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Condições e qualidade de vida

As condições e a qualidade de vida são uma das seis principais atividades do programa de trabalho da Eurofound para o período de 2021-2024. A Eurofound continuará a identificar e analisar os principais aspetos relacionados com a melhoria das condições de vida das pessoas na Europa, incluindo informações sobre a sua perceção da qualidade de vida e da sociedade. Uma vez que a pandemia da COVID-19 e a subsequente crise económica afetaram profundamente a vida das pessoas, a Eurofound continuará a investigar o impacto desta crise nos cidadãos da UE em diferentes fases da vida.

Durante o período de 2021-2024, a investigação da Eurofound proporcionará uma visão importante dos desafios e das perspetivas no domínio das condições e da qualidade de vida na UE, bem como do papel desempenhado por várias iniciativas destinadas a atenuar as dificuldades sociais de vários grupos de cidadãos. Revestem-se de especial interesse as implicações para os idosos e as necessidades de cuidados, a juventude e a sua inclusão social e mobilidade social, bem como as diferentes consequências da crise para os homens e as mulheres .

Os serviços públicos em toda a UE desempenharam um papel importante na resposta à crise da COVID-19, enfrentando simultaneamente desafios significativos, e serão avaliados com mais pormenor, centrando-se em questões como a qualidade, o acesso e a acessibilidade dos preços. Tal como demonstrado por constatações anteriores, a crise teve efeitos desproporcionados em determinados grupos, em função da idade, das responsabilidades familiares e da conciliação entre a vida profissional e a vida familiar , pelo que a Eurofound analisará mais aprofundadamente esta questão.

Em coordenação com o Instituto Europeu para a Igualdade de Género (EIGE), a Eurofound pretende investigar as disparidades multidimensionais entre géneros, investigando o impacto da crise da COVID-19 nos homens e nas mulheres em termos de participação no emprego, condições materiais de vida e bem-estar, a fim de identificar as diferenças e avaliar o seu efeito nas disparidades entre géneros.

« A qualidade dos serviços públicos tem sido fundamental para criar confiança nas instituições da Europa contemporânea e será crucial para enfrentar os desafios atuais e futuros. Os serviços de qualidade são também um domínio de inovação, especialmente na transição para serviços digitais mais respeitadores do ambiente e preparados para riscos, como a pandemia, no futuro.»

Tadas Leončikas, gestor principal de investigação, Unidade de Políticas Sociais

Topic

Recent updates

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In this episode of Eurofound Talks, Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound researchers Eszter Sandor and Massimiliano Mascherini about the situation for young people in Europe.

Podcast

Principais mensagens das políticas

Infografia

As principais conclusões da investigação da Eurofound servem de contributo para os decisores políticos abordarem algumas das questões-chave neste domínio.

  • A perceção das tensões na sociedade tem o impacto mais negativo na confiança nas instituições, enquanto a perceção da qualidade dos serviços públicos é um fator essencial para uma maior confiança nas instituições.
  • É necessária uma maior oferta de cuidados continuados — com maior flexibilidade. Os cuidados e a assistência ao domicílio devem ser mais disponibilizados, especialmente nos Estados-Membros da UE onde o rendimento é mais baixo.
  • O acesso rápido aos cuidados de saúde primários, aos cuidados sociais e aos cuidados continuados pode desencadear uma intervenção precoce e o acompanhamento da evolução das necessidades e evitar a escalada dos problemas de cuidados continuados.
  • Os problemas de saúde mental estão a aumentar para os jovens, embora não seja claro se tal se deve a uma maior incidência ou a uma melhor sensibilização e diagnóstico. A saúde mental está estreitamente relacionada com outras questões relacionadas com a juventude e pode ser um resultado das desigualdades e uma fonte de desigualdade por si mesma. Os fatores de risco para as questões de saúde mental incluem a deficiência e as doenças prolongadas, os problemas familiares, os problemas de relacionamento com os pares e a utilização exagerada das redes sociais.
  • Embora os níveis de confiança e coesão social tenham recuperado globalmente na UE desde a crise financeira, o início da COVID-19 teve um impacto significativo no bem-estar nos países mais afetados pela pandemia.
  • Os jovens estão cada vez mais entre quem mais está a sofrer as consequências do confinamento: juntamente com os desempregados, os jovens reportam os níveis mais baixos de bem-estar, apesar de se terem verificado algumas melhorias desde o início da pandemia. Apesar de, desde abril de 2020, os jovens estarem mais satisfeitos e otimistas em relação à sua vida, continuam a sentir-se excluídos da sociedade e permanecem em maior risco de depressão, mostrando como são mais afetados pelas restrições durante o confinamento.
  • Medidas para mitigar os riscos de saúde mental dos desempregados e dos jovens na sequência da COVID-19 serão críticas em novas vagas do Coronavírus. A prestação de apoio direcionado para permitir que aqueles que procuram trabalho voltem ao bom caminho e enfrentem o impacto da pandemia, bem como a garantia de que os jovens possam participar plenamente na sociedade, devem fazer parte das medidas políticas em curso.
  • A crise da COVID-19 reduziu os níveis de otimismo e afetou mais o equilíbrio entre vida profissional e familiar das mulheres do que a dos homens. A reparação destes danos será fundamental para assegurar que as mulheres não sofram de forma desproporcionada as consequências da pandemia.
  • A manutenção da confiança dos cidadãos nas instituições nacionais e europeias deve continuar a ser um objetivo central em tempos de crise, uma vez que o cumprimento das medidas de controlo da COVID-19 depende grandemente dos níveis de confiança nas instituições e no aconselhamento científico. O aumento dos níveis de confiança institucional expresso pelos inquiridos que beneficiaram de medidas de apoio também envia uma mensagem clara aos governos nacionais e à UE.

