Hyppää pääsisältöön
image_activity4_living_conditions_quality_of_life.png

Elinolot ja elämän laatu

Yksi Eurofoundin vuosien 2021–2024 työohjelman kuudesta keskeisestä toimesta on elinolot ja elämän laatu. Eurofound jatkaa Euroopassa asuvien ihmisten elinolojen parantamiseen liittyvien keskeisten näkökohtien kartoittamista ja analysointia. Tämä koskee myös tietoa siitä, miten he mieltävät elämän laadun ja yhteiskunnan. Koska Covid-19 -pandemia ja siitä johtunut talouskriisi on vaikuttanut syvästi ihmisten elämään, Eurofound selvittää myös kriisin vaikutusta EU:n kansalaisiin elämän eri vaiheissa.

Eurofoundin tutkimus tuottaa vuosina 2021–2024 tärkeää tietoa haasteista ja tulevaisuudennäkymistä elinolojen ja elämän laadun alalla EU:ssa sekä niiden erilaisten aloitteiden merkityksestä, joilla on tarkoitus lieventää eri kansalaisryhmien sosiaalisia vaikeuksia. Erityistä huomiota kiinnitetään seurauksiin iäkkäille ihmisille ja hoivatarpeille, nuorille ja heidän sosiaaliselle osallisuudelleen ja sosiaaliselle liikkuvuudelleen. Lisäksi käsitellään kriisin erilaisia vaikutuksia miehiin ja naisiin .

Julkisilla palveluilla oli koko EU:ssa tärkeä tehtävä ja suuria haasteita covid-19-kriisin hallinnassa. Niitä arvioidaan yksityiskohtaisesti ja siinä keskitytään laadun, pääsyn ja kohtuullisen hinnan kaltaisiin kysymyksiin. Kuten aiemmat tulokset ovat osoittaneet, kriisi on vaikuttanut epäsuhtaisesti tiettyihin ryhmiin iän, hoivavastuiden ja työ- ja yksityiselämän tasapainon osalta. Tätä vaikutusta Eurofound tutkii perusteellisemmin.

Eurofound aikoo yhteistyössä Euroopan tasa-arvoinstituutin (EIGE) kanssa tutkia sukupuolten moniulotteista epätasa-arvoa selvittämällä, miten covid-19-kriisi on vaikuttanut miehiin ja naisiin työhön osallistumisen, olennaisten elinolojen ja hyvinvoinnin osalta. Näin voidaan havaita erot ja arvioida kriisin vaikutusta sukupuolten epätasa-arvoon.

” Julkisten palvelujen laatu on ollut keskeistä siinä, että nyky-Euroopassa luotetaan instituutioihin. Se on myös ratkaisevan tärkeää nykyisistä ja tulevista haasteista selviämisessä. Laadukkaissa palveluissa myös innovoidaan, erityisesti siirtymällä digitaalisiin ja ympäristöystävällisempiin palveluihin ja valmistautumalla kohtaamaan tulevaisuuden riskit, kuten pandemiat.”

Tadas Leončikas, sosiaalipolitiikan yksikön vanhempi tutkimusjohtaja

Topic

Recent updates

eurofound-talks-23.png

In this episode of Eurofound Talks, Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound researchers Eszter Sandor and Massimiliano Mascherini about the situation for young people in Europe.

Podcast
ef23097-card-cover.png

During the pandemic, many young people had to change their plans for the future. While at the end of 2023 young people’s labour market situation was more favourable than it...

21 toukokuu 2024
Publication
Research report

Keskeiset poliittiset viestit

Infografiikka

Päätöksentekijät saavat Eurofoundin tutkimuksen tärkeimmistä havainnoista tietoa, jonka avulla he voivat puuttua alan keskeisiin ongelmiin.

