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Elinolot ja elämän laatu

Yksi Eurofoundin vuosien 2021–2024 työohjelman kuudesta keskeisestä toimesta on elinolot ja elämän laatu. Eurofound jatkaa Euroopassa asuvien ihmisten elinolojen parantamiseen liittyvien keskeisten näkökohtien kartoittamista ja analysointia. Tämä koskee myös tietoa siitä, miten he mieltävät elämän laadun ja yhteiskunnan. Koska Covid-19 -pandemia ja siitä johtunut talouskriisi on vaikuttanut syvästi ihmisten elämään, Eurofound selvittää myös kriisin vaikutusta EU:n kansalaisiin elämän eri vaiheissa.

Eurofoundin tutkimus tuottaa vuosina 2021–2024 tärkeää tietoa haasteista ja tulevaisuudennäkymistä elinolojen ja elämän laadun alalla EU:ssa sekä niiden erilaisten aloitteiden merkityksestä, joilla on tarkoitus lieventää eri kansalaisryhmien sosiaalisia vaikeuksia. Erityistä huomiota kiinnitetään seurauksiin iäkkäille ihmisille ja hoivatarpeille, nuorille ja heidän sosiaaliselle osallisuudelleen ja sosiaaliselle liikkuvuudelleen. Lisäksi käsitellään kriisin erilaisia vaikutuksia miehiin ja naisiin .

Julkisilla palveluilla oli koko EU:ssa tärkeä tehtävä ja suuria haasteita covid-19-kriisin hallinnassa. Niitä arvioidaan yksityiskohtaisesti ja siinä keskitytään laadun, pääsyn ja kohtuullisen hinnan kaltaisiin kysymyksiin. Kuten aiemmat tulokset ovat osoittaneet, kriisi on vaikuttanut epäsuhtaisesti tiettyihin ryhmiin iän, hoivavastuiden ja työ- ja yksityiselämän tasapainon osalta. Tätä vaikutusta Eurofound tutkii perusteellisemmin.

Eurofound aikoo yhteistyössä Euroopan tasa-arvoinstituutin (EIGE) kanssa tutkia sukupuolten moniulotteista epätasa-arvoa selvittämällä, miten covid-19-kriisi on vaikuttanut miehiin ja naisiin työhön osallistumisen, olennaisten elinolojen ja hyvinvoinnin osalta. Näin voidaan havaita erot ja arvioida kriisin vaikutusta sukupuolten epätasa-arvoon.

” Julkisten palvelujen laatu on ollut keskeistä siinä, että nyky-Euroopassa luotetaan instituutioihin. Se on myös ratkaisevan tärkeää nykyisistä ja tulevista haasteista selviämisessä. Laadukkaissa palveluissa myös innovoidaan, erityisesti siirtymällä digitaalisiin ja ympäristöystävällisempiin palveluihin ja valmistautumalla kohtaamaan tulevaisuuden riskit, kuten pandemiat.”

Tadas Leončikas, sosiaalipolitiikan yksikön vanhempi tutkimusjohtaja

Topic

Recent updates

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Increasing emphasis on independent living and social inclusion is driving deinstitutionalisation – the shift away from a reliance on residential institutions towards family- and community-based settings for the provision of...

25 lokakuu 2024
Publication
Research report

Keskeiset poliittiset viestit

Infografiikka

Päätöksentekijät saavat Eurofoundin tutkimuksen tärkeimmistä havainnoista tietoa, jonka avulla he voivat puuttua alan keskeisiin ongelmiin.