2021–2024 work plan

During 2021–2024, Eurofound’s research will provide an important insight into the challenges and prospects in the area of living conditions and quality of life in the EU and the role played by various initiatives aimed at alleviating the social hardship of various groups of citizens. Of particular interest are the implications for older people and care needs, youth and their social inclusion and social mobility, and the varying consequences of the crisis on men and women.

Public services across the EU played a major role in addressing the COVID-19 crisis while facing significant challenges and they will be assessed in greater detail, focusing on issues such as quality, access and affordability. As previous findings have shown, the crisis has had disproportionate effects on certain groups according to age, care responsibilities and work-life balance, and Eurofound will analyse this further.

In coordination with the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE), Eurofound intends to research the multidimensional gender gap by investigating the impact on men and women of the COVID-19 crisis in terms of employment participation, material living conditions and well-being – in order to identify the differences and assess its effect on gender gaps.

Addressing stakeholder priorities

Eurofound’s research aims to assist policy action addressing the challenges and opportunities for the EU and national levels in the area of living conditions and quality of life. In particular, it will monitor the impact of COVID-19 and the ensuing economic crisis by providing knowledge on status, trends, risks, as well as ways to improve living conditions in the EU. Eurofound will focus on identifying and analysing pressing issues for the most vulnerable groups, specifically older citizens and young people. Eurofound will also inform policymakers by producing evidence on trends and drivers in relation to the delivery of public services, also linking in, for example, with the European Pillar of Social Rights.

The Agency’s work plan is aligned with the European Commission’s political guidelines over the next four years, directly feeding into a number of key policy areas aimed at creating a strong social Europe. In particular, the research will support policy initiatives and activities linked with the implementation of the European Gender Equality Strategy 2020–2025, the Youth Guarantee, the Child Guarantee and the European Semester and its country-specific recommendations.

 

Eurofound research

In 2024, Eurofound continues to monitor trends in living conditions and quality of life, against the backdrop of the health-related and economic fallout of the COVID-19 pandemic, the implications of the war in Ukraine, rising energy prices, and increases in costs of living. Building on the various rounds of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey, as well as on data gathered in 2023, the Agency investigates the impact of these challenges on the living conditions of Europeans.

The European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) commences in 2024, including some questions on working conditions and living conditions relevant to the aftermath of COVID-19. The European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) follows in 2026 using lessons drawn from the 2024 EWCS.

Research concludes on identifying groups not covered by social protection, due to coverage gaps and non-take-up of minimum income and unemployment schemes. It also looks at adequacy of these benefits, digitalisation of application procedures, linked service entitlements and sanctioning measures. Eurofound also publishes its findings on EU citizens’ rights and opportunities to live independently. It analyses the situation faced by various vulnerable groups and provides an overview of measures that facilitate family- and community-based care and support in the Member States.

Building on previous work on young people, research concludes on the life and prospects of young people in the post-pandemic era. Using new data collected in 2023, this research assesses the long-term impact of the pandemic on this group, looking into changes in the social situation of young people, as well as their quality of life, mental health and future prospects.

Analysis of the monitoring framework of the European Child Guarantee comes to an end in 2024, while new research starts to support national governments and the EU institutions in the implementation and evaluation of the Child Guarantee since it came into force. This work investigates the Member States’ levels of performance and their disparities, building on its previous work on convergence. It focuses on the workforce needed to deliver the Child Guarantee in areas of early childhood education and care, education, healthcare and other relevant sectors.

Considering the importance of care provision in EU societies, new research investigates informal care provision in the EU, the challenges faced by informal caregivers, and the measures in place to support them. This research considers care provided to people of all ages, while taking into consideration the diversity among informal carers. 

