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Relações laborais e diálogo social

As relações laborais e o diálogo social são uma das seis principais atividades do programa de trabalho da Eurofound para o período de 2021-2024. A Eurofound continuará a funcionar como centro de conhecimentos especializados para acompanhar e analisar a evolução nos processos de relações laborais e no diálogo social a nível nacional e da UE. Continuará a apoiar o diálogo entre os parceiros sociais, nomeadamente à luz do impacto da COVID-19, com base nos conhecimentos especializados da sua Rede de Correspondentes Europeus a nível nacional.

Ao longo dos próximos quatro anos, a Eurofound fornecerá um contributo importante para os desafios e perspetivas no domínio das relações laborais e do diálogo social na UE. Com uma longa e firmada experiência neste domínio, a Eurofound analisa os principais desenvolvimentos que afetam os intervenientes, processos e principais resultados das relações laborais. Compara os sistemas nacionais de relações laborais, incluindo o diálogo social e a negociação coletiva a nível nacional. Recorrendo à sua base de dados COVID-19 EU PolicyWatch, criada em 2020, a Eurofound acompanhará as iniciativas políticas dos governos, parceiros sociais e outros intervenientes para atenuar os impactos sociais e económicos da crise, bem como para apoiar os esforços de recuperação. Continuará a apresentar os seus relatórios regulares sobre a evolução dos regimes salariais , dos salários mínimos e dos horários de trabalho , assim como sobre os resultados de estudos sobre a vida laboral.

Enquanto agência especializada, a Eurofound apoia o reforço das capacidades dos parceiros sociais para conseguirem um diálogo social eficaz, e promove o desenvolvimento do diálogo social europeu ao estudar a representatividade das organizações de parceiros sociais em diferentes setores para avaliar a sua elegibilidade para participarem nos comités de diálogo social.

«A nossa missão neste contexto é apoiar o diálogo entre os parceiros sociais. Penso que os dados que desenvolvemos e os estudos que realizamos são importantes se ajudarem os próprios intervenientes a funcionar melhor... Um diálogo social dinâmico faz parte daquilo a que poderíamos chamar economia social de mercado, que corresponde àquilo que a União Europeia pretende alcançar.»

David Foden, Consultor, Relações Laborais

Topic

Recent updates

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This publication comprises individual country reports on developments in working life in each of the 27 EU Member States and Norway in 2023, based on national research and survey results...

26 Julho 2024
Publication
Other

Principais mensagens políticas

Infografia

As principais conclusões resultantes da investigação da Eurofound servem de contributo para que os decisores políticos abordem algumas das principais questões neste domínio.