  • Luottamusta instituutioita kohtaan heikentää eniten yhteiskunnassa esiintyvien jännitteiden kokeminen ja eniten luottamusta vahvistaa mielikuva julkisten palvelujen laadusta.
  • Pitkäaikaishoitoa tarvitaan aiempaa enemmän, ja sen on oltava joustavampaa. Kotihoidon ja -tuen saatavuutta on lisättävä erityisesti jäsenvaltioissa, joissa tulotaso on matalin.
  • Kun perusterveydenhuoltoon, sosiaalipalveluihin ja pitkäaikaishoitoon pääsee nopeasti, voidaan toimia ajoissa ja seurata muuttuvia tarpeita sekä estää pitkäaikaishoitoa koskevien ongelmien laajeneminen.
  • Nuorten mielenterveysongelmat lisääntyvät, vaikka ei olekaan selvää, johtuuko se niiden yleistymisestä vai siitä, että ne tunnetaan ja diagnosoidaan aiempaa paremmin. Mielenterveys liittyy tiiviisti muihin nuorisokysymyksiin, ja siihen liittyvät ongelmat voivat olla sekä eriarvoisuuden seuraus että sen lähde. Mielenterveysongelmien riskitekijöitä ovat vammaisuus ja pitkäaikaissairaus, perheongelmat, suhdeongelmat vertaisryhmissä ja runsas sosiaalisen median käyttö.
  • Vaikka luottamuksen ja sosiaalisen yhteenkuuluvuuden tasot ovat koko EU:ssa palanneet ennalleen rahoituskriisin jälkeen, covid-19-pandemian puhkeaminen on vaikuttanut huomattavasti hyvinvointiin maissa, joihin se iski ankarimmin.
  • Nuoret kuuluvat rajoitustoimien suurimpiin häviäjiin, sillä heidän hyvinvointinsa taso on työttömien ohella matalin, huolimatta joistakin pandemian alun jälkeen aikaansaaduista parannuksista. Vaikka tyytyväisyys elämään ja optimismi ovat lisääntyneet huhtikuun 2020 jälkeen, nuoret tuntevat olevansa edelleen syrjässä yhteiskunnasta, ja heillä on suurin riski masentua. Se osoittaa, että käytössä olleet rajoitukset vaikuttavat heihin enemmän.
  • Toimenpiteet, joilla lievennetään työttömien ja nuorten mielenterveysriskejä covid-19-pandemian jälkimainingeissa, ovat ratkaisevan tärkeitä koronaviruksen mahdollisissa uusissa aalloissa. Toimintapoliittisilla toimenpiteillä on tarjottava jatkuvasti kohdennettua tukea, jotta työtä etsivät pääsevät jälleen jaloilleen ja pystyvät selviämään pandemian vaikutuksista. Niillä on myös varmistettava, että nuoret pystyvät osallistumaan yhteiskuntaan kokonaisvaltaisesti.
  • Covid-19-kriisi on vähentänyt optimismia ja vaikuttanut enemmän naisten työ- ja yksityiselämän tasapainoon kuin miesten. Tämän vaurion korjaaminen on ratkaisevan tärkeää, jotta voidaan varmistaa, etteivät naiset joudu maksamaan pandemiasta kohtuuttomasti.
  • Kansalaisten luottamus kansallisiin ja EU:n instituutioihin on pystyttävä säilyttämään kriisiaikana, koska covid-19-pandemian hallitsemiseksi toteutettavien toimenpiteiden noudattaminen riippuu suuresti siitä, miten paljon instituutioihin ja tieteelliseen neuvontaan luotetaan. Tukitoimenpiteistä hyötyneiden vastaajien ilmoittama instituutioita kohtaan tunnetun luottamuksen kasvu on myös selkeä viesti kansallisille hallituksille ja EU:lle.

2021–2024 work plan

During 2021–2024, Eurofound’s research will provide an important insight into the challenges and prospects in the area of living conditions and quality of life in the EU and the role played by various initiatives aimed at alleviating the social hardship of various groups of citizens. Of particular interest are the implications for older people and care needs, youth and their social inclusion and social mobility, and the varying consequences of the crisis on men and women.

Public services across the EU played a major role in addressing the COVID-19 crisis while facing significant challenges and they will be assessed in greater detail, focusing on issues such as quality, access and affordability. As previous findings have shown, the crisis has had disproportionate effects on certain groups according to age, care responsibilities and work-life balance, and Eurofound will analyse this further.

In coordination with the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE), Eurofound intends to research the multidimensional gender gap by investigating the impact on men and women of the COVID-19 crisis in terms of employment participation, material living conditions and well-being – in order to identify the differences and assess its effect on gender gaps.

