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Plaća i dohodak

Plaća i dohodak ključni su za radne odnose i kvalitetu života. To je pitanje dobilo još više pozornosti na razini EU-a zbog krizom izazvanih događaja u gospodarstvu i društvu u cjelini.

Topic

Recent updates

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This 2024 annual review of minimum wages provides a synopsis of minimum wage setting during 2023 in the EU27 and Norway. It reports in detail on the processes and outcomes...

26 lipnja 2024
Publication
Research report

EU context

Europski stup socijalnih prava utvrđuje obveze EU-a u pogledu plaća: pravo radnika na pravednu plaću koja osigurava pristojan životni standard; osiguravanje odgovarajućih minimalnih plaća; sprečavanje siromaštva unatoč zaposlenju.

Rad Eurofounda

Eurofound redovito izvješćuje o različitim aspektima plaće i dohotka u kontekstu promjenjivih gospodarskih okolnosti u cijeloj Europi.

Praćenje plaća

S pomoću Europskog opservatorija radnog vijeka (EurWORK) Eurofound objedinjuje cijeli niz podataka o plaćama. Redovitim izvješćivanjem dobiva se dulji niz zapažanja o kolektivno ugovorenoj plaći kako bi se mogli pratiti trendovi. Eurofound redovito objavljuje tematska izvješća o zajamčenim minimalnim plaćama i kolektivno ugovorenim plaćama. Eurofound prati razvoj događaja na nacionalnoj razini u odnosu na mehanizme za određivanje plaća, jednaku plaću, varijabilnu plaću, nisku plaću i razlike u plaćama među spolovima.

Profili zemalja u pogledu radnog vijeka sadržavaju podatke o plaćama na nacionalnoj razini i redovito se ažuriraju. EurWORK održava dvije baze podataka o plaćama (vidjeti izvore u nastavku).

Eurofoundov Europski centar za praćenje poslova (EJM) prema različitim kvalitativnim mjerama, uključujući plaću, procjenjuje promjene u zaposlenosti po poslovima. To posebno doprinosi našem znanju o pojavi polarizacije zapošljavanja, tj. o mjeri u kojoj postoji veća vjerojatnost da će rast zaposlenosti biti veći u zanimanjima koja su najviše, odnosno najmanje plaćena nego u zanimanjima u kojima su plaće srednje vrijednosti.

Rezultati istraživanja

Eurofoundova istraživanja prate i situaciju u EU-u u pogledu plaća. Plaća je ključan element u Eurofoundovu istraživanju o kvaliteti rada. U Europskom istraživanju o radnim uvjetima (EWCS) zarada je jedan od sedam pokazatelja kvalitete posla. Europsko istraživanje o radnim uvjetima izvješćuje i o razlikama u plaćama među spolovima. Istražite EWCS-ov interaktivni alat za vizualizaciju podataka .

Europsko istraživanje o kvaliteti života (EWCS) prati utjecaj dohotka na životni standard te istražuje kako je nejednakost u dohodcima povezana sa socijalnom kohezijom i dobrobiti. U njemu se analizira kako je gospodarska kriza utjecala na obitelji, pridajući posebnu pažnju obiteljima s niskim dohotkom, dugu kućanstava i skupinama koje su u riziku od siromaštva. U Europskom istraživanju o kvaliteti života prikupljaju se podatci i o dohotku u mirovini te mogućnostima produljenja radnog vijeka. Istražite EQLS-ov interaktivni alat za vizualizaciju podataka.

Europsko istraživanje o poduzećima (ECS) obuhvaća upotrebu sustava varijabilnih plaća u ustanovama, kao i kolektivne ugovore o plaćama svih zaposlenika tih ustanova. Istraživanje omogućava povezivanje podataka o varijabilnoj plaći i pregovaranju o plaćama s podacima o organizaciji rada, upravljanju ljudskim resursima, izravnom sudjelovanju zaposlenika i socijalnom dijalogu, kao i učinkovitosti i dobrobiti na radnom mjestu.

