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Relațiile de muncă și dialogul social

Relațiile de muncă și dialogul social reprezintă una dintre cele șase activități principale ale programului de activitate al Eurofound pentru perioada 2021-2024. Eurofound va acționa în continuare ca centru de expertiză pentru monitorizarea și analiza evoluțiilor în materie de sisteme de relații de muncă și de dialog social la nivel național și la nivelul UE. Agenția va sprijini în continuare dialogul între partenerii sociali, inclusiv în contextul impactului pandemiei de COVID-19, folosind know-how-ul rețelei de corespondenți ai Eurofound de la nivel național.

În următorii patru ani, Eurofound va oferi contribuții importante pentru înțelegerea provocărilor și a perspectivelor din domeniul relațiilor de muncă și al dialogului social în UE. Cu o expertiză îndelungată în domeniu, Eurofound cercetează principalele evoluții care afectează actorii, procesele și rezultatele esențiale ale relațiilor de muncă. Agenția compară sistemele naționale de relații de muncă, inclusiv dialogul social național și negocierea colectivă. Folosind baza de date PolicyWatch a UE privind COVID-19, creată în 2020, Eurofound va monitoriza inițiativele în materie de politică ale guvernelor, ale partenerilor sociali și ale altor actori menite să atenueze consecințele sociale și economice ale crizei, precum și să contribuie la eforturile de redresare. Agenția își va continua activitatea de raportare periodică cu privire la evoluțiile în materie de stabilire a remunerațiilor salariu minim și timp de lucru , precum și cu privire la rezultatele în materie de viață profesională.

Expertiza Eurofound sprijină consolidarea capacităților partenerilor sociali în vederea desfășurării unui dialog social eficace; agenția promovează dezvoltarea dialogului social european prin analiza reprezentativității organizațiilor partenerilor sociali din diferite sectoare cu scopul de a evalua eligibilitatea acestora pentru participarea la comitete pentru dialog social.

„Suntem aici pentru a susține dialogul între partenerii sociali. Consider că datele pe care le culegem și activitatea de cercetare pe care o desfășurăm sunt importante în măsura în care ajută actorii, îi ajută să funcționeze mai bine... Dialogul social vibrant face parte din ceea ce am putea numi economia socială de piață, spre care tinde Uniunea Europeană.”

David Foden, consilier, relații de muncă

 

Topic

Recent updates

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This 2024 annual review of minimum wages provides a synopsis of minimum wage setting during 2023 in the EU27 and Norway. It reports in detail on the processes and outcomes...

26 Iunie 2024
Publication
Research report
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The post-pandemic recovery of Europe continued in 2023, with strong job creation despite subdued economic growth, against a background of rising geopolitical tension. Eurofound’s research over the year brought to...

2 Mai 2024
Publication
Annual report

Principalele mesaje de politică

Infografic

Principalele constatări ale cercetării întreprinse de Eurofound constituie date de intrare pe baza cărora factorii de decizie pot aborda unele dintre principalele probleme din acest domeniu.