  • Os parceiros sociais, através da negociação coletiva, desempenham um papel crucial na garantia de um tratamento equitativo dos trabalhadores europeus e de um quadro estável e previsível para os empregadores.
  • Uma negociação coletiva eficaz é garante uma concorrência entre empresas assente no aumento da eficiência e não na exploração laboral por meio de regras comuns de remuneração e condições de trabalho.
  • Os sistemas de relações laborais estão cada vez mais ameaçados devido à evolução da sociedade, dos mercados de trabalho e da organização do trabalho. Isto coloca alguns desafios quanto à capacidade de ação dos principais intervenientes nos sistemas de relações laborais nos Estados-Membros.
  • Em termos salariais, os dados revelam que, entre os trabalhadores da UE que auferem o salário mínimo, sete em cada dez afirmam ter, pelo menos, alguma dificuldade em fazer face às despesas, em comparação com os outros trabalhadores, em que menos de cinco em dez revelam a mesma dificuldade; no entanto, estes números variam consideravelmente de país para país. No contexto da atual situação de pandemia, os salários mínimos podem desempenhar um papel importante na aplicação de políticas combinadas para estabilizar os rendimentos e, por conseguinte, contrariar uma espiral descendente de recessão ou depressão.
  • Para garantir um diálogo social europeu eficaz, é necessário estabelecer uma boa articulação com as instâncias nacionais, de modo a que a agenda da UE continue a ser relevante e que os acordos autónomos da UE sejam aplicados de forma pertinente a nível nacional.
  • Embora várias iniciativas conjuntas tenham emergido do diálogo social europeu, poucos acordos foram concluídos. Em alguns setores, receia-se que as exigências dos parceiros sociais no sentido de implementarem acordos através de legislação europeia tenham sido rejeitadas e que seja necessário garantir uma melhor articulação entre as instâncias comunitária e nacionais.
  • A diminuição dos níveis de sindicalização suscita preocupações em muitos Estados-Membros. Menos de um em cada três locais de trabalho (com mais de 10 trabalhadores) na UE (29 %) possui alguma forma de representação dos trabalhadores. A imposição de exigências por via legislativa é um fator fundamental para garantir a representação.
  • A negociação coletiva continua a estar no cerne dos sistemas de relações laborais na UE. Os legisladores devem aproveitar a oportunidade da crise da COVID-19 para introduzir novas iniciativas para promover, reforçar e sustentar a negociação coletiva.
  • Para além dos esforços dos parceiros sociais, um diálogo social eficaz e o bom funcionamento das relações laborais exigem fundos públicos e o apoio das autoridades públicas. Os decisores políticos devem explorar novas formas de transferência de conhecimentos, de atribuição de recursos e de compromisso com os parceiros sociais, ao nível da UE e ao nível nacional.
  • Salvaguardar e promover relações laborais justas, funcionais e equilibradas é fundamental para garantir não só um crescimento inclusivo e sustentável, mas também o progresso social na UE. Na sequência da crise pandémica da COVID-19, será também uma importante forma de os decisores políticos integrarem as dimensões social e económica da UE, tal como estabelecido no Pilar Europeu dos Direitos Sociais.

2021–2024 work plan

During 2021–2024, Eurofound will provide important insights into the challenges and prospects in the area of industrial relations and social dialogue in the EU. With a long-established expertise in this field, Eurofound explores the main developments affecting the actors, processes and key outcomes of industrial relations. It compares national systems of industrial relations, including national social dialogue and collective bargaining. Building on its EU PolicyWatch database created in 2020, Eurofound will monitor policy initiatives by governments, social partners and other actors to cushion the social and economic fallouts of the crisis, as well as to assist in the recovery efforts. Its regular reporting on pay setting, minimum wage and working time developments, as well as working life outcomes, will be ongoing.

Eurofound’s expertise supports the capacity-building of the social partners to achieve effective social dialogue, and the Agency promotes the development of the European social dialogue by looking at the representativeness of social partner organisations in different sectors to assess their eligibility to participate in social dialogue committees.

Addressing stakeholder priorities

Eurofound’s research aims to assist the European institutions, national public authorities and social partners at various levels to address the challenges facing the EU and at national level in the areas of policy formation, social dialogue, collective bargaining and the regulation of employment relations.

The Agency’s work programme is aligned with the European Commission’s political guidelines over the next four years, directly feeding into a number of key policy areas aimed at creating a strong social Europe. In particular, Eurofound will support the policy initiatives under the European Pillar of Social Rights linked to social dialogue and the involvement of workers, particularly in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. Specific findings will be available to inform the European policy debate on minimum wages and pay transparency, as well as on working time. In consultation with the European Commission, Eurofound will continue its focused work on European social dialogue through its series of representativeness studies in selected sectors.

 

Eurofound research

In 2024, Eurofound continues its national monitoring of trends and developments in industrial relations, social dialogue, collective bargaining and working life regulations and outcomes. 

