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Plaća i dohodak

Plaća i dohodak ključni su za radne odnose i kvalitetu života. To je pitanje dobilo još više pozornosti na razini EU-a zbog krizom izazvanih događaja u gospodarstvu i društvu u cjelini.

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EU context

Europski stup socijalnih prava utvrđuje obveze EU-a u pogledu plaća: pravo radnika na pravednu plaću koja osigurava pristojan životni standard; osiguravanje odgovarajućih minimalnih plaća; sprečavanje siromaštva unatoč zaposlenju.

Rad Eurofounda

Eurofound redovito izvješćuje o različitim aspektima plaće i dohotka u kontekstu promjenjivih gospodarskih okolnosti u cijeloj Europi.

Praćenje plaća

S pomoću Europskog opservatorija radnog vijeka (EurWORK) Eurofound objedinjuje cijeli niz podataka o plaćama. Redovitim izvješćivanjem dobiva se dulji niz zapažanja o kolektivno ugovorenoj plaći kako bi se mogli pratiti trendovi. Eurofound redovito objavljuje tematska izvješća o zajamčenim minimalnim plaćama i kolektivno ugovorenim plaćama. Eurofound prati razvoj događaja na nacionalnoj razini u odnosu na mehanizme za određivanje plaća, jednaku plaću, varijabilnu plaću, nisku plaću i razlike u plaćama među spolovima.

Profili zemalja u pogledu radnog vijeka sadržavaju podatke o plaćama na nacionalnoj razini i redovito se ažuriraju. EurWORK održava dvije baze podataka o plaćama (vidjeti izvore u nastavku).

Eurofoundov Europski centar za praćenje poslova (EJM) prema različitim kvalitativnim mjerama, uključujući plaću, procjenjuje promjene u zaposlenosti po poslovima. To posebno doprinosi našem znanju o pojavi polarizacije zapošljavanja, tj. o mjeri u kojoj postoji veća vjerojatnost da će rast zaposlenosti biti veći u zanimanjima koja su najviše, odnosno najmanje plaćena nego u zanimanjima u kojima su plaće srednje vrijednosti.

Rezultati istraživanja

Eurofoundova istraživanja prate i situaciju u EU-u u pogledu plaća. Plaća je ključan element u Eurofoundovu istraživanju o kvaliteti rada. U Europskom istraživanju o radnim uvjetima (EWCS) zarada je jedan od sedam pokazatelja kvalitete posla. Europsko istraživanje o radnim uvjetima izvješćuje i o razlikama u plaćama među spolovima. Istražite EWCS-ov interaktivni alat za vizualizaciju podataka .

Europsko istraživanje o kvaliteti života (EWCS) prati utjecaj dohotka na životni standard te istražuje kako je nejednakost u dohodcima povezana sa socijalnom kohezijom i dobrobiti. U njemu se analizira kako je gospodarska kriza utjecala na obitelji, pridajući posebnu pažnju obiteljima s niskim dohotkom, dugu kućanstava i skupinama koje su u riziku od siromaštva. U Europskom istraživanju o kvaliteti života prikupljaju se podatci i o dohotku u mirovini te mogućnostima produljenja radnog vijeka. Istražite EQLS-ov interaktivni alat za vizualizaciju podataka.

Europsko istraživanje o poduzećima (ECS) obuhvaća upotrebu sustava varijabilnih plaća u ustanovama, kao i kolektivne ugovore o plaćama svih zaposlenika tih ustanova. Istraživanje omogućava povezivanje podataka o varijabilnoj plaći i pregovaranju o plaćama s podacima o organizaciji rada, upravljanju ljudskim resursima, izravnom sudjelovanju zaposlenika i socijalnom dijalogu, kao i učinkovitosti i dobrobiti na radnom mjestu.

Key outputs

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Godišnji pregled minimalnih plaća za 2023. pripremljen je u kontekstu dosad nezabilježene inflacije u cijeloj Europi. Iako je to dovelo do velikih povećanja nominalnih stopa plaća u brojnim zemljama, u...