  • Luottamusta instituutioita kohtaan heikentää eniten yhteiskunnassa esiintyvien jännitteiden kokeminen ja eniten luottamusta vahvistaa mielikuva julkisten palvelujen laadusta.
  • Pitkäaikaishoitoa tarvitaan aiempaa enemmän, ja sen on oltava joustavampaa. Kotihoidon ja -tuen saatavuutta on lisättävä erityisesti jäsenvaltioissa, joissa tulotaso on matalin.
  • Kun perusterveydenhuoltoon, sosiaalipalveluihin ja pitkäaikaishoitoon pääsee nopeasti, voidaan toimia ajoissa ja seurata muuttuvia tarpeita sekä estää pitkäaikaishoitoa koskevien ongelmien laajeneminen.
  • Nuorten mielenterveysongelmat lisääntyvät, vaikka ei olekaan selvää, johtuuko se niiden yleistymisestä vai siitä, että ne tunnetaan ja diagnosoidaan aiempaa paremmin. Mielenterveys liittyy tiiviisti muihin nuorisokysymyksiin, ja siihen liittyvät ongelmat voivat olla sekä eriarvoisuuden seuraus että sen lähde. Mielenterveysongelmien riskitekijöitä ovat vammaisuus ja pitkäaikaissairaus, perheongelmat, suhdeongelmat vertaisryhmissä ja runsas sosiaalisen median käyttö.
  • Vaikka luottamuksen ja sosiaalisen yhteenkuuluvuuden tasot ovat koko EU:ssa palanneet ennalleen rahoituskriisin jälkeen, covid-19-pandemian puhkeaminen on vaikuttanut huomattavasti hyvinvointiin maissa, joihin se iski ankarimmin.
  • Nuoret kuuluvat rajoitustoimien suurimpiin häviäjiin, sillä heidän hyvinvointinsa taso on työttömien ohella matalin, huolimatta joistakin pandemian alun jälkeen aikaansaaduista parannuksista. Vaikka tyytyväisyys elämään ja optimismi ovat lisääntyneet huhtikuun 2020 jälkeen, nuoret tuntevat olevansa edelleen syrjässä yhteiskunnasta, ja heillä on suurin riski masentua. Se osoittaa, että käytössä olleet rajoitukset vaikuttavat heihin enemmän.
  • Toimenpiteet, joilla lievennetään työttömien ja nuorten mielenterveysriskejä covid-19-pandemian jälkimainingeissa, ovat ratkaisevan tärkeitä koronaviruksen mahdollisissa uusissa aalloissa. Toimintapoliittisilla toimenpiteillä on tarjottava jatkuvasti kohdennettua tukea, jotta työtä etsivät pääsevät jälleen jaloilleen ja pystyvät selviämään pandemian vaikutuksista. Niillä on myös varmistettava, että nuoret pystyvät osallistumaan yhteiskuntaan kokonaisvaltaisesti.
  • Covid-19-kriisi on vähentänyt optimismia ja vaikuttanut enemmän naisten työ- ja yksityiselämän tasapainoon kuin miesten. Tämän vaurion korjaaminen on ratkaisevan tärkeää, jotta voidaan varmistaa, etteivät naiset joudu maksamaan pandemiasta kohtuuttomasti.
  • Kansalaisten luottamus kansallisiin ja EU:n instituutioihin on pystyttävä säilyttämään kriisiaikana, koska covid-19-pandemian hallitsemiseksi toteutettavien toimenpiteiden noudattaminen riippuu suuresti siitä, miten paljon instituutioihin ja tieteelliseen neuvontaan luotetaan. Tukitoimenpiteistä hyötyneiden vastaajien ilmoittama instituutioita kohtaan tunnetun luottamuksen kasvu on myös selkeä viesti kansallisille hallituksille ja EU:lle.

2021–2024 work plan

During 2021–2024, Eurofound’s research will provide an important insight into the challenges and prospects in the area of living conditions and quality of life in the EU and the role played by various initiatives aimed at alleviating the social hardship of various groups of citizens. Of particular interest are the implications for older people and care needs, youth and their social inclusion and social mobility, and the varying consequences of the crisis on men and women.

Public services across the EU played a major role in addressing the COVID-19 crisis while facing significant challenges and they will be assessed in greater detail, focusing on issues such as quality, access and affordability. As previous findings have shown, the crisis has had disproportionate effects on certain groups according to age, care responsibilities and work-life balance, and Eurofound will analyse this further.

In coordination with the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE), Eurofound intends to research the multidimensional gender gap by investigating the impact on men and women of the COVID-19 crisis in terms of employment participation, material living conditions and well-being – in order to identify the differences and assess its effect on gender gaps.

Addressing stakeholder priorities

Eurofound’s research aims to assist policy action addressing the challenges and opportunities for the EU and national levels in the area of living conditions and quality of life. In particular, it will monitor the impact of COVID-19 and the ensuing economic crisis by providing knowledge on status, trends, risks, as well as ways to improve living conditions in the EU. Eurofound will focus on identifying and analysing pressing issues for the most vulnerable groups, specifically older citizens and young people. Eurofound will also inform policymakers by producing evidence on trends and drivers in relation to the delivery of public services, also linking in, for example, with the European Pillar of Social Rights.

