Passar para o conteúdo principal
shutterstock_senior_architect.jpg

Envelhecimento da população ativa

O envelhecimento da população europeia coloca muitos desafios aos decisores políticos em matéria de emprego, condições de trabalho, padrões de vida e segurança social. O tema do envelhecimento tem suscitado preocupações relativamente à sustentabilidade dos sistemas de pensões e da oferta de mão-de-obra. A promoção de oportunidades de emprego para uma força de trabalho em envelhecimento requer uma nova reflexão a nível empresarial, nacional e da UE.

Topic

Recent updates

hu_eu-flags-sm.png

From July to December 2024, Eurofound supports the work of Hungary's presidency of the Council of the EU, providing valuable research results on specific topics linked with the presidency priorities.

Web page

EU context

Apesar do substancial crescimento das taxas de emprego entre os trabalhadores mais velhos na última década em muitos países da UE, o Relatório Conjunto sobre o Emprego da Comissão e do Conselho, de 2017, realça o potencial para um aumento ainda maior destas taxas. Em 2016, a taxa de emprego da população com idades entre 55-64 anos na UE manteve-se nos 55,3% em comparação com os 66,6% da população geral com idades compreendidas entre 15 e 64 anos. O aumento foi maior na população de sexo feminino.

O Pilar Europeu dos Direitos Sociais fornece um quadro que visa ajudar os mercados de trabalho a adaptarem-se aos novos desafios, promovendo simultaneamente a equidade e a solidariedade entre as gerações. Engloba o direito a um ambiente de trabalho adaptado às necessidades profissionais dos trabalhadores, de modo a permitir que prolonguem a sua participação no mercado de trabalho. Além disso, o recente acordo autónomo dos parceiros sociais europeus sobre o envelhecimento ativo e a abordagem intergeracional tem como compromisso facilitar aos trabalhadores mais velhos a participação ativa no mercado de trabalho e o prolongamento da vida ativa.

Trabalho da Eurofound

A Eurofound tem uma larga experiência no plano dos problemas que afetam a população ativa em envelhecimento. As investigações levadas a cabo desde os anos 90 do século XX debruçaram-se sobre a participação no mercado de trabalho, o desempenho profissional, as condições de trabalho e as preferências de trabalho dos trabalhadores seniores no contexto político do perfil demográfico europeu em mudança. O trabalho da Eurofound centrou-se igualmente no apoio público e nas iniciativas empresariais de promoção do emprego entre a população sénior. Tomou em consideração as trabalhadoras mais velhas, realçando as crescentes taxas de emprego deste grupo e a sua proporção crescente na força de trabalho, especialmente na faixa etária dos 55-64 anos.

Dados dos inquéritos

Os principais inquéritos da Eurofound fornecem um conjunto de dados sobre a situação dos trabalhadores mais velhos. O Sexto Inquérito Europeu sobre as Condições de Trabalho (EWCS) faz uma análise comparativa dos trabalhadores mais velhos nas diferentes dimensões da qualidade do emprego. Embora estes trabalhadores tenham menos probabilidades de ficar desempregados comparativamente aos trabalhadores mais jovens, os dados revelam que os trabalhadores mais velhos consideram que, se perderem o emprego, não conseguirão encontrar um novo emprego com uma remuneração idêntica e terão até dificuldades em voltar a entrar no mercado de trabalho.

Um estudo baseado no quinto Inquérito Europeu sobre as Condições de Trabalho (EWCS) da Eurofound analisa as características da mão-de-obra mais idosa e do trabalho nas diferentes idades, bem como os fatores que tornam o trabalho sustentável para uma força de trabalho em envelhecimento: boas condições de trabalho, bem-estar físico e mental e conciliação entre a vida profissional e a vida familiar.

O Inquérito Europeu sobre a Qualidade de Vida da Eurofound (EQLS) oferece conclusões relacionadas com a idade em várias dimensões da qualidade de vida na Europa. Uma análise das preferências de trabalho após os 50 anos de idade baseia-se nos resultados do terceiro EQLS e revela que muitos trabalhadores seniores preferem trabalhar menos horas, mesmo depois de considerarem as suas necessidades financeiras. Permitir que haja um maior alinhamento das horas de trabalho com as preferências de trabalho pode motivar e levar a que as pessoas trabalhem durante mais tempo.

Vidas ativas mais longas

Recentemente, a Eurofound uniu-se a três outras agências da UE na análise de trabalhos favoráveis aos idosos na Europa, dos desafios em matéria de políticas associadas a uma força de trabalho em envelhecimento e de soluções inovadoras.

Muitos trabalhadores não estão aptos nem motivados para trabalhar até à idade legal de reforma. Contudo, há um grupo que está apto e com vontade de trabalhar depois dessa idade. A Eurofound investigou este fenómeno crescente de continuar a trabalhar após a reforma.