  • Prin negociere colectivă, partenerii sociali joacă un rol fundamental în asigurarea unui tratament echitabil pentru lucrătorii europeni și a unui cadru stabil și previzibil pentru angajatori.
  • Negocierea colectivă eficace asigură o concurență între întreprinderi axată mai degrabă pe creșterea eficienței decât pe exploatarea forței de muncă prin norme comune privind remunerația și condițiile de muncă.
  • Sistemele de relații de muncă sunt supuse unor amenințări din ce în ce mai mari, din cauza schimbărilor care au loc în societate, pe piețele muncii și în organizarea muncii. Această situație a generat dificultăți în ceea ce privește capacitatea principalilor actori de la nivelul sistemelor de relații de muncă din statele membre.
  • În ceea ce privește salariul, rezultatele arată că șapte din zece lucrători cu salarii minime din UE raportează cel puțin o dificultate în satisfacerea necesităților, comparativ cu mai puțin de cinci din zece în rândul celorlalți lucrători; aceste cifre variază însă mult de la un stat la altul. În contextul pandemiei, salariile minime pot juca un rol în combinația de măsuri care vizează stabilizarea veniturilor - și, prin urmare, cererea - și pot contracara o spirală descendentă, în direcția recesiunii sau depresiei.
  • Pentru a fi eficace, dialogul social european trebuie să se bazeze pe legături solide cu nivelul național, astfel încât agenda UE să rămână relevantă și acordurile autonome ale Uniunii să fie puse în aplicare în mod semnificativ la nivel național.
  • Deși dialogul social european a generat mai multe inițiative comune, s-au încheiat puține acorduri. În unele sectoare s-a exprimat preocuparea că solicitările partenerilor sociali de a se pune în aplicare acordurile prin intermediul legislației UE au fost respinse și că sunt necesare legături mai bune între nivelul UE și cel național.
  • Tendința de scădere a densității organizațiilor sindicale reprezintă un motiv de îngrijorare în multe state membre. Mai puțin de unul din trei (29 %) medii profesionale (cu cel puțin 10 lucrători) din UE dispun de o formă de reprezentare a angajaților. Cerințele legislative reprezintă un factor esențial pentru prezența reprezentării.
  • Negocierea colectivă rămâne în centrul sistemelor de relații de muncă din UE. Factorii de decizie ar trebui să se folosească de oportunitatea creată de criza provocată de pandemia de COVID-19 pentru a introduce noi inițiative de promovare, consolidare și susținere a negocierii colective.
  • Pe lângă eforturile partenerilor sociali, este nevoie de finanțare publică și de sprijinul autorităților publice pentru ca dialogul social să fie eficace și relațiile de muncă să funcționeze bine. Factorii de decizie ar trebui să exploreze noi forme de transfer de cunoștințe, de alocare de resurse și de implicare a partenerilor sociali la nivel european și național.
  • Asigurarea și promovarea unor relații de muncă echitabile, funcționale și echilibrate sunt esențiale pentru asigurarea unei creșteri incluzive și durabile și a progresului social în UE. În urma pandemiei de COVID-19, aceste aspecte vor reprezenta și un mod important pentru factorii de decizie de a integra dimensiunile sociale și economice ale UE, astfel cum prevede Pilonul european al drepturilor sociale.

2021–2024 work plan

During 2021–2024, Eurofound will provide important insights into the challenges and prospects in the area of industrial relations and social dialogue in the EU. With a long-established expertise in this field, Eurofound explores the main developments affecting the actors, processes and key outcomes of industrial relations. It compares national systems of industrial relations, including national social dialogue and collective bargaining. Building on its EU PolicyWatch database created in 2020, Eurofound will monitor policy initiatives by governments, social partners and other actors to cushion the social and economic fallouts of the crisis, as well as to assist in the recovery efforts. Its regular reporting on pay setting, minimum wage and working time developments, as well as working life outcomes, will be ongoing.

Eurofound’s expertise supports the capacity-building of the social partners to achieve effective social dialogue, and the Agency promotes the development of the European social dialogue by looking at the representativeness of social partner organisations in different sectors to assess their eligibility to participate in social dialogue committees.

Addressing stakeholder priorities

Eurofound’s research aims to assist the European institutions, national public authorities and social partners at various levels to address the challenges facing the EU and at national level in the areas of policy formation, social dialogue, collective bargaining and the regulation of employment relations.

The Agency’s work programme is aligned with the European Commission’s political guidelines over the next four years, directly feeding into a number of key policy areas aimed at creating a strong social Europe. In particular, Eurofound will support the policy initiatives under the European Pillar of Social Rights linked to social dialogue and the involvement of workers, particularly in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. Specific findings will be available to inform the European policy debate on minimum wages and pay transparency, as well as on working time. In consultation with the European Commission, Eurofound will continue its focused work on European social dialogue through its series of representativeness studies in selected sectors.

 

Eurofound research

In 2024, Eurofound continues its national monitoring of trends and developments in industrial relations, social dialogue, collective bargaining and working life regulations and outcomes. 

To support European social dialogue, in 2024 the Agency plans to publish studies on the representativeness of social partner organisations in six sectors: construction, extractive industries, chemical sector, road transport including urban public transport, postal and courier services, and graphical industries. In addition, studies are ongoing on the following sectors: agriculture, temporary agency work, ports, maritime transport, tanning and leather, footwear, sugar, inland waterway transport, central government administration, railways and commerce. Eurofound continues its work on initiatives to support capacity building for effective social dialogue. In 2024, the Agency launches a new phase of Tripartite Exchange Seminars in collaboration with the European Training Foundation, Cedefop and the European Environment Agency.

