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Lön och inkomst

Lön och inkomst har en avgörande betydelse för anställningsförhållanden och livskvalitet. Frågan har fått ännu mer uppmärksamhet på EU-nivå på grund av krisens ekonomiska följder, och i samhället överlag.

Topic

Recent updates

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This 2024 annual review of minimum wages provides a synopsis of minimum wage setting during 2023 in the EU27 and Norway. It reports in detail on the processes and outcomes...

26 juni 2024
Publication
Research report

EU context

Den europeiska pelaren för sociala rättigheter anger EU:s åtaganden när det gäller löner: arbetstagarnas rätt till rättvisa löner som tillåter en skälig levnadsstandard; tillräckliga minimilöner; motverka fattigdom bland förvärvsarbetande.

Eurofounds arbete

Eurofound rapporterar regelbundet om olika aspekter gällande lön och inkomst mot bakgrund av de skiftande ekonomiska omständigheterna runt om i Europa.

Löneövervakning

Genom sitt europeiska centrum för övervakning av arbetslivet (EurWORK) sammanställer Eurofound en mängd information om löner. Den regelbundna rapporteringen genererar en längre serie observationer om lön enligt kollektivavtal, så att trender kan övervakas. Eurofound publicerar regelbundet uppdateringar om lagstadgad minimilön och lön enligt kollektivavtal. Eurofound övervakar även utvecklingen på nationell nivå när det gäller lönesättningsmekanismer, lika lön, rörlig lön, låg lön och lönegapet mellan kvinnor och män.

De arbetslivsrelaterade landsprofilerna innehåller information om löner på nationell nivå och uppdateras regelbundet. EurWORK sköter två databaser med löneuppgifter (se resurserna nedan).

Eurofounds European Jobs Monitor (EJM) bedömer förändringar i sysselsättningen per jobb, enligt flera olika kvalitativa mätningar, bland annat lön. Övervakningsfunktionen bidrar i synnerhet till vår kunskap om fenomenet sysselsättningspolarisering – alltså att sysselsättningstillväxten sannolikt är större högst upp och längst ner i lönefördelningen än i mitten.

Data från undersökningar

I Eurofounds undersökningar övervakas också lönevillkoren inom EU. Lön är avgörande för Eurofounds forskning om att bedöma kvalitet i arbetet. I den europeiska undersökningen om arbetsvillkor (EWCS) är inkomst en av sju indikatorer på kvalitet i arbetet. I EWCS rapporterar man också om lönegapet mellan kvinnor och män. Utforska EWCS interaktiva datavisualiseringsverktyg.

I undersökningen av livskvaliteten i Europa (EQLS) övervakas hur inkomst påverkar levnadsstandarden och hur inkomstskillnader har en koppling till social sammanhållning och välmående. I undersökningen analyseras det hur krisen har påverkat familjer, genom att titta på låginkomstfamiljer, hushållsskuld och grupper som riskerar att drabbas av fattigdom. I EQLS samlas även information om inkomst vid pension och alternativ för att förlänga arbetslivet. Utforska EQLS interaktiva datavisualiseringsverktyg.

Europeiska företagsundersökningen (ECS) behandlar användningen av system med rörlig lön vid företag, liksom andelen anställda vid dessa företag vars lön styrs av kollektivavtal. Undersökningen gör det möjligt att koppla ihop informationen om rörlig lön och löneförhandlingar med information om arbetsorganisation, personalförvaltning, direkt deltagande av anställda och social dialog, samt med resultat och välmående på arbetsplatsen.

Key outputs

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Den årliga översynen av minimilöner för 2023 utarbetades mot bakgrund av en aldrig tidigare skådad inflation i Europa. Även om detta ledde till kraftiga ökningar av de nominella lönerna i...

29 juni 2023
Publication
Research report
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Den här rapporten innehåller en undersökning av fördelningen av hushållsförmögenheten i EU:s medlemsstater och en analys av förmögenhetens roll för den sociala rörligheten. Rapporten bygger på data från tre datauppsättningar...

30 mars 2021
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

 

 

Eurofound expert(s)

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Christine Aumayr-Pintar is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. Her current research topics include minimum wages, collectively agreed wages and gender...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
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Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (125)

This report analyses European corporate practices in terms of working time flexibility as revealed by the European Company Survey 2009 (ECS 2009). Flexibility in working time is a central aspect of ongoing debates regarding boosting employment in the EU. Enabling employees to better balance their

21 October 2010

Overall, household debt levels have risen sharply over the past decades in EU Member States. While certain levels of household debts can be beneficial, they can become problematic especially with a sudden, unexpected decrease of incomes or increase of expenditures. The current financial crisis

14 October 2010

This annual review highlights the most significant developments that took place in industrial relations in the EU Member States and Norway in 2009, both at national and EU level. It first sets out the political context, then goes on to examine levels of coverage of collective bargaining, and trends

27 June 2010

EIRO’s annual analysis of pay trends finds that the average collectively agreed nominal wage increase across the EU fell from 5% in 2008 to 4.2% in 2009. In the former EU15, the average nominal increase declined from 3.8% in 2008 to 3.1% in 2009, while in the 12 new Member States that joined the EU

23 June 2010

This background paper by the European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions (Eurofound) investigates the different forms of wage indexation that can be found across Europe. It presents the main characteristics of wage indexation, and looks at the legislation and levels of

14 March 2010

This report uses recent findings from two observatories of the European Foundation for the Improvement and Living Conditions (Eurofound); the European Industrial Relations Observatory (EIRO) and the European Restructuring Monitor (ERM) – as well as Eurostat data, to examine trends in compensation