Key outputs

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Godišnji pregled minimalnih plaća za 2023. pripremljen je u kontekstu dosad nezabilježene inflacije u cijeloj Europi. Iako je to dovelo do velikih povećanja nominalnih stopa plaća u brojnim zemljama, u...

29 lipnja 2023
Publication
Research report
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U ovom se izvješću analizira raspodjela bogatstva kućanstava u državama članicama EU-a i uloga bogatstva u okviru društvene mobilnosti. Izvješće je usmjereno na bogatstvo po članu kućanstva i temelji se...

30 ožujka 2021
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

 

 

Eurofound expert(s)

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Christine Aumayr-Pintar is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. Her current research topics include minimum wages, collectively agreed wages and gender...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
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Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (124)

This publication consists of individual country reports on working life during 2020 for 29 countries – the 27 EU Member States, Norway and the United Kingdom. The country reports summarise first evidence on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on working life based on national research and survey

23 March 2021

Disclaimer: Please note that this report was updated with revised data (specifically for Bulgaria) on 23 March 2021.U ovom se izvješću nastoji procijeniti početni učinak krize uzrokovane bolešću COVID-19 na zaposlenost u Europi (do drugog tromjesečja 2020.), uključujući njezine posljedice za

11 March 2021

Closing gender gaps in the labour market by achieving the equal participation of women is among the key objectives of the new Gender Equality Strategy 2020–2025. Despite significant progress in reducing the gender employment gap, it has stagnated over the past few years. Moreover, segregation in

09 December 2020

The EU strives for the upward convergence of its Member States, where their performance improves and gaps between them decrease. Nearly a decade after the Great Recession, the COVID-19 crisis has again put this objective under pressure. This policy brief focuses on convergence in material well-being

08 December 2020

The uneven impact of the 2008–2013 economic crisis on Member States brought upward convergence to the fore in EU political debates. The focus was on orienting social policy towards getting the EU back on track, as encapsulated in the European Pillar of Social Rights. However, the meaning of the conc

30 September 2020

This report presents the findings of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey, carried out by Eurofound to capture the far-reaching implications of the pandemic for the way people live and work across Europe. The survey was fielded online, among respondents who were reached via Eurofound’s

28 September 2020

This report, as part of an annual series on minimum wages, summarises the key developments during 2019 and early 2020 around the EU initiative on fair wages and puts the national debates on setting the rates for 2020 and beyond in this context. The report features how minimum wages were set and the

04 June 2020

U samo nekoliko tjedana pandemija bolesti COVID-19, koju izaziva novi koronavirus, donijela je dalekosežne promjene u životima ljudi diljem svijeta. Osim teških zdravstvenih posljedica za osobe zaražene virusom, pandemija COVID-a 19 ima i velike posljedice na način života i rada ljudi te snažno

06 May 2020

This report addresses the problem of household over-indebtedness, which is broadly defined as being unable to make payments related to regular commitments.

12 March 2020

This report maps developments in the size of the middle class in the EU between 2004 and 2015 using Eurostat’s SILC survey, and analyses life satisfaction by income quartile (using Eurofound’s European Quality of Life Surveys). Before the crisis, the middle classes had expanded in around two-thirds

30 October 2019

Online resources results (889)
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First responses to cushion the impact of inflation on citizens

Although the worldwide pandemic situation had already disrupted supply chains and triggered increases in energy and food prices in 2021, the situation deteriorated in 2022 with the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Governments throughout the EU had already started to intervene with policy measures in a

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Minimum wages in 2022: Bigger hikes this time around

The first overview of minimum wage setting for 2022 shows that, while some negotiations are still ongoing, virtually all EU Member States have increased their nominal statutory rates. Compared to last year, when most countries settled for cautious increases against a background of deep uncertainty

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Impact of the COVID-19 crisis on wages and wage setting

The COVID-19 crisis had a significant impact on wages and wage setting across Europe in 2020. The uncertain economic scenario, together with the difficulties inherent in online bargaining, led to a general postponement of collective agreements to 2021, especially at company level. Real wages