Eurofound launches new research on mental health services, investigating trends in and prevalence of mental health problems for different groups and how these needs are met in various countries in light of the pandemic and the arrival of Ukrainian refugees. 

Key outputs

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Eurofound's 2024 work programme is set in the context of the upcoming European elections, war in Ukraine, renewed Middle East conflict and rising cost of living across the EU.

23 Janeiro 2024
Publication
Work programme
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A falta de acesso a habitação a preços comportáveis é uma questão de grande preocupação na UE. É um problema que conduz à situação de sem abrigo, à insegurança habitacional...

30 Maio 2023
Publication
Research report
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O ano de 2022 começou com um otimismo cauteloso. A Europa emergiu de dois anos da pandemia de COVID-19, com o instrumento NextGenerationEU a definir um plano para uma recuperação...

4 Maio 2023
Publication
Annual report

Eurofound expert(s)

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Hans Dubois is a senior research manager in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. His research topics include housing, over-indebtedness, healthcare, long-term care, social...

Senior research manager,
Social policies research unit
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Massimiliano Mascherini has been Head of the Social Policies unit at Eurofound since October 2019. He joined Eurofound in 2009 as a research manager, designing and coordinating...

Head of Unit,
Social policies research unit
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Sanna Nivakoski is a research officer in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. Before joining Eurofound in 2021, she worked as a post-doctoral researcher at University College...

Research officer,
Social policies research unit
Publications results (308)

It is increasingly common for workers in the EU to take up paid work after retirement. This trend adds an important dimension to the current discourse on extending working lives. Facilitating work after retirement for those who want to work can contribute to sustainable pension systems. This study

14 November 2012

The disability policy of the Irish Government has undergone radical change in the past decade, and is still changing. Underlying this transformation has been a change in philosophy towards mainstreaming in relation to all services for people with disabilities, especially in the fields of education

22 October 2012

A study describing the development, current situation and future prospects of household services in the UK.

26 August 2012

Results from the European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) show comparisons over time of different dimensions of people’s quality of life, including their standard of living. A combined review of indicators from the EQLS and those obtained from the Eurobarometer (for 2009 and 2010) highlights the fact

12 June 2012

This concept paper is an input to ongoing preparatory work for the new four-year work programme of Eurofound 2013–2016. It is based on the outcome of a joint working group between Eurofound and the European Institute for Public Administration (EIPA). In addition, the paper includes contributions and

13 May 2012

This study focuses on debt advisory services, especially on how access to and quality of services can be improved. The study identifies successful debt counselling measures and outlines the conditions that contribute to good practice. Building on an earlier working paper, the study brings together

03 April 2012

Housing-related problems faced by the Roma include high overcrowding rates, lack of access to improved forms of sanitation and high levels of urban segregation thus limiting access to healthcare services. These issues reinforce existing health inequalities among the Roma – increased risk of

28 March 2012

O acompanhamento das alterações da qualidade de vida dos europeus e o desenvolvimento de políticas para reforçar o seu bem-estar são cada vez mais importantes no debate da UE. Reconhece- se, cada vez mais, que apesar de os indicadores económicos tais como o produto interno bruto (PIB) serem

16 February 2012

O acompanhamento das alterações da qualidade de vida dos europeus e o desenvolvimento de políticas para reforçar o seu bem-estar são cada vez mais importantes no debate da UE. Reconhece- se, cada vez mais, que apesar de os indicadores económicos tais como o produto interno bruto (PIB) serem

16 February 2012

To support the exchange of experience and learning between cities, the third research module of the CLIP network examines the intercultural policies and practices of 31 European cities. It explores the major needs in intergroup relations between municipal authorities and minority groups, the

16 February 2012

Online resources results (219)

Spain: Latest working life developments – Q2 2016

A small rise in employment, the issue of pensions, and efforts to form a new coalition government in the wake of the June General Election are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Spain in the second quarter of 2016..

Czech Republic: Transformations in the quality of working life

Findings from a recent survey aim to capture national developments in the Czech Republic in the quality of working life. Results from the survey on the nature of work, job security, workers’ experiences of stress and its intensity, and the evaluation of different aspects of work are highlighted in

Norway: Developments in working life – Q1 2016

Rising unemployment, the start of the biannual collective bargaining round, a report from the expert committee on working time, and a new report focusing on young workers and sustainable work life are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments

France: Social partners approve Workplace health plan for 2016–2020

On 8 December 2015, following lengthy consultations, the government and all representative social partners at national level adopted the third Workplace health plan. The plan has two key objectives: to reinforce a culture of risk prevention and to improve the quality of working conditions.