Addressing stakeholder priorities

Eurofound’s research aims to assist policy action addressing the challenges and opportunities for the EU and national levels in the area of living conditions and quality of life. In particular, it will monitor the impact of COVID-19 and the ensuing economic crisis by providing knowledge on status, trends, risks, as well as ways to improve living conditions in the EU. Eurofound will focus on identifying and analysing pressing issues for the most vulnerable groups, specifically older citizens and young people. Eurofound will also inform policymakers by producing evidence on trends and drivers in relation to the delivery of public services, also linking in, for example, with the European Pillar of Social Rights.

The Agency’s work plan is aligned with the European Commission’s political guidelines over the next four years, directly feeding into a number of key policy areas aimed at creating a strong social Europe. In particular, the research will support policy initiatives and activities linked with the implementation of the European Gender Equality Strategy 2020–2025, the Youth Guarantee, the Child Guarantee and the European Semester and its country-specific recommendations.

 

Eurofound research

In 2024, Eurofound continues to monitor trends in living conditions and quality of life, against the backdrop of the health-related and economic fallout of the COVID-19 pandemic, the implications of the war in Ukraine, rising energy prices, and increases in costs of living. Building on the various rounds of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey, as well as on data gathered in 2023, the Agency investigates the impact of these challenges on the living conditions of Europeans.

The European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) commences in 2024, including some questions on working conditions and living conditions relevant to the aftermath of COVID-19. The European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) follows in 2026 using lessons drawn from the 2024 EWCS.

Research concludes on identifying groups not covered by social protection, due to coverage gaps and non-take-up of minimum income and unemployment schemes. It also looks at adequacy of these benefits, digitalisation of application procedures, linked service entitlements and sanctioning measures. Eurofound also publishes its findings on EU citizens’ rights and opportunities to live independently. It analyses the situation faced by various vulnerable groups and provides an overview of measures that facilitate family- and community-based care and support in the Member States.

Building on previous work on young people, research concludes on the life and prospects of young people in the post-pandemic era. Using new data collected in 2023, this research assesses the long-term impact of the pandemic on this group, looking into changes in the social situation of young people, as well as their quality of life, mental health and future prospects.

Analysis of the monitoring framework of the European Child Guarantee comes to an end in 2024, while new research starts to support national governments and the EU institutions in the implementation and evaluation of the Child Guarantee since it came into force. This work investigates the Member States’ levels of performance and their disparities, building on its previous work on convergence. It focuses on the workforce needed to deliver the Child Guarantee in areas of early childhood education and care, education, healthcare and other relevant sectors.

Considering the importance of care provision in EU societies, new research investigates informal care provision in the EU, the challenges faced by informal caregivers, and the measures in place to support them. This research considers care provided to people of all ages, while taking into consideration the diversity among informal carers. 

Eurofound launches new research on mental health services, investigating trends in and prevalence of mental health problems for different groups and how these needs are met in various countries in light of the pandemic and the arrival of Ukrainian refugees. 

Key outputs

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Eurofound's 2024 work programme is set in the context of the upcoming European elections, war in Ukraine, renewed Middle East conflict and rising cost of living across the EU.

23 tammikuu 2024
Publication
Work programme
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Kohtuuttoman kallis asuminen on suuri huoli EU:ssa. Se johtaa kodittomuuteen, asumiseen liittyvään epävarmuuteen, taloudelliseen ahdinkoon ja puutteelliseen asumisen tasoon. Se myös estää nuoria lähtemästä lapsuudenkodistaan. Nämä ongelmat vaikuttavat ihmisten terveyteen...

30 toukokuu 2023
Publication
Research report
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Vuosi 2022 alkoi varovaisen optimistisesti. Eurooppa oli toipumassa kaksi vuotta kestäneestä covid-19-pandemiasta, ja Euroopan unionin elpymisvälineessä esitettiin suunnitelma vahvan ja kestävän tulevaisuuden rakentamiseksi. Venäjän hyökkäys Ukrainaan alkuvuodesta muutti kuitenkin tilannetta...

4 toukokuu 2023
Publication
Annual report

Eurofound expert(s)

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Hans Dubois is a senior research manager in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. His research topics include housing, over-indebtedness, healthcare, long-term care, social...

Senior research manager,
Social policies research unit
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Massimiliano Mascherini has been Head of the Social Policies unit at Eurofound since October 2019. He joined Eurofound in 2009 as a research manager, designing and coordinating...