To support European social dialogue, in 2024 the Agency plans to publish studies on the representativeness of social partner organisations in six sectors: construction, extractive industries, chemical sector, road transport including urban public transport, postal and courier services, and graphical industries. In addition, studies are ongoing on the following sectors: agriculture, temporary agency work, ports, maritime transport, tanning and leather, footwear, sugar, inland waterway transport, central government administration, railways and commerce. Eurofound continues its work on initiatives to support capacity building for effective social dialogue. In 2024, the Agency launches a new phase of Tripartite Exchange Seminars in collaboration with the European Training Foundation, Cedefop and the European Environment Agency.

Eurofound carries out its annual exercise of examining the involvement of national social partners in policymaking, in the context of the European Semester process and the Recovery and Resilience Facility, which in 2024 includes findings on the role of tripartite discussions held in Economic and Social Councils in Member States having such bodies. The contribution made by sectoral social partners to the implementation of reforms and investments included in the Recovery and Resilience Plans is also analysed, looking at policy processes that link European and national policy agendas. 

Eurofound’s EU PolicyWatch database continues to capture relevant policy initiatives by governments, social partners and other actors, including those taken to mitigate the socioeconomic consequences of the war in Ukraine, as well as those related to the twin transition.

Work on outcomes in collective bargaining agreements beyond the topic of pay concludes in 2024 and the results and dataset are planned for 2025. Research also concludes on how larger increases in statutory minimum wages affect collective bargaining and collectively agreed wages for low-paid groups. 

Eurofound collaborates with the European Institute for Gender Equality in 2024 to investigate further experiences with the implementation of gender pay transparency measures, with a focus also on those Member States that have recently introduced new legislation, and how the ‘work of equal value principle’ is defined and implemented.

The annual reviews on minimum wages and on working time in the EU continue in 2024. The working life country profiles are also being updated. The ongoing monitoring of industrial relations systems includes regular updates to the European Industrial Relations Dictionary.

Key outputs

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Eurofound's 2024 work programme is set in the context of the upcoming European elections, war in Ukraine, renewed Middle East conflict and rising cost of living across the EU.

23 Janeiro 2024
Publication
Work programme
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A revisão anual dos salários mínimos para 2023 foi preparada num contexto de inflação sem precedentes em toda a Europa. Embora tal tenha conduzido a aumentos acentuados das taxas salariais...

29 Junho 2023
Publication
Research report

Eurofound expert(s)

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Christine Aumayr-Pintar is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. Her current research topics include minimum wages, collectively agreed wages and gender...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
Publications results (533)

No âmbito do seu mandato para promover o diálogo entre parceiros sociais, a Eurofound acompanha e analisa a evolução dos sistemas de relações laborais a nível da UE e nos Estados-Membros da UE há mais de 40 anos. Este relatório emblemático baseia-se no trabalho realizado neste contexto durante o

11 December 2020

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the human health sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective

12 November 2020

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the education sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participation

15 October 2020

O presente relatório tem por base a quarta edição do Inquérito Europeu às Empresas (ECS), realizado conjuntamente pela Eurofound e pelo Cedefop em 2019. Descreve um vasto leque de práticas e estratégias implementadas por empresas europeias em matéria de organização do trabalho, gestão de recursos

13 October 2020

The aim of this report is to add to the discussion on how Eurofound can contribute to supporting capacity building of social partners for effective social dialogue. The report includes a review by Eurofound aimed at identifying the capacity-building needs and initiatives of social partners in

10 September 2020

This report assesses the role of the social partners in tackling workplace discrimination. Against the background of EU and national anti-discrimination legislation, it highlights the extent to which the need to tackle discrimination on different grounds is on the radar of cross-sectoral social

31 August 2020

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the sea fisheries sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective

10 August 2020

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the paper sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participation in

04 August 2020

Developments in information and communication technology (ICT) have been among the key drivers of change in working life over the past two decades. Specifically, telework and ICT-based mobile work (TICTM) exemplifies how digital technology has led to more flexible workplace and working time