29 lipnja 2023
Publication
Research report
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U ovom se izvješću analizira raspodjela bogatstva kućanstava u državama članicama EU-a i uloga bogatstva u okviru društvene mobilnosti. Izvješće je usmjereno na bogatstvo po članu kućanstva i temelji se...

30 ožujka 2021
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

 

 

Eurofound expert(s)

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Christine Aumayr-Pintar is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. Her current research topics include minimum wages, collectively agreed wages and gender...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
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Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (125)

This issue of Foundation Focus looks at issues surrounding pay, wages and income in Europe in the face of sustained difficult economic circumstances. For example, what sort of hardship are ordinary people experiencing? Which workers are being most affected by wage cuts? Are wage cuts the best way to

20 January 2014

During the last few decades, public administration workers have been subject to a number of structural, modernising reforms, in a framework often designated as ‘new public management’. The current economic and financial crisis has also meant that the steep rise in public debt has prompted many

12 January 2014

This report examines social inequalities in the distribution of freedoms and opportunities among individuals and population subgroups in Europe. Using data from the European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS), the report builds up an evidence base on social inequalities in four critical areas of life

03 December 2013

This policy brief highlights findings on a specific topic from Eurofound’s European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) that is of particular interest from a policy perspective. It brings results of the analysis of these data together with evidence from other Eurofound projects to formulate a number of

08 November 2013

Despite much legislative progress in gender equality over the past 40 years, there are still gender gaps across many aspects of the labour market. Inequalities are still evident in areas such as access to the labour market, employment patterns and associated working conditions. This report explores

29 October 2013

In recent years, practices such as outsourcing and contracting-out have increasingly blurred the boundaries between dependent employment and self-employment. A new group of workers has emerged, which comprises workers who are formally ‘self-employed’, but present some characteristics of employees

29 September 2013

EIRO’s annual analysis of collectively agreed pay for 2012 finds that although average nominal agreed increases were slightly greater than in 2011 in many countries, the rise in prices diminished people’s purchasing power. In real terms, only a handful of countries had positive collective pay

09 July 2013

With the average age of the population rising, people aged 55–64 make up an increasing share of workers in Europe. This demographic shift, as well as ongoing threats to the sustainability of national welfare and pension systems, has increased pressure for reforms to encourage longer careers. This

29 April 2013

This paper looks at wages from two different angles: from the perspective of individual employees, discussed in conjunction with their working conditions, and from the perspective of the industrial relations system. After a brief overview of EU-level policy developments with a potential impact on

29 January 2013

This annual review describes the developments in industrial relations and working conditions in 2011 in the EU Member States and Norway, at both national and EU level, with a focus on the economic situation and responses to it. The report describes the current economic situation in EU Member States

10 December 2012

Online resources results (890)

Croatia: Developments in working life – Q1 2016

​The election of Croatia’s new Prime Minister and government, and serious challenges to public finance over public-sector wages are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Croatia in the first quarter of 2016.

Slovenia: Controversy over amendments to the Minimum Wage Act

The definition of the minimum wage in Slovenia was changed at the end of November 2015. From 1 January 2016, the allowances for unfavourable working time (night, Sunday and holiday work) are exempted from it and paid separately. Trade unions are pleased, but employer organisations were outraged and

United Kingdom: National living wage comes into force

A statutory ‘national living wage’ comes into force in the United Kingdom on 1 April 2016 and will be phased in over four years, with the aim of reaching 60% of median UK earnings by 2020. Trade unions have welcomed the move while employer groups have expressed concern about some businesses’ ability

Ireland: National Minimum Wage rise follows Low Pay Commission report

The first rise in Ireland's National Minimum Wage (NMW) since 2007 was implemented on January 1, 2016. It comes after a recommendation in the Low Pay Commission’s first annual report to increase the NMW by 50 cents per hour to a new hourly rate of €9.15.