Head of Unit,
Social policies research unit
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Sanna Nivakoski is a research officer in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. Before joining Eurofound in 2021, she worked as a post-doctoral researcher at University College...

Research officer,
Social policies research unit
Publications results (310)

This policy brief highlights findings on a specific topic from Eurofound’s European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) that is of particular interest from a policy perspective. It brings results of the analysis of these data together with evidence from other Eurofound projects to formulate a number of

08 November 2013

This policy brief highlights findings on a specific topic from Eurofound’s European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) that is of particular interest from a policy perspective. It brings together results from the analysis of EQLS data and evidence from other sources to formulate a number of policy

08 November 2013

This report assesses the impact of the crisis on the subjective well-being of Europeans. In 2011, GDP per capita in 22 out of the then 27 EU Member States was below 2008 levels, and unemployment rates were higher in 25 out of the 27. These indicators demonstrate worrying trends, but the report goes

06 November 2013

This issue of Foundation Focus looks at impacts of the crisis on quality of life in Europe. Has quality of life worsened? Have all sections of society borne the impact equally, or have some ill-favoured groups been particularly affected? How do European citizens rate the quality of their public

29 October 2013

This paper is one in a series on EU enlargement countries covered by the European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) 2012: Croatia, Iceland, Kosovo, Montenegro, Serbia, Turkey and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. One way of measuring a society’s progress is by assessing the subjective well

16 September 2013

This country report gives an overview of the labour market policy in community-based care for adults with disabilities in Austria. The main topics discussed are the context in which community care labour market instruments are implemented, the funding structure, the strategies used to recruit new

10 September 2013

This country report gives an overview of the labour market policy in community-based care for adults with disabilities in Germany. The main topics discussed are the context in which community care labour market instruments are implemented, the funding structure, the strategies used to recruit new

10 September 2013

This country report gives an overview of the labour market policies in community-based care for adults with disabilities and chronic health problems in Portugal. The main topics discussed are the context in which community-based care labour market instruments are implemented, the funding structure

10 September 2013

This country report gives an overview of the labour market policy in community-based care for disabled adults in Bulgaria. The main topics discussed are the context in which community care labour market instruments are implemented, the funding structure, the strategies used to recruit new employees

10 September 2013

This country report gives an overview of the labour market policy in community-based care for adults with disabilities in France. The main topics discussed are the context in which community care labour market instruments are implemented, the funding structure, the strategies used to recruit new

10 September 2013

Online resources results (219)

Attitudes towards gender equality in the workplace

In 2006, the Institute of International and Social Studies (Rahvusvaheliste ja Sotsiaaluuringute Instituut) at Tallinn University (Tallinna Ülikool) in cooperation with the Ministry of Social Affairs (Sotsiaalministeerium) launched a survey entitled ‘Monitoring gender equality’ (in Estonian, 448Kb

Participation in adult education and lifelong learning

On 9 December 2005, the National Statistics Office (NSO [1]) issued a news release [2] detailing the development of adult education and lifelong learning in Malta since 1999. In recent years, the Maltese government has put adult education high on its political agenda, as stipulated in the National

Work–life balance policies: a win-win situation for all

In December 2005, on behalf of the Federal Ministry of Family Affairs (Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend, BMFSFJ [1]), the Allensbach Institute for Polling (Institut für Demoskopie Allensbach, IfD [2]) looked at the prevalence of family-friendly policies in enterprises. The

Fathers taking parental leave: impact on work–life balance

Employees in the Czech Republic are entitled to up to three years of parental leave [1] which must be taken before the child’s third birthday. Parents may share the leave equally, or either the father or mother can take the entire period of leave (36 months). Another option is to take a few months

Reconciling work and family life in the financial services sector

Reconciling work and family life is becoming an increasingly topical issue in the financial services sector’s social agenda, particularly in light of its strategy on corporate social responsibility. In this context, two of the largest private Spanish banks, Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria (BBVA) [1]

Working time after parental leave

In Sweden, compensation during parental leave is set at 16 months, of which 13 months are compensated at 80% of the previous income and three months at a fixed rate. In total, individual arrangements over four months are given to each parent, i.e. two months for mothers and two months for fathers