Eurofound carries out its annual exercise of examining the involvement of national social partners in policymaking, in the context of the European Semester process and the Recovery and Resilience Facility, which in 2024 includes findings on the role of tripartite discussions held in Economic and Social Councils in Member States having such bodies. The contribution made by sectoral social partners to the implementation of reforms and investments included in the Recovery and Resilience Plans is also analysed, looking at policy processes that link European and national policy agendas. 

Eurofound’s EU PolicyWatch database continues to capture relevant policy initiatives by governments, social partners and other actors, including those taken to mitigate the socioeconomic consequences of the war in Ukraine, as well as those related to the twin transition.

Work on outcomes in collective bargaining agreements beyond the topic of pay concludes in 2024 and the results and dataset are planned for 2025. Research also concludes on how larger increases in statutory minimum wages affect collective bargaining and collectively agreed wages for low-paid groups. 

Eurofound collaborates with the European Institute for Gender Equality in 2024 to investigate further experiences with the implementation of gender pay transparency measures, with a focus also on those Member States that have recently introduced new legislation, and how the ‘work of equal value principle’ is defined and implemented.

The annual reviews on minimum wages and on working time in the EU continue in 2024. The working life country profiles are also being updated. The ongoing monitoring of industrial relations systems includes regular updates to the European Industrial Relations Dictionary.

Key outputs

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Eurofound's 2024 work programme is set in the context of the upcoming European elections, war in Ukraine, renewed Middle East conflict and rising cost of living across the EU.

23 Ianuarie 2024
Publication
Work programme
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Revizuirea anuală a salariilor minime din 2023 a fost elaborată în contextul unei rate a inflației fără precedent în întreaga Europă. Deși acest lucru a dus la creșteri substanțiale ale...

29 Iunie 2023
Publication
Research report

Eurofound expert(s)

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Christine Aumayr-Pintar is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. Her current research topics include minimum wages, collectively agreed wages and gender...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
Publications results (532)

This 2024 annual review of minimum wages provides a synopsis of minimum wage setting during 2023 in the EU27 and Norway. It reports in detail on the processes and outcomes of setting the minimum wage rates for 2024 and beyond. It investigates the extent to which minimum wage earners were affected by

26 June 2024

The post-pandemic recovery of Europe continued in 2023, with strong job creation despite subdued economic growth, against a background of rising geopolitical tension. Eurofound’s research over the year brought to light evidence on the key issues shaping the daily lives and work of Europeans.

02 May 2024

Three years after the adoption of the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF), this report reviews the quality of the social partners’ involvement in 2023 in the ongoing implementation of reforms and investments funded by that initiative. It also examines the quality of their involvement in the prepa

26 February 2024

In this pilot project, Eurofound successfully established the feasibility of, and piloted, an EU-wide database of minimum pay rates contained in collective agreements related to low-paid workers. A conceptual and measurement framework was devised, a total of 692 collective agreements – related to 24

26 January 2024

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the furniture sector.

08 December 2023

Previous Eurofound research developed three complementary tools to examine the dynamics of industrial relations and compare how national industrial relations systems are faring in terms of quality and change over time.

05 December 2023

In the EU, non-compliance with statutory or negotiated minimum wages averages 6.93% or 1.3%, depending on the statistics used. The lowest national estimate is 0.01% in Belgium and the highest is 11.59% in Hungary.

27 November 2023

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the woodworking sector.

21 November 2023

This study provides information to allow for an assessment of the representativeness of the national and supranational social partners at cross-industry level in the EU.

09 November 2023

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the professional football sector.

26 October 2023

Online resources results (1769)

Latvia: Latest working life developments – Q3 2016

The drafting of the State budget (including discussions on the minimum wage), civil service reforms, an agreement on the State revenue system and debates on social insurance are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in

Norway: Latest working life developments – Q3 2016

A series of strikes related to the biennial renegotiation of national collective agreements, an increase in temporary employment and the changing use of occupational health services are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working

Finland: Latest working life developments - Q3 2016

A trial of a new basic income, budgetary proposals to reduce unemployment, and conflicts between Akava and other trade union confederations are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Finland in the third quarter of 2016.

