘new normal’.

11 detsember 2023
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Spiralling housing costs are causing despair across the EU. The situation is making people anxious that they will lose their accommodation or become homeless; they may become overburdened financially or forced to live in substandard accommodation; and many young people are unable to leave home. Whil

4 aprill 2023
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A cocktail of insecurity, misinformation and mistrust imperil Europe’s future. Reliable, accessible data are at a premium.

14 detsember 2022
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Lower levels of health, increasing financial pressure and a significant degree of unmet healthcare: these are the findings of the fifth round of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey: Living in a new era of uncertainty – a report that presents an overview of responses from over 200,000 people

6 oktoober 2022
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Rising energy prices are putting more people under increased financial pressure and at greater risk of energy poverty. In this data story, we take a closer look at the data from the fifth round of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey to explore the extent of the issue and the threat of energy

3 august 2022
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Trust in national institutions has declined across the EU over the past two years. Driven by increasingly difficult economic circumstances and unreliable news sources, even people who previously expressed higher trust levels – such as those in financially secure positions – have become less trusting

25 juuli 2022
Image of people waiting for tram in city street and man cycling on cycle path

The Russian invasion of Ukraine and the resulting sanctions have caused energy prices to soar. Governments seeking to alleviate the negative impacts of price increases on households have introduced energy subsidies and VAT reductions for electricity, gas and fuel. While such policies may be needed

10 juuni 2022
Image of family cooking around camp fire outside home under bombardment in Ukraine

We are 100 days on from the invasion by Russia of Ukraine on 24 February, when peace in Europe was shattered. As the human tragedy began to unfold and with more than 6.8 million Ukrainians, mostly women and children, escaping their country since the start of the war, European citizens have been watc

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The European Pillar of Social Rights states that ‘everyone has the right to affordable long-term care services of good quality, in particular home-care and community-based services’. Taking a step to make this principle a reality, the European Commission is currently preparing a European Care Strate

5 Mai 2022

Upcoming publications results (2)

This report analyses data from Eurofound’s European Working Conditions Telephone Survey (EWCTS), the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey and official statistics to examine employment trends, working conditions and social inclusion challenges experienced by young people in the Western Balkans (Alba

December 2024
Forthcoming
Publication
Research report

This factsheet will provide a snapshot of society and quality of life in spring 2024. It will look at a number of issues, including mental well-being, trust, access to healthcare, social support and coping with increases in the cost of living. The analysis is based on the Living and working in the

December 2024
Data results (1)
24 oktoober 2023
Reference period:

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