Investigações recentes debruçaram-se sobre o prolongamento da vida ativa através de planos de pensões flexíveis, considerando em particular os planos de pensões parciais que podem facilitar esse prolongamento. As revisões a meio da carreira contributiva podem contribuir igualmente para uma vida ativa mais longa. As investigações analisaram o modo como essas revisões podem ajudar a clarificar a opção dos trabalhadores de permanecerem no ativo até uma idade de reforma mais tardia. Evidenciam, além disso, os diferentes instrumentos desenvolvidos pelas empresas para a retenção dos trabalhadores mais velhos.

Outras investigações documentam as iniciativas nacionais e setoriais levadas a cabo pelos governos e pelos parceiros sociais com vista à retenção de trabalhadores mais velhos no mercado de trabalho, incluindo incentivos financeiros e melhores condições de trabalho. Num projeto mais antigo, foram analisadas as iniciativas de gestão da idade introduzidas antes e depois da recessão para realçar as boas práticas aplicadas pelas empresas na Europa.

Recursos

Key outputs

ef18041card_cover.png

This report uses European Working Conditions Survey data to examine working conditions and their implications for worker’s health. Ensuring the sustainability of work in the context of ageing populations implies...

13 Maio 2019
Publication
Research report
ef1733en_card_cover.png

Nearly 37,000 people in 33 European countries (28 EU Member States and 5 candidate countries) were interviewed in the last quarter of 2016 for the fourth wave of the European...

23 Janeiro 2018
Publication
Research report
ef1747_card_cover.png

Demographic change is increasing the number of older workers in employment in Europe. In order for all of them to work beyond 55 or even after the pension age, it...

21 Dezembro 2017
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

Research continues in this topic on a variety of themes, which are outlined below with links to forthcoming titles.

Eurofound expert(s)

hans-dubois-2023.png

Hans Dubois is a senior research manager in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. His research topics include housing, over-indebtedness, healthcare, long-term care, social...

Senior research manager,
Social policies research unit
franz-eiffe-2023.png

Franz Eiffe is a research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. He is involved in projects on sustainable work, quantitative analyses and upward convergence in the EU, as...

Research manager,
Working life research unit
Publications results (101)

Demographic ageing poses the challenge of how to keep people in employment for longer without negatively affecting their health and well-being. The solutions are particularly critical for workers engaged in arduous work. This report examines how mid-career reviews can play a key role by clarifying

17 January 2017

This issue of Foundation Focus looks at work–life balance and some of the factors that help or hinder workers in combining working with non-working life.

23 December 2016

The sixth European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) builds on the lessons learned from the previous five surveys to paint a wide-ranging picture of Europe at work across countries, occupations, sectors and age groups. EU employment policy priorities aim to boost employment levels, prolong working

17 November 2016

Many EU Member States have implemented reforms to improve the sustainability of their pension systems. However, the impact of discouraging early retirement and increasing the pension age on effective retirement ages is limited, as many people are unable or unmotivated to work until pension age.

09 September 2016

European countries face the challenges of ageing populations supported by shrinking workforces, more precarious types of employment, and in many cases, a decreasing number of jobs in the wake of the economic crisis. As a result, the issue of how to enable more people to participate in the labour

27 July 2016

Ageing of the population is likely to threaten the ability of states to finance welfare states and social protection systems in the future. A viable solution is to increase employment rates and to lengthen working life. To achieve this dual goal requires devising new solutions for working conditions

19 June 2015

The ageing of European society is leading to a situation where, at current employment levels, supporting the retired population will become increasingly unaffordable. The proposed solution can be summed up simply: bring more of the working age population into work and extend everyone’s working life

23 January 2015

This policy brief highlights findings on a specific topic from Eurofound’s European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) that is of particular interest from a policy perspective. It brings results of the analysis of these data together with evidence from other Eurofound projects to formulate a number of

14 June 2014

This issue of Foundation Focus looks at issues surrounding pay, wages and income in Europe in the face of sustained difficult economic circumstances. For example, what sort of hardship are ordinary people experiencing? Which workers are being most affected by wage cuts? Are wage cuts the best way to

20 January 2014

With the average age of the population rising, people aged 55–64 make up an increasing share of workers in Europe. This demographic shift, as well as ongoing threats to the sustainability of national welfare and pension systems, has increased pressure for reforms to encourage longer careers. This

29 April 2013

Online resources results (133)

Older workers show highest levels of company loyalty

In 2007, Factum Group [1] – a partnership of central and eastern European market research agencies – conducted international research into workers’ attitudes, loyalty to their employer and job satisfaction in seven countries, including Lithuania. In Lithuania, the study was carried out by the Market

