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Les conditions de travail et le travail durable

Les conditions de travail et le travail durable constituent l’une des six principales activités du programme de travail d’Eurofound pour la période 2021-2024. Eurofound continuera à fonctionner comme un centre d’expertise pour la surveillance et l’analyse des évolutions dans ce domaine, y compris la manière dont la crise de la COVID-19 a eu un impact sur les conditions de travail et la qualité de l’emploi, ainsi que sur les pratiques sur le lieu de travail.

Au cours de la période 2021-2024, Eurofound fournira des informations importantes sur les défis et les perspectives liés aux conditions de travail et au travail durable dans l’UE. S’appuyant sur une expertise de longue date dans ce domaine, Eurofound examinera les tendances et les progrès réalisés au fil du temps et identifiera les nouvelles préoccupations concernant les conditions de travail et la qualité de l’emploi. L’analyse portera sur différents pays, secteurs, professions et groupes de travailleurs concernant des problématiques telles que l’organisation du travailet le télétravail, le temps de travail, l’équilibre entre vie professionnelle et vie privée, l’égalité de traitement, la santé et le bien-être sur le lieu de travail , les compétences et la formation, la rémunération et les perspectives, et la satisfaction professionnelle. Les formes d’emploi atypiquesferont l’objet d’une attention particulière, en particulier le travail indépendant.

Compte tenu du défi démographique que représente pour l’UE le vieillissement de la populationet la diversité croissante de la vie professionnelle, Eurofound continuera à explorer les facteurs permettant à un plus grand nombre de travailleurs de rester plus longtemps en activité. Eurofound mettra également l’accent sur l’amélioration de la qualité de l’emploi en tant que facteur propice à une participation accrue au marché du travail et à l’accroissement de la motivation des salariés, cette amélioration contribuant ainsi à un travail durabletout au long de la vie.

Les liens entre travail et santé seront examinés en étroite collaboration avec l’Agence européenne pour la sécurité et la santé au travail (EU-OSHA). Eurofound entend poursuivre sa collaboration avec l’Organisation internationale du travail (OIT) au sujet des questions relatives à l’avenir du travail et aux conditions de travail au niveau mondial.

«C’est globalement une bonne nouvelle, car les conditions de travail dans l’Union européenne s’améliorent - même si cela se fait très lentement - mais, constat préoccupant, ce n’est pas nécessairement le cas pour tous les groupes de travailleurs. Cela dépend beaucoup du secteur dans lequel vous travaillez, cela dépend de votre niveau d’éducation, et franchement, cela dépend aussi du fait que vous soyez un homme ou une femme.»

— Barbara Gerstenberger, cheffe de l’unité «Vie professionnelle»

Topic

Recent updates

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Messages politiques clés

Infographie 2021

Les principaux résultats des recherches d’Eurofound servent de base de travail aux décideurs politiques pour aborder certaines des questions clés dans ce domaine.