Croatia: Latest working life developments – Q3 2016

The general election result, industrial relations developments, equality in the workplace, what makes a good employer, trade union education and moves to improve social dialogue are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in

Estonia: Latest working life developments - Q3 2016

A new three-year sectoral collective agreement for bus drivers, concerns about transposition of the Enforcement Directive, and social policy reforms are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Estonia in the third quarter

Slovenia: Latest working life developments – Q3 2016

Wage negotiations in the public sector, the suspension of dialogue between employer organisations and the government over tax amendments, and protests by assistant kindergarten teachers regarding pay are among the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest

Cyprus: Latest working life developments – Q3 2016

A strike by primary school teachers and the resumption of public service recruitment are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Cyprus in the third quarter of 2016.

Austria: Latest working life developments – Q3 2016

The labour market integration of refugees and asylum seekers, together with discussions about the types of jobs unemployed people should accept, are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Austria in the third quarter of

EU Level: Latest working life developments – Q3 2016

Issues related to work–life balance, the launch of the public consultation on social rules in road transport and some developments in social dialogue are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in the European Union in the

Slovakia: Latest working life developments – Q3 2016

Differences between social partners on a proposal to increase the minimum wage, demands by industrial trade unions for higher wages and strike action by teachers are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Slovakia in the


Blogs results (22)
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The votes have been cast, tallied and declared and we can now see the political landscape of the new European Parliament. It is a complex picture: there has been growth of far-right and populist parties, but well short of what was projected, and at the same time there has been a boost for pro

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Seniority entitlements have largely been on the decline since the 1990s, and have been gradually phased-out from legislation in Europe, as well as in collective agreements. However, it would be premature to dismiss seniority-based entitlements as a thing of the past, as they remain in force across E

17 Aprilie 2019
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In this blog piece, originally published in Social Europe, Karel Fric and Camilla Galli da Bino look at the issue of discrimination against men in the workplace in Europe, and the current lack of research in this area.

1 Mai 2018
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The workings of industrial relations are constantly evolving. In this blog piece, Eurofound authors Christian Welz and Ricardo Rodriguez Contreras discuss a tool that Eurofound has developed to enable this process of change to be monitored and analysed, enabling stakeholders in Member States to asse

28 Martie 2018
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Measures to promote gender pay transparency haven’t been delivered yet in half of Europe – making EU level legislative action to speed up implementation an option. In this blog, originally posted in Social Europe, Christine Aumayr-Pintar details what we know about the measures from countries that ha

28 Februarie 2018
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Average unemployment rates continue to fall across Europe, employment is growing again in middle-paying jobs, offshoring is on the decline, the proportion of routine jobs is falling, and efforts to make work more sustainable have borne fruit.

6 Iunie 2017
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The growth in average (nominal) pay of employees has accelerated in recent years in EU countries after a slump following the economic crisis. Similar developments show up in data on collectively agreed wages. However, higher wage growth figures do not automatically mean that all employees benefit eq

27 Februarie 2017
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Europe has gone through significant economic change over the past decade. Businesses have had to manage the challenges posed by the financial crisis, globalisation and a rapidly changing labour market. Eurofound's new report Win-win arrangements: Innovative measures through social dialogue at compan

3 Octombrie 2016
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On the eve of the 11th International Labour and Employment Relations Association (ILERA) European Congress, we look at the issue of representativeness in Europe, and how ensuring that workers and employers are fairly represented at EU-level is an important aspect of European democracy.

7 Septembrie 2016
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The European Union (EU) has strong legislation in place that protects workers from being exploited and also enables businesses to engage in fair competition. Workers are mobile and can move freely within the EU single market across borders – without being dependent upon traffickers. Yet, the latest

3 Mai 2016

Upcoming publications results (8)

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the graphical industry. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participation

July 2025

This report reviews the quality of the national social partners’ involvement in the implementation of the reforms and investments shaping the digital and green transition in the context of national policymaking. These reforms and investments stem mainly from the Recovery and Resilience Facility.

March 2025

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the extractive industries sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective par

December 2024

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the construction sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participatio

December 2024

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the chemical sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participation in

December 2024

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the road transport sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participat

December 2024

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the postal and courier activities sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effec

November 2024

This publication comprises individual country reports on developments in working life in each of the 27 EU Member States and Norway in 2023, based on national research and survey results. The topics covered include the political context in 2023; updates on the social partners and social dialogue ins

July 2024
Data results (10)

Eurofound publishes gross and nominal statutory minimum wages applicable in EU countries that have a statutory minimum wage.

25 Ianuarie 2024
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