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Wages in long-term care and other social services 21% below average

New data from the EU Structure of Earnings Survey (SES) show that, on average, EU Member States paid their social services workers 21% less than the average national hourly earnings in 2018: this compares with 19% less than the average in 2010 and 20% less in 2014. The majority of social services

Living, working and COVID-19: Impact on gender equality 11 March 2021, European Economic and Social Committee (EESC) virtual meeting Presentation by Maria Jepsen, Acting Executive Director, Eurofound

22 ožujka 2021
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Member States are dawdling on gender pay transparency

The gender pay gap in gross hourly earnings in the EU was 14.8% in 2018. To help combat discriminatory pay practices by employers, the European Commission recommended in 2014 the introduction of pay transparency measures in all Member States. But more than half still have not implemented any such

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EU seeks views on the minimum wage

Against a background of growing polarisation, it is worth remembering the model of social dialogue that allows us each year to debate and reach thousands of agreements that start from different and distant positions and interests.

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To have or have not: A statutory minimum wage

​​​​​​​Cyprus and Italy are currently considering the introduction of a universal minimum wage floor by law. With this move, they would be joining 22 other EU Member States that already have one in place. In the remaining Member States – Austria, Denmark, Finland and Sweden – and in Norway, too

Latvia: latest working life developments Q2 2018

A new agreement on overtime pay, a warning about the power balance between employers and employees, an increase in wages and a workforce deficit are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Latvia in the second quarter of


Blogs results (22)

The housing crisis could be tackled by improving public services, better urban planning and ensuring that social protection benefits reach the people who need them most.

2 svibnja 2024
A worker sitting on the floor

The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the way we live and work. With the lifting of restrictions across the globe, we are now able to examine the many repercussions on the world of work. In particular, the unique demands of the last few years have shone a harsh spotlight on the pressures brought to bear

17 siječnja 2023
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Rising energy prices are putting more people under increased financial pressure and at greater risk of energy poverty. In this data story, we take a closer look at the data from the fifth round of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey to explore the extent of the issue and the threat of energy

3 kolovoza 2022
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Minimum wages have risen significantly in 2022, as the EU Member States leave behind the cautious mood of the pandemic. However, rising inflation is eating up these wage increases, and only flexibility in the regular minimum wage setting processes may avoid generalised losses in purchasing power amo

15 lipnja 2022
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While the number of employees earning the minimum wage has increased across Europe over the last decade, spurred by significant minimum wage hikes, a clear gender divide emerges, with minimum wage earners more likely to be women. Minimum wage earners are also more likely to live in materially depriv

26 listopada 2021
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With its proposed directive on gender pay transparency, the European Commission has significantly bolstered the set of tools for delivering its objectives compared to those presented in its 2014 Recommendation. The proposed portfolio of measures addresses many shortcomings of the instruments that

18 lipnja 2021
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Decision-makers approached minimum wage setting for 2021 cautiously due to the economic uncertainty caused by the pandemic. Despite this, nominal statutory minimum wages rose in most Member States and the UK, although at lower rates than in recent years.

8 lipnja 2021
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The pandemic has had differential impacts on women. Raised consciousness about them must be applied to advance gender equality in recovery measures. All crises have a strongly gendered impact and none more so than the current pandemic, across a range of indicators. While the virus itself seems to ta

28 travnja 2021
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​​​​​​​To date, close to six million workers in the EU have lost their jobs due to COVID-19. Many businesses have closed their doors forever or been pushed to the brink, bringing severe financial and psychological hardship to the individuals and families affected. However, the toll of the pandemic

9 veljače 2021

Upcoming publications results (1)

The report maps trends in income inequality and examines the situation of the middle classes in the EU during 2020, the year most associated with the COVID-19 lockdowns. It charts developments in the size and composition of middle-class households across countries, identifies those that suffered dis

July 2024
Data results (4)

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