  • L’amélioration des conditions de travail est essentielle pour les travailleurs et les employeurs. De nombreux aspects différents de la qualité de l’emploi doivent être pris en compte. Des emplois de qualité permettent aux personnes d’avoir une vie professionnelle plus longue et de meilleure qualité, et contribuent ainsi à un travail durable et à un équilibre positif entre vie professionnelle et vie privée.
  • Globalement, les conditions de travail dans l’UE s’améliorent, même si les progrès sont graduels. Les progrès n’ont toutefois pas été aussi rapides pour certains groupes de travailleurs: cela dépend du type de contrat de travail, du secteur et du niveau d’éducation.
  • Il existe de nombreux moyens d’améliorer les conditions de travail et la qualité de l’emploi dans l’UE. Les gouvernements ont certainement un rôle important à jouer dans l’établissement d’un cadre, par l’adoption de réglementations. Mais les travailleurs, les employeurs et leurs organisations sont également des acteurs importants. Pour de nombreuses dimensions de la qualité de l’emploi, le lieu de travail est l’endroit où les changements se produisent.
  • Un cinquième seulement des entreprises européennes ont trouvé le secret pour atteindre un bien-être parfait et un rendement optimal sur le lieu de travail. Il a été démontré que les lieux de travail «à haut niveau d’investissement et d’engagement» offrent les meilleurs résultats pour les travailleurs et les employeurs, en stimulant les performances et en améliorant la qualité de l’emploi grâce à l’accroissement de l’autonomie des personnels, à la facilitation de l’implication des employés et à la promotion de la formation et de l’apprentissage.
  • De nombreuses personnes, en particulier les parents et autres aidants, ont du mal à concilier leurs obligations professionnelles et non professionnelles. Si une organisation plus flexible du travail peut contribuer à résoudre ces difficultés, elle entraîne également des défis. Le télétravail, par exemple, offre une plus grande liberté de choisir où et à quel moment travailler, mais il peut aussi entraîner des horaires de travail plus longs, une intensité plus élevée et plus de difficultés à se déconnecter du travail.
  • L’augmentation du télétravail pendant la pandémie de COVID-19 a mis en évidence un brouillage des frontières entre le travail et la vie privée. De nombreux gouvernements et partenaires sociaux étudient des initiatives de «droit à la déconnexion» afin d’éviter que de larges segments de travailleurs ne soient exposés à un risque d’épuisement physique et émotionnel.
  • À l’avenir, les partenaires sociaux devraient viser à inclure dans tout cadre juridique ou toute convention des dispositions concernant les travailleurs sur le caractère volontaire du télétravail ou l’adéquation de tâches spécifiques pour le télétravail. Il sera également essentiel de clarifier la manière dont les employeurs peuvent contribuer aux dépenses liées au travail à domicile, ainsi que de garantir l’égalité de salaire et l’accès à la formation pour les personnes travaillant à distance.

2021–2024 work plan

During 2021–2024, Eurofound will provide important insights into the challenges and prospects related to working conditions and sustainable work in the EU. Building on long-established expertise in this area, Eurofound will look at trends and progress over time and identify emerging concerns around working conditions and job quality. The analysis will cover different countries, sectors, occupations and groups of workers on issues such as work organisation and teleworkingworking timework–life balanceequal treatmentworkplace health and well-beingskills and trainingearnings and prospects, and job satisfaction. Non-standard forms of employment will be a specific focus, particularly self-employment.

In light of the EU’s demographic challenge of an ageing population and the increasing diversity of working life, Eurofound will continue to explore the factors enabling more workers to stay in employment longer. It will also put the spotlight on improving job quality as an enabler of greater labour market participation and increased employee motivation, contributing to sustainable work over the life course.

The links between work and health will be investigated in close consultation with the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA). Eurofound aims to build on its collaboration with the International Labour Organization (ILO) on issues around the future of work and working conditions at global level.

Addressing stakeholder priorities

Eurofound’s research aims to assist policy action to improve working conditions and job quality, while progressing towards sustainable work, helping to address the challenges facing the EU and national levels in the areas of work and employment. It focuses on identifying pressing issues and specific groups at risk and analysing selected elements.

The Agency’s work plan is aligned with the European Commission’s political guidelines over the next four years, directly feeding into a number of key policy areas aimed at creating a robust social Europe. In particular, Eurofound’s research will support policy initiatives under the European Pillar of Social Rights in the aftermath of the COVID-19 crisis and activities linked to, among other initiatives, the European Gender Equality Strategy 2020–2025, the reinforced Youth Guarantee, the Youth Employment Support package, the skills agenda, as well as innovation and job creation and the European Commission’s proposal for adequate minimum wages in the EU.

Eurofound research

Eurofound continues to monitor developments in working conditions, with a particular focus on improvements in the job quality of older workers, the challenges associated with specific types of self-employment and the longer-term structural impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. 

In 2024, fieldwork commences for the newest edition of the European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS), which includes questions on working conditions and work–life outcomes relevant to the aftermath of COVID-19. The first results are planned for the end of 2024. 

Final analysis of data from the European Working Conditions Telephone Survey 2021 (EWCTS) feeds into three studies in 2024: an analysis of working conditions and work practices in the hybrid workplace; an investigation of changing working time patterns; and an examination of the job quality of older workers.

Research commences on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Europe, examining levels of digitalisation, digital skills, innovation and training strategies. This research assesses how workers in SMEs compare to the average in terms of working conditions, job quality, digital skills and take-up of training. 

Research in 2024 also aims to identify the most vulnerable group of workers by examining employment relationships that combine several unfavourable characteristics. The research investigates the job quality of workers in these employment relationships, their access to social protection and training, as well as ways to support the transition to more secure forms of employment. 
 