Greece: Report on economy and employment criticises current economic policy

A report by the Labour Institute of the GSEE trade union confederation argues that the economic policy implemented to tackle the economic crisis is incompatible with the Greek economic development model and has, as a result, brought high unemployment, disinvestment, social disintegration and

Malta: Trust fund for payment of maternity leave set up

A trust fund has been set up to help Maltese employers pay towards the new statutory 18 weeks maternity leave, after fears that businesses might discriminate against women when recruiting workers. The government will pay 4 weeks of the leave and has ordered employers to contribute to funding the

Austria: Study examines seniority principle in the labour market

A study of the problems older employees face in the Austrian labour market shows that their age is the biggest hindrance to getting a job. The study debunks the common belief that older workers’ problems are caused by the ‘seniority principle’: the fact that the longer workers are employed, the more

Belgium: Trade unions dispute new law on flexijobs in the catering sector

The new law on flexijobs in the catering sector has a two-pronged target: enabling more flexible employment contracts and combating fiscal and social fraud.

Spain: Lowest earners hardest hit by salary devaluation

Spain’s lowest earners have been badly affected by the deterioration in their income since the crisis that began in 2008, with salaries being devalued because of rising inflation. A report by trade union CCOO says this has the effect of cutting purchasing power, increasing income inequality and

Czech Republic: Gender inequalities in income

A study on earnings and pensions finds that the gender pay gap remains high in the Czech Republic, resulting also in lower pensions for women.


Blogs results (22)
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Following a sluggish response by many Member States to introduce or modify gender pay transparency measures, as it recommended in 2014, the European Commission intends to table a proposal for EU-level legislation on pay transparency later in 2020. In this context, a new Eurofound study investigated

6 studenog 2020
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As one of their ‘100 days in office’ initiatives, the new European Commission intends to propose an initiative for an EU minimum wage. The aim is that by 2024 every worker in the EU should earn a fair and adequate wage, no matter where they live.

15 siječnja 2020
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The Socialist-led Spanish government that emerged last summer had, by the end of 2018, approved a hike in the statutory minimum wage. This was agreed with the left-wing Podemos party as part of an attempt to secure the parliamentary support needed for passing the proposed 2019 budget – although fail

17 srpnja 2019
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Seniority entitlements have largely been on the decline since the 1990s, and have been gradually phased-out from legislation in Europe, as well as in collective agreements. However, it would be premature to dismiss seniority-based entitlements as a thing of the past, as they remain in force across E

17 travnja 2019
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One year after Germany’s introduction of the Entgelttransparenzgesetz (Wage Transparency Act), the results are somewhat underwhelming. This law is Germany’s take on the European Commission’s recommendation on introducing pay transparency measures to combat the gender pay gap.

4 veljače 2019
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Wages grew and wage inequality fell in most EU countries in 2015. Germany is not one of the countries where wages rose most, but it did have the largest reduction of wage inequality. Our analysis shows that the German minimum wage policy introduced in 2015 strongly lifted the wages of the lowest-pai

14 lipnja 2018
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Measures to promote gender pay transparency haven’t been delivered yet in half of Europe – making EU level legislative action to speed up implementation an option. In this blog, originally posted in Social Europe, Christine Aumayr-Pintar details what we know about the measures from countries that ha

28 veljače 2018
Pay inequalities come back into focus in post-crisis Europe

The ability to make ends meet is a vital issue for many Europeans and an important priority for European policymakers. In the immediate aftermath of the 2008 economic crisis the initial focus was to mitigate and reverse job loss, particularly in the countries most affected. With employment back to p

3 studenog 2017
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The Great Recession depressed real income levels across European countries. But the impact was very unequal across countries and income groups. Countries in the European periphery have been more affected than those in the core, halting the process of income convergence between European countries tha

23 lipnja 2017
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EU-wide income inequality declined notably prior to 2008, driven by a strong process of income convergence between European countries. The Great Recession broke this trend. After 2008, income convergence has been sluggish, while inequality within many countries has increased significantly.

21 ožujka 2017

Data results (4)

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