The Agency’s work plan is aligned with the European Commission’s political guidelines over the next four years, directly feeding into a number of key policy areas aimed at creating a strong social Europe. In particular, the research will support policy initiatives and activities linked with the implementation of the European Gender Equality Strategy 2020–2025, the Youth Guarantee, the Child Guarantee and the European Semester and its country-specific recommendations.

 

Eurofound research

In 2024, Eurofound continues to monitor trends in living conditions and quality of life, against the backdrop of the health-related and economic fallout of the COVID-19 pandemic, the implications of the war in Ukraine, rising energy prices, and increases in costs of living. Building on the various rounds of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey, as well as on data gathered in 2023, the Agency investigates the impact of these challenges on the living conditions of Europeans.

The European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) commences in 2024, including some questions on working conditions and living conditions relevant to the aftermath of COVID-19. The European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) follows in 2026 using lessons drawn from the 2024 EWCS.

Research concludes on identifying groups not covered by social protection, due to coverage gaps and non-take-up of minimum income and unemployment schemes. It also looks at adequacy of these benefits, digitalisation of application procedures, linked service entitlements and sanctioning measures. Eurofound also publishes its findings on EU citizens’ rights and opportunities to live independently. It analyses the situation faced by various vulnerable groups and provides an overview of measures that facilitate family- and community-based care and support in the Member States.

Building on previous work on young people, research concludes on the life and prospects of young people in the post-pandemic era. Using new data collected in 2023, this research assesses the long-term impact of the pandemic on this group, looking into changes in the social situation of young people, as well as their quality of life, mental health and future prospects.

Analysis of the monitoring framework of the European Child Guarantee comes to an end in 2024, while new research starts to support national governments and the EU institutions in the implementation and evaluation of the Child Guarantee since it came into force. This work investigates the Member States’ levels of performance and their disparities, building on its previous work on convergence. It focuses on the workforce needed to deliver the Child Guarantee in areas of early childhood education and care, education, healthcare and other relevant sectors.

Considering the importance of care provision in EU societies, new research investigates informal care provision in the EU, the challenges faced by informal caregivers, and the measures in place to support them. This research considers care provided to people of all ages, while taking into consideration the diversity among informal carers. 

Eurofound launches new research on mental health services, investigating trends in and prevalence of mental health problems for different groups and how these needs are met in various countries in light of the pandemic and the arrival of Ukrainian refugees. 

Key outputs

image_event_ep_24012023.png

Eurofound's 2024 work programme is set in the context of the upcoming European elections, war in Ukraine, renewed Middle East conflict and rising cost of living across the EU.

23 tammikuu 2024
Publication
Work programme
ef22024_card_cover.png

Kohtuuttoman kallis asuminen on suuri huoli EU:ssa. Se johtaa kodittomuuteen, asumiseen liittyvään epävarmuuteen, taloudelliseen ahdinkoon ja puutteelliseen asumisen tasoon. Se myös estää nuoria lähtemästä lapsuudenkodistaan. Nämä ongelmat vaikuttavat ihmisten terveyteen...

30 toukokuu 2023
Publication
Research report
ef23016_card_cover.png

Vuosi 2022 alkoi varovaisen optimistisesti. Eurooppa oli toipumassa kaksi vuotta kestäneestä covid-19-pandemiasta, ja Euroopan unionin elpymisvälineessä esitettiin suunnitelma vahvan ja kestävän tulevaisuuden rakentamiseksi. Venäjän hyökkäys Ukrainaan alkuvuodesta muutti kuitenkin tilannetta...

4 toukokuu 2023
Publication
Annual report

Eurofound expert(s)

hans-dubois-2023.png

Hans Dubois is a senior research manager in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. His research topics include housing, over-indebtedness, healthcare, long-term care, social...

Senior research manager,
Social policies research unit
massimiliano-mascherini-2023.png

Massimiliano Mascherini has been Head of the Social Policies unit at Eurofound since October 2019. He joined Eurofound in 2009 as a research manager, designing and coordinating...

Head of Unit,
Social policies research unit
sanna-nivakoski-2023.png

Sanna Nivakoski is a research officer in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. Before joining Eurofound in 2021, she worked as a post-doctoral researcher at University College...