Sweden: Government scraps contested labour market reforms

Sweden’s coalition government has reversed changes to the welfare system made by the previous centre-right government. It has removed a cut-off point of 2.5 years for claiming sickness benefit and scrapped a scheme for mandatory workplace activities for the unemployed. The decision to reverse rather

Ireland: National Minimum Wage rise follows Low Pay Commission report

The first rise in Ireland's National Minimum Wage (NMW) since 2007 was implemented on January 1, 2016. It comes after a recommendation in the Low Pay Commission’s first annual report to increase the NMW by 50 cents per hour to a new hourly rate of €9.15.

France: Agreement signed to protect compulsory supplementary pension schemes

In France, two compulsory supplementary pension schemes managed by the social partners are facing financial difficulties. The social partners have signed an agreement to protect the schemes. The agreement introduces a bonus–penalty system to encourage employees to retire later.

Denmark: Greater acceptance of LGBT colleagues in female-dominated workplaces

It is likely to be more difficult to be an LGBT person in a male-dominated Danish workplace than a female-dominated one, according to a recent union-backed survey. The survey reveals significant differences between men’s and women’s experiences regarding the acceptance of LGBT people in Danish

Spain: Impact of social dialogue among workers with disabilities

A report on the reasons for the limited integration of people with disabilities in the labour market in Spain concludes that there is no uniform approach regarding the inclusion of issues affecting disabled workers in collective agreements. The report finds that these issues are dealt with in a


Blogs results (32)
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Discussions on Germany at European level invariably focus on the country’s strong economic performance and how this relates to the labour market and broader society. This is a narrative I have myself contributed to in a previous blog piece. However, Eurofound’s European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS)

7 Março 2018
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The European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS), carried out by Eurofound every four years, explores a variety of aspects related to living standards, health, family and work–life balance, as well as people's happiness levels, satisfaction with their lives, and their perceptions regarding the quality of

21 Fevereiro 2018
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In this blog piece, originally published in Social Europe, Eurofound Research Officer Daniel Molinuevo looks at the service providers delivering long-term care to older people in Europe.

18 Janeiro 2018
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In this blog piece, originally published in Social Europe, Eurofound Research Manager Anna Ludwinek looks at the substantial section of the population that is not working and does not figure in unemployment statistics, but retains significant employment potential.

20 Dezembro 2017
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Europe – a world-class place to live and work? ‘A world-class place to live and work.’ That is how President Juncker described Europe at the summit to formally proclaim the EU Pillar of Social Rights in Gothenburg last month. And he added: ‘Europe is more than just a single market, more than money

7 Dezembro 2017
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In-work poverty increased during the economic and financial crisis that hit European shores in 2008. By 2014, ten per cent of European workers were at risk of poverty, up from eight per cent in 2007. Ten per cent is a significant figure: the working poor represent a substantial group that can’t be i

13 Outubro 2017
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Average unemployment rates continue to fall across Europe, employment is growing again in middle-paying jobs, offshoring is on the decline, the proportion of routine jobs is falling, and efforts to make work more sustainable have borne fruit.

6 Junho 2017
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Equality of opportunity and upward social mobility are important aspects of the European social model. Until quite recently concerns about rising inequalities were often countered by assurances about protecting social mobility, and the assertion that an individual’s status is mainly down to their wo

26 Abril 2017
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There are limits to the effectiveness of member states’ pension reforms. Europe, it’s often said, is experiencing a worsening ageing crisis. European governments grappling with this and the related unsustainability of many pension schemes have taken measures to keep older workers longer in employmen

26 Setembro 2016
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In this blog piece, originally posted on Social Europe, Eurofound Director Juan Menéndez-Valdés looks the complex and multi-faceted story of what it is to live and work in the European Union of today.

13 Junho 2016

Upcoming publications results (4)

This factsheet will provide a snapshot of society and quality of life in spring 2024. It will look at a number of issues, including mental well-being, trust, access to healthcare, social support and coping with increases in the cost of living. The analysis is based on the Living and working in the

December 2024

This report analyses data from Eurofound’s European Working Conditions Telephone Survey (EWCTS), the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey and official statistics to examine employment trends, working conditions and social inclusion challenges experienced by young people in the Western Balkans (Alba

November 2024
Forthcoming
Publication
Research report

This report explores the implications of the right of all EU citizens to live independently. It investigates the barriers faced by people who wish to live independently, and the situation of people at risk of living in institutional settings. It maps the various measures taken by EU Member States to

October 2024

Social protection can include a range of entitlements to monetary and in-kind benefits. Eurofound’s project focuses on unemployment and minimum income benefits. Social protection can provide a safety net for people who are negatively impacted by the green and digital transitions. During the COVID-19

September 2024
Data results (1)
24 Outubro 2023
Reference period:

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