14 March 2010

Wage differentials between men and women across Europe are a major policy concern for the European Commission and the social partners. This report provides an overview of national studies on the gender pay gap, and examines the policies and actions of governments and social actors to combat pay

08 March 2010

EIRO’s annual analysis of pay trends finds that the average collectively agreed nominal wage increase across the EU fell from 7% in 2007 to 6.6% in 2008. Taking into account inflation, which rose strongly in 2008, the rate of real pay increase across the EU fell sharply, from 3.6% in 2007 to 1.3% in

03 September 2009

The review of pay trends in Europe in 2006 and 2007 finds that average collectively-agreed nominal wage increases across the EU rose from 5.6% in 2006 to 7% in 2007. However, taking into account rising inflation, the rate of real increase fell from 2.7% in 2006 to 2.3% in 2007. During the period

03 August 2008

This review of pay trends in Europe in 2005 and 2006 finds that average collectively-agreed nominal wage increases across the EU rose from 4.9% in 2005 to 5.6% in 2006. When inflation is taken into account, the rate of real increase rose from 1.9% in 2005 to 2.7% in 2006. However, the data show that

01 July 2007

Online resources results (889)

Towards adequate minimum wages: Fairness and a decent standard of living

The adequacy of minimum wages established by the EU Minimum Wage Directive shall be assessed on two dimensions: fairness and the provision of a decent standard of living. It is up to the Member States to decide on their approaches to assessing the adequacy of minimum wage levels.

In this special episode of Eurofound Talks for International Women's Day 2024, Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound researchers Carlos Vacas and Barbara Gerstenberger about the gender pay and employment gaps in Europe.

4 mars 2024

Working life in Moldova

Eurofound and the European Training Foundation have developed the first working life country profile for Moldova in recognition of its new status as an EU candidate country. The profile is intended to provide an overview of Moldova’s key socioeconomic characteristics and regulations to serve as a ba

Working life in Georgia

Eurofound and the European Training Foundation have developed the first working life country profile for Georgia, which is an EU candidate country. The profile is intended to provide an overview of Georgia’s key socioeconomic characteristics and regulations to serve as a background for its work t

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Minimum wages in Belgium

Minimum wages in Belgium exist at national and sectoral levels and are the outcome of collective bargaining. The national minimum wage typically lags behind sectoral minimum wages in Belgium, and policymakers have been concerned about the relative decrease in the national minimum wage compared with

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Cyprus introduces a national statutory minimum wage

On 31 August 2022, a new decree on minimum wages was published in Cyprus after a long and arduous process of negotiations and social dialogue. The ministerial decree, which came into effect on 1 January 2023, established a national minimum wage in Cyprus for the first time, a groundbreaking and cont

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Minimum wage debate in Italy

Italy has no minimum wage prescribed by law. Minimum wages are set through collective agreements at sectoral level, and the majority of employees in Italy are covered by a collective bargaining agreement in which wages are set. This article outlines the latest positions (2023) of the government and

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Minimum wage hikes struggle to offset inflation

As the EU economy advanced its recovery following the pandemic, the high rate of inflation throughout 2022 meant that wage setting actors made their decisions under a cloud of uncertainty. While nominal increases in statutory minimum wages reached an all-time high, minimum wage workers in most count

The rise in cost of living and energy poverty: Social impact and policy responses. 14 October 2022, Informal Meeting of Employment and Social Affairs Ministers (EPSCO). Presentation by Ivailo Kalfin, Executive Director, Eurofound.

14 oktober 2022

Blogs results (22)

The housing crisis could be tackled by improving public services, better urban planning and ensuring that social protection benefits reach the people who need them most.

2 maj 2024
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The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the way we live and work. With the lifting of restrictions across the globe, we are now able to examine the many repercussions on the world of work. In particular, the unique demands of the last few years have shone a harsh spotlight on the pressures brought to bear

17 januari 2023
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Rising energy prices are putting more people under increased financial pressure and at greater risk of energy poverty. In this data story, we take a closer look at the data from the fifth round of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey to explore the extent of the issue and the threat of energy p

3 augusti 2022
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Minimum wages have risen significantly in 2022, as the EU Member States leave behind the cautious mood of the pandemic. However, rising inflation is eating up these wage increases, and only flexibility in the regular minimum wage setting processes may avoid generalised losses in purchasing power amo

15 juni 2022
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While the number of employees earning the minimum wage has increased across Europe over the last decade, spurred by significant minimum wage hikes, a clear gender divide emerges, with minimum wage earners more likely to be women. Minimum wage earners are also more likely to live in materially depriv

26 oktober 2021
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With its proposed directive on gender pay transparency, the European Commission has significantly bolstered the set of tools for delivering its objectives compared to those presented in its 2014 Recommendation. The proposed portfolio of measures addresses many shortcomings of the instruments that na

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Decision-makers approached minimum wage setting for 2021 cautiously due to the economic uncertainty caused by the pandemic. Despite this, nominal statutory minimum wages rose in most Member States and the UK, although at lower rates than in recent years.

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The pandemic has had differential impacts on women. Raised consciousness about them must be applied to advance gender equality in recovery measures. All crises have a strongly gendered impact and none more so than the current pandemic, across a range of indicators. While the virus itself seems to ta

28 april 2021
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​​​​​​​To date, close to six million workers in the EU have lost their jobs due to COVID-19. Many businesses have closed their doors forever or been pushed to the brink, bringing severe financial and psychological hardship to the individuals and families affected. However, the toll of the pandemic c

9 februari 2021

Data results (4)

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