Research officer,
Social policies research unit
Publications results (308)

In recent years, concerns have been expressed at EU and national level that the combined stresses arising from school, parental expectations and societal pressures can make the transition to adulthood difficult for young people – with the risk of a long-lasting negative impact. One way of easing the

03 July 2019

This report presents an overview of living conditions in the five current EU candidate countries – Albania, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia and Turkey. It is based on the results of the 2016 European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) and covers three broad areas: quality of life, quality of public

28 June 2019

Following the influx of over three million asylum seekers into the European Union in the three-year period 2015–2017, Member States faced a number of challenges related to integrating the newly arrived into their country. This report explores the role of public services – specifically housing

19 June 2019

Living and working in Europe 2015–2018 brings together Eurofound’s work on the quality of life, work and employment of EU citizens over the last four years of the outgoing European Parliament and Commission. It has a been a period of economic expansion, growing employment and rising living standards

20 May 2019

Rural communities have distinctive patterns of economic development and social life. Previous research has highlighted a rural–urban divide across several dimensions of quality of life. For instance, living standards are lower on average in rural areas. This policy brief aims to draw policymakers’

02 May 2019

Much policy is developed and operationalised through the prism of age, and addressing differences in the economic and social circumstances of different age groups is an ongoing concern of policymakers. This policy brief looks at inequalities in the quality of life of Europeans across six age groups.

05 February 2019

In the wake of an economic crisis that had a very uneven impact on social outcomes across EU Member States, EU leaders and policymakers have come to acknowledge that to make social Europe a reality, social convergence must be given an equal footing to economic convergence in policymaking. In this

17 December 2018

As data from the European Quality of Life Surveys and Eurobarometer show, the sharp decline in trust in institutions was a temporary phenomenon during the recession. In some Member States, trust in the EU declined more during this period than trust in national governments, but trust in the EU has

13 December 2018

People with disabilities are among the most disadvantaged groups in the EU. This policy brief examines the social situation of people of working age with disabilities, using data from the 2011 and 2016 rounds of the European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS). The brief looks at changes over this period

30 November 2018

This report provides an analysis of European societies in terms of social cohesion – in particular, social tensions, perceived social exclusion and community engagement are explored as key dimensions. It analyses the links between societal characteristics (quality of society) and well-being of

13 November 2018

Online resources results (219)

Medical specialists strike

In September and October 2001, Belgian clinical biologists, radiologists and kidney specialists were due to strike for a total of 12 days. They were primarily protesting against 'unusual' savings and budget over-run recovery measures being applied to their sector.

35-hour week negotiations in public hospitals

Negotiations over the introduction of the 35-hour week in France's public hospitals started in earnest in September 2001, following a government announcement that 40,000 jobs (a figure later raised to 45,000) were to be created to accompany the working time reductions. Trade unions have reservations

Changes ahead in hospital sector industrial relations

On 1 January 2002, the ownership of public hospitals in Norway will be transferred from the local government level (mainly county municipalities) to the state. The hospitals will be organised as subsidiaries under the control of one of five regional public enterprises that will also be established

National minimum wage developments and trends in income distribution

A national minimum wage of IEP 4.40 per hour was first introduced in Ireland in April 2000 under the National Minimum Wage Act 2000. The minimum wage directly benefited approximately 163,000 workers, or 13.5% of the total workforce (ie those earning less than IEP 4.40 per hour) (IE9907140F [1]). [1]

Unions protest against new management models for public services

Early 2001 saw trade union protests in various areas of the Portuguese public services - notably healthcare and some municipal services - where new management models are being tried out. The changes have led trade unions to protest against what they see as a privatisation of essential services. In

New law reforms social services

In October 2000, the Italian parliament approved a new framework law reforming the national system of social service provision. The new law provides for an integrated network of all types of provision (including social, healthcare, labour market measures), with new responsibilities for regional and

Controversial health sector reform proposed

On 18 January 2000, the Minister of Health, Tore Tønne, presented a government proposal for a public health sector reform. The reform involves a transfer of the ownership of all public hospitals from the county authorities to the state, and a complete financial and organisational restructuring of

Study examines gender differences in working and living conditions

An interdisciplinary research project on modern working and living conditions for women and men [1] (Moderna arbets- och livsvillkor för kvinnor och män, MOA), aimed at developing policies and methods better adjusted to modern working and living conditions, has been carried out recently in