Work-life balance in the ICT and retail sectors

A study developed between October 2000 and July 2004 analysed the results of a survey carried out among a number of Portuguese companies in the information and communication technologies (ICT) and the retail trade sectors. One of the findings of this study is that the female workers experienced more

Work-life balance in Bulgaria

The June 2005 Bulgarian National Working Conditions Survey (BG0509SR01 [1]) explored the issue of work-life balance in some detail, by adding four questions to the 2001 questionnaire devised by the European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. The issue was further

Teleworking at home

Teleworking is based on the use of computers by knowledge and communication workers. A study on teleworking (available for purchase; in German) [1] focused on highly and medium qualified workers teleworking at home at least one day per week. The study is based on a combination of narrative and semi

Working conditions improving in Estonia

A comparison of results of the two Working Life Barometers in the Baltic countries (1998 and 2002) reveals an improvement in working conditions in Estonia. However, significant problems remain, such as increasing stress and limited access to job-related training. This report introduces the main


Blogs results (32)
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Vaccine acceptance is key to the success of COVID-19 vaccination campaigns worldwide. Worryingly, over a quarter of people living in Europe are hesitant about taking a COVID-19 vaccine, and the level of hesitancy is especially high among heavy users of social media. The spread of misinformation on s

23 kesäkuu 2021
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An ageing Europe and rising public expenditure on long-term care have signalled for some time that the fundamentals of care provision need to be addressed. However, the shocking death toll in care homes during the COVID-19 pandemic and the fact that many long-term care services were ill-equipped to

2 joulukuu 2020
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As Europe faces into what appears to be a second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, concern is mounting about the evolution and dramatic impact of the disease, with rising numbers of infections, hospitalisations and deaths. There is also a growing focus on the repercussions for the economy, the labour m

7 lokakuu 2020
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​​​​​​​While women appear to be more resilient than men to COVID-19 in terms of health outcomes, that is not the case when it comes to the economic and social fallout. Measures taken by governments to control the spread of the virus are exacerbating gender divides in unemployment, domestic labour an

3 kesäkuu 2020
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While we now know that the idea that ‘COVID-19 only affects older people’ is fake news, the first weeks of the pandemic have shown that young people are in general more resilient than older people to the disease. But are they also more resilient to its social and economic impacts?

18 toukokuu 2020
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The impact of COVID-19 continues to create chaos in people’s lives across Europe and the world. The economy is heading towards another major dip, and a sense of general insecurity pervades. The daunting challenges confronting health services and projections on the long-term impact of the crisis domi

12 toukokuu 2020
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‘Digital transformation’ has been a buzzword in policy circles for some time now, and commitments to making it work for citizens, business and society as whole abound. Brussels has been no exception – the European Commission presented its data and artificial intelligence (AI) strategies in February

23 huhtikuu 2020
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The votes have been cast, tallied and declared and we can now see the political landscape of the new European Parliament. It is a complex picture: there has been growth of far-right and populist parties, but well short of what was projected, and at the same time there has been a boost for pro

30 toukokuu 2019
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Depopulation of rural areas and the concentration of employment and education opportunities in urban centres is a fact of modern life. What impact does this have on the quality of life of rural residents? Do they feel increasingly isolated, and what are the emerging trends? New research by Eurofound

8 toukokuu 2019
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Europe is showing visible signs of progress; in most countries, labour markets are healthier than they have been in a decade, with more people active and in work than ever before, while social exclusion is declining. However, it is also a continent in transition, where an imbalance in opportunities

18 kesäkuu 2018

Upcoming publications results (2)

This report analyses data from Eurofound’s European Working Conditions Telephone Survey (EWCTS), the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey and official statistics to examine employment trends, working conditions and social inclusion challenges experienced by young people in the Western Balkans (Alba

December 2024
Forthcoming
Publication
Research report

This factsheet will provide a snapshot of society and quality of life in spring 2024. It will look at a number of issues, including mental well-being, trust, access to healthcare, social support and coping with increases in the cost of living. The analysis is based on the Living and working in the

December 2024
Data results (1)
24 lokakuu 2023
Reference period:

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