02 July 2020

The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the lives of individuals and societies, including on the economy and labour markets, is unprecedented. The impact of the global health emergency has placed a growing number of businesses under threat, putting the jobs of more and more workers at risk and

24 June 2020

Online resources results (1770)

New rules on representativeness and bargaining in the public sector

On 5 August 1997, the Italian Government approved a draft decree-law regulating trade union representativeness and collective bargaining in the public sector. This draft decree-law introduces a number of innovations into industrial relations in the public sector by establishing rules for

Hospital administration and working conditions reform proposed

A public debate has begun in Portugal about the privatisation of public hospitals. Medical, paramedical and nursing unions have reacted largely negatively to proposed changes in the regulation of industrial relations, employment contracts and working conditions, and strikes were due in August

The TUC proposes an Organising Academy

In December 1993 the Trades Union Congress (TUC) stated its intention to become a campaigning organisation and abandoned much of its committee structure in favour of a series of "Task Groups", each dedicated to a single campaign issue. As part of this campaigning initiative, a New Unionism Task

Agenda 2000 and the European social dimension - countdown to enlargement: The case of the Czech Republic

On 16 July 1997, the European Commission published a document of some 200 pages entitled Agenda 2000: For a stronger and wider Europe [1], in which it outlines the Community's policies in respect of enlargement, their impact on the applicant countries and a summary and conclusions of the opinions of

Labour relations in cooperatives: the working partner issue

A long-running debate over the position of "working partners" in cooperatives - partners who also work in the organisation - has caused a dispute between Italian trade unions and cooperative associations, which came to a head when negotiations broke down in July 1997. We review the controversy and

Social security reform under debate

A government committee has been set up in Portugal to examine the framework for reform of the country's social security system and to make proposals for change. Consultations with the social partners were launched in late June 1997.

Government's proposals for regulating employment and social protection

In July 1997, in the framework of its current process of social dialogue, the Greek Government presented its proposals for industrial relations reform and new forms of employment.

Trade union membership falls yet again

Total UK trade union membership stood at 7.2 million in 1996, a fall of 1.8 million since 1989, according to the 1996 Labour Force Survey (reported in "Trade union membership and recognition", Mark Cully and Stephen Woodland, Labour Market Trends, June 1997). This means that trade union membership

Collective bargaining in 1996

In June 1997, the tripartite National Collective Bargaining Commission examined the Ministry of Labour's 1996 annual report on collective bargaining in France. The study indicates progress in bargaining in a context marked by low growth in GDP, control of inflation and relative lethargy in domestic

The debate on union unity is resumed

In May 1997, the executive committee of Italy's CGIL trade union confederation approved a plan to create a single union centre by 2000, a development welcomed by the CISL confederation. This article reviews the moves towards trade union unity and their background.


Blogs results (22)
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​Nowadays we all know that long or excessive working hours may have serious negative impacts on a person’s health and wellbeing. Eurofound‘s new report 'Working time developments in the 21st century' suggests that if working time standards are mainly left to legislation or to be set unilaterally by

4 Março 2016
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The new European Commission (EC) under President Jean-Claude Juncker is committed to re-launching social dialogue and a first step was taken with the organisation of a high-level conference in Brussels on 5 March. The aim of the conference was to discuss concrete ways to strengthen social dialogue w

20 Abril 2015

Upcoming publications results (7)

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the graphical industry. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participation

July 2025

This report reviews the quality of the national social partners’ involvement in the implementation of the reforms and investments shaping the digital and green transition in the context of national policymaking. These reforms and investments stem mainly from the Recovery and Resilience Facility.

March 2025

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the extractive industries sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective par

December 2024

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the construction sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participatio

December 2024

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the chemical sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participation in

December 2024

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the road transport sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participat

December 2024

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the postal and courier activities sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effec

November 2024
Data results (10)

Eurofound publishes gross and nominal statutory minimum wages applicable in EU countries that have a statutory minimum wage.

25 Janeiro 2024
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