Rescuing Ireland's social pact

Over the course of 2000, the current national agreement, the Programme for Prosperity and Fairness [1] (PPF) (IE0003149F [2]), became subject to considerable pressure as workers and trade unions pushed for compensation for increases in the cost of living (IE0010159F [3]). Inflation stood at 6.8% as

Flexible career options introduced in the Flemish not-for-profit sector

In late October 2000, the Flemish minister of employment, Renaat Landuyt (of the Socialist Party), reached an agreement with employers' and employees' organisations on the practical implementation of an agreement for the not-for-profit (also known as "social profit") sector - welfare, healthcare and


Blogs results (32)
ef21080.png

Vaccine acceptance is key to the success of COVID-19 vaccination campaigns worldwide. Worryingly, over a quarter of people living in Europe are hesitant about taking a COVID-19 vaccine, and the level of hesitancy is especially high among heavy users of social media. The spread of misinformation on s

23 kesäkuu 2021
ef20083.png

An ageing Europe and rising public expenditure on long-term care have signalled for some time that the fundamentals of care provision need to be addressed. However, the shocking death toll in care homes during the COVID-19 pandemic and the fact that many long-term care services were ill-equipped to

2 joulukuu 2020
ef20074.png

As Europe faces into what appears to be a second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, concern is mounting about the evolution and dramatic impact of the disease, with rising numbers of infections, hospitalisations and deaths. There is also a growing focus on the repercussions for the economy, the labour m

7 lokakuu 2020
image_blog_ef20065_covid_and_gender_03062020.png

​​​​​​​While women appear to be more resilient than men to COVID-19 in terms of health outcomes, that is not the case when it comes to the economic and social fallout. Measures taken by governments to control the spread of the virus are exacerbating gender divides in unemployment, domestic labour an

3 kesäkuu 2020
image_blog_covid_youth_18052020.png

While we now know that the idea that ‘COVID-19 only affects older people’ is fake news, the first weeks of the pandemic have shown that young people are in general more resilient than older people to the disease. But are they also more resilient to its social and economic impacts?

18 toukokuu 2020
image_blog_jme_12052020.png

The impact of COVID-19 continues to create chaos in people’s lives across Europe and the world. The economy is heading towards another major dip, and a sense of general insecurity pervades. The daunting challenges confronting health services and projections on the long-term impact of the crisis domi

12 toukokuu 2020
ef19051.png

The votes have been cast, tallied and declared and we can now see the political landscape of the new European Parliament. It is a complex picture: there has been growth of far-right and populist parties, but well short of what was projected, and at the same time there has been a boost for pro

30 toukokuu 2019
image_1_blog_rural_europe_08052019.png

Depopulation of rural areas and the concentration of employment and education opportunities in urban centres is a fact of modern life. What impact does this have on the quality of life of rural residents? Do they feel increasingly isolated, and what are the emerging trends? New research by Eurofound

8 toukokuu 2019
image1_europe_s_economic_recovery_blog_18062018.jpg

Europe is showing visible signs of progress; in most countries, labour markets are healthier than they have been in a decade, with more people active and in work than ever before, while social exclusion is declining. However, it is also a continent in transition, where an imbalance in opportunities

18 kesäkuu 2018

Upcoming publications results (4)

This factsheet will provide a snapshot of society and quality of life in spring 2024. It will look at a number of issues, including mental well-being, trust, access to healthcare, social support and coping with increases in the cost of living. The analysis is based on the Living and working in the

December 2024

This report analyses data from Eurofound’s European Working Conditions Telephone Survey (EWCTS), the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey and official statistics to examine employment trends, working conditions and social inclusion challenges experienced by young people in the Western Balkans (Alba

November 2024
Forthcoming
Publication
Research report

This report explores the implications of the right of all EU citizens to live independently. It investigates the barriers faced by people who wish to live independently, and the situation of people at risk of living in institutional settings. It maps the various measures taken by EU Member States to

October 2024

Social protection can include a range of entitlements to monetary and in-kind benefits. Eurofound’s project focuses on unemployment and minimum income benefits. Social protection can provide a safety net for people who are negatively impacted by the green and digital transitions. During the COVID-19

September 2024
Data results (1)
24 lokakuu 2023
Reference period:

Disclaimer

When freely submitting your request, you are consenting Eurofound in handling your personal data to reply to you. Your request will be handled in accordance with the provisions of Regulation (EU) 2018/1725 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2018 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data by the Union institutions, bodies, offices and agencies and on the free movement of such data. More information, please read the Data Protection Notice.