Factors determining early exit from employment

A study on ‘Early exit from employment’ was conducted by the Monitoring and Evaluation Unit of the Employment and Training Corporation (ETC [1]) in 2007. The main aim of the study was to assess the key factors influencing the early retirement choices of older workers. The report aimed to contribute

Labour market participation of older people

In the context of the EU EQUAL [1] initiative, the Empeiria Development Partnership, whose coordinating partner is the Economic and Social Council of Greece (Oικονομική και Κοινωνική Επιτροπή, ΟΚΕ [2]), has carried out studies and research (in Greek) [3] on the issue of ‘active ageing’. The key

Increase in generational wage gap since early 1990s

In September 2007, the Research Unit of the Central Bank of Italy (Banca d’Italia [1]) published a working paper entitled The generation gap: Relative earnings of young and old workers in Italy (862Kb PDF) [2]. The paper examines the developments of labour market entry wages, as well as the gap

Managing the transition from work to retirement

According to the analysis of the survey findings on the Transition from work into retirement (3.5Mb PDF, in Polish and English) [1] which was published by the Central Statistical Office (Główny Urząd Statystyczny, GUS [2]) in 2007, persons aged 55 to 64 years show a very low level of economic

Report signals employment challenges in the EU despite continuing economic growth

The European Commission has outlined key messages (148Kb PDF) [1] from its report Employment in Europe 2007 [2]. The report begins by providing a brief analysis of European labour markets (Chapter 1 (752Kb PDF) [3]), noting that in 2006 EU economic growth was better than anticipated. This had

Study reveals gap in labour market supply and demand

A study (in Latvian (1.1Mb WinZip file)) [1] on labour force supply and demand – one of 13 studies – was initiated by the Republic of Latvia’s Ministry of Welfare (Labklājības ministrija Latvijas Republikas [2]) in the framework of the National Labour Market Research Programme (in Latvian) [3]

‘Inclusive working life’ programme reduces sick leave in companies

The Norwegian national intervention programme ‘Inclusive Working Life’ (/Inkluderende arbeidsliv/, IWL) was initiated in 2001 with the objective of reducing sick leave, preventing early retirement and promoting employment of employees with ‘impaired functionality’, that is, reduced work ability

Motives behind early retirement and working beyond retirement

In the Czech Republic, the statutory retirement age has been increased progressively up to 62 years. However, current political debate considers that raising the retirement age to 65 years is an inevitable step. Taking into account these changes, it is interesting to see how many people today are

Older workers’ attitudes towards working after retirement

Commissioned by the National Social Security Institute (Национален Осигурителен Институт, NSSI [1]), the national representative survey on Factors for introducing flexible retirement forms and encouraging the employment of older people (in Bulgarian, 186Kb PPT) [2] is the first of its kind to


Blogs results (6)

There’s a demographic shift sweeping Europe: people are living longer and working longer. Older workers, however, face significant labour market barriers.

25 Janeiro 2024
image_1_blog_motivation_20032019.jpg

Motivated workers have higher levels of engagement, better health and are able to work longer. Improving motivation at work is therefore a key component in meeting the challenges of Europe’s ageing workforce and improving the EU’s long-term competitiveness on a global scale. This means that fosterin

20 Março 2019
image_blog_labour_market_integration_15112018.jpg

Over the last decade, European labour markets have seen a surge in the number of older workers in work and a continuous decline in their unemployment rates. A lot of young and middle-aged workers lost their jobs in the Great Recession, but not so the older age group. This favourable state of affairs

15 Novembro 2018
image1_keeping_careers_alive_as_work_transforms_blog_21062018.jpg

In this article, Jean-Marie Jungblut looks at the health of careers in Europe. He argues that, since the average length of the most important job in a person’s life is over 20 years, time should be put aside in the middle of a career to check the fit between the worker and the job. Different scenari

21 Junho 2018
image_blog_18012018.jpg

In this blog piece, originally published in Social Europe, Eurofound Research Officer Daniel Molinuevo looks at the service providers delivering long-term care to older people in Europe.

18 Janeiro 2018
working_longer.jpg

There are limits to the effectiveness of member states’ pension reforms. Europe, it’s often said, is experiencing a worsening ageing crisis. European governments grappling with this and the related unsustainability of many pension schemes have taken measures to keep older workers longer in employmen

26 Setembro 2016
Upcoming publications results (1)

The European population is living longer, with a declining natural population since 2014, offset only by positive net migration. The proportion of older people, especially those over 50, is increasing. Demographic ageing, where the working-age population shrinks while the number of older individuals

March 2025
Data results (2)

Disclaimer

When freely submitting your request, you are consenting Eurofound in handling your personal data to reply to you. Your request will be handled in accordance with the provisions of Regulation (EU) 2018/1725 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2018 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data by the Union institutions, bodies, offices and agencies and on the free movement of such data. More information, please read the Data Protection Notice.