Key outputs

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L’année 2022 a débuté sur fond d’optimisme prudent. Alors que l’Europe sortait de deux années de pandémie de COVID-19 et que, dans le cadre de NextGenerationEU, un plan pour la...

4 mai 2023
Publication
Annual report

Eurofound expert(s)

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Barbara Gerstenberger is Head of the Working Life unit at Eurofound. In this role, she coordinates the research teams investigating job quality in Europe based on the European...

​Head of Unit,
Working life research unit
Publications results (568)

Workers will experience the effects of climate change in many ways: job insecurity, changes to their work tasks and responsibilities, and changes in their workplaces that may involve different work practices and the development of new activities and products. Climate change risks are associated with

01 July 2024

The post-pandemic recovery of Europe continued in 2023, with strong job creation despite subdued economic growth, against a background of rising geopolitical tension. Eurofound’s research over the year brought to light evidence on the key issues shaping the daily lives and work of Europeans.

02 May 2024

Ensuring greater social protection for self-employed people has been the subject of much policy debate in recent years. In 2019, the Council of the European Union adopted a recommendation on access to social protection for workers and the self-employed. Sudden reductions in income during the COVID-1

30 January 2024

This report explores EU Member States’ legislation around the right to disconnect and assesses the impact of company policies in this area on employees’ hours of connection, working time, work–life balance, health and well-being, and overall workplace satisfaction.

30 November 2023

Using data from the European Working Conditions Telephone Survey 2021 and building on a theoretical model that differentiates between job stressors and job resources, this report examines key psychosocial risks in the workplace and their impact on health.

23 November 2023

During the COVID-19 pandemic, a diverse collection of workers ensured the functioning of our societies. In a time of crisis, they maintained access to healthcare, long-term care and other essential goods and services, including food, water, electricity, the internet and waste treatment.

10 October 2023

Le terme «travail hybride» a été popularisé avec la forte augmentation du télétravail pendant la pandémie de COVID-19, lorsque les entreprises et les salariés ont commencé à discuter des moyens d’organiser le travail après la crise. Le terme a été de plus en plus utilisé pour désigner les situations

25 May 2023

L’année 2022 a débuté sur fond d’optimisme prudent. Alors que l’Europe sortait de deux années de pandémie de COVID-19 et que, dans le cadre de NextGenerationEU, un plan pour la reprise visant à construire un avenir solide et durable était présenté, l’attaque menée par la Russie contre l’Ukraine au

04 May 2023

Le rapport explore des scénarios plausibles et imaginables examinant comment le télétravail et le travail hybride dans l’UE pourraient évoluer d’ici à 2035, et les implications pour le monde du travail. Dans quelle mesure les dirigeants et les salariés, les organisations patronales et les syndicats

28 April 2023

This paper presents an analytical summary of current academic and policy literature on the impact of climate change and policies to manage the transition to a carbon-neutral economy on four key domains: employment, working conditions, social dialogue and living conditions. It maps the main empirical

12 April 2023

Online resources results (1778)

Germany: New evidence on the scope of service contracts feeds into social partner debate

In the wake of the very heated public debate on service contracts, with unions claiming that workers on such contracts are not treated as fairly as core staff, a new study by the Institute for Employment Research (IAB) outlines to what extent German companies use these contracts and presents their

United Kingdom: Government launches consultation on worker representatives on company boards

Prime Minister Theresa May first pledged to put worker representatives on the boards of UK companies in July 2016, shortly after taking office. This article outlines the evolution of the proposal, up to the launch on 29 November of the formal process of consultation on corporate governance, and

Bulgaria: CITUB analyses violations of labour rights in 2015

Trade union confederation CITUB has drawn up proposals for amendments to Bulgaria’s Labour Code based on its survey of common code violations. The survey found that almost half of all violations involve the calculation of total working time, which is often used by employers as an opportunity to hide

Finland: HR managers regard diversity as strength for workplaces

The Diversity Barometer 2016, a survey-based study by the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, explores the perceptions and attitudes of human resources professionals to diversity in Finnish workplaces. It finds that the key aspects of diversity are age and age-related issues, language and

Croatia: New system of trade union training

Between July 2015 and July 2016, a new system of training for union representatives and shop stewards was introduced to modernise union training and enhance social dialogue. The EDUCA project was promoted by the Union of Autonomous Trade Unions of Croatia (SSSH) with the support of unions from the

Sweden: Debate on whether solidarity action should be restricted

A long-running debate about solidarity in industrial action by workers supporting another group, even though their own union is not involved in the dispute, has flared up. There are fears that the turbulence of the 2016 bargaining round will be repeated in 2017 and employers are seeking stricter

Germany: Union–Amazon conflict escalates in run-up to Christmas

Since 2013, trade union ver.di has been recruiting members among employees of Amazon and has campaigned for better wages and working conditions. Amazon opposes all collective bargaining but argues that it is a socially responsible employer. A new round of stoppages by ver.di members demanding a

Norway: Strike in rail sector settled and new rules coming down the line

Industrial action that disrupted operations on Norwegian railways for five weeks in autumn 2016 was settled, with the government agreeing to reframe the national regulations for train drivers’ qualifications ahead of the planned privatisation of much of the rail network in 2017.

Netherlands: Latest working life developments – Q3 2016

The increase in wages, rise in self-employed workers, and new reports on the state of the labour market and works councils are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in the Netherlands in the third quarter of 2016.

Lithuania: Job quality and working conditions of home care workers

As part of an 18-month project to examine employment and demand for services in Lithuania’s elderly care sector, researchers have carried out a survey that highlights the low wages and poor working conditions of the sector. Despite this, the findings indicate that workers in the sector report a high


Blogs results (61)
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With its proposed directive on gender pay transparency, the European Commission has significantly bolstered the set of tools for delivering its objectives compared to those presented in its 2014 Recommendation. The proposed portfolio of measures addresses many shortcomings of the instruments that

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The massive and rapid adoption of telework in 2020 in response to the COVID-19 lockdowns exposed gaps in the legislation governing telework arrangements across the EU Member States. In some cases, there was no regulation in place; in others, it was too restrictive. Governments scrambled to put

31 mai 2021
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Standard employment is not simply being replaced by non-standard work; employment is becoming more diverse, and policy must accordingly become more tailored. The last decade has seen much public and policy debate on the future of work. Standard employment – permanent, full-time and subject to labour

15 décembre 2020
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​​​​​​​With remote working becoming the new normal for many workers, it is surely the case that many employers are anxious to ensure that their employees are putting in full working days. Companies are likely to be investing in and deploying digital technologies for tracking employee performance

9 décembre 2020
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Whatever the benefits of telework – and there are many, including more flexible working time, increased productivity and less commuting – there are drawbacks, as many of the one-third of Europeans who were exclusively working from home during the pandemic will attest. Primary among these is the ‘alw

3 décembre 2020
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As Europe faces into what appears to be a second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, concern is mounting about the evolution and dramatic impact of the disease, with rising numbers of infections, hospitalisations and deaths. There is also a growing focus on the repercussions for the economy, the labour m

7 octobre 2020
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The coronavirus disease (Covid-19) is having drastic consequences for the world of work. In most European countries workers who are not delivering essential ‘frontline’ services are being asked to stay home. Unfortunately many are out of work, while many of those who are not are minimum-wage and low

1 avril 2020
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Health professionals – doctors, nurses, nursing assistants, paramedics, ambulance workers – are in the vanguard of the battle against COVID-19. They are the ones dealing with sick people, triaging, testing and treating them. They are the ones confronting suffering and death. While some of their

31 mars 2020
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We hear more and more about the platform economy, with the debate often revolving around the potential long-term implications of its growth on the labour market and the impact on traditional and established businesses and industries.

28 janvier 2020

Upcoming publications results (3)

This policy brief investigates how organisations are adapting their work organisation and practices to hybrid work. Based on case studies and on data from the European Working Conditions Survey 2024, the policy brief examines how hybrid work is being managed in organisations and profiles t

April 2025

The European population is living longer, with a declining natural population since 2014, offset only by positive net migration. The proportion of older people, especially those over 50, is increasing. Demographic ageing, where the working-age population shrinks while the number of older individuals

March 2025

Over the last decade, Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have changed the way employees work and communicate with each other. Despite the many benefits of digitalisation of work, the widespread access to digital devices in working life provides an alternative medium for new forms of a

September 2024
Data results (1)

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