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Salario e ingresos

El salario y los ingresos son fundamentales para las relaciones laborales y la calidad de vida. Esta cuestión ha recibido todavía más atención a nivel de la Unión Europea debido a los acontecimientos provocados por la crisis sobre la economía y la sociedad en su conjunto.

Topic

Recent updates

EU context

El pilar europeo de derechos sociales establece los compromisos de la Unión Europea en materia de salarios: el derecho de los trabajadores a salarios justos que proporcionen un nivel de vida digno, la garantía de un salario mínimo adecuado y la necesidad de evitar la pobreza de los ocupados.

La labor de Eurofound

Eurofound informa periódicamente sobre diversos aspectos de los salarios y los ingresos, a la luz de las cambiantes circunstancias económicas en Europa.

Supervisión de los salarios

A través de su Observatorio Europeo de la Vida Laboral (EurWORK), Eurofound reúne una serie de datos sobre salarios. La naturaleza periódica de la elaboración de informes da lugar a una serie mayor de observaciones sobre salarios convenidos, de modo que se pueda realizar un seguimiento de las tendencias. Eurofound publica periódicamente actualizaciones por tema sobre salarios mínimos legales y salarios convenidos colectivamente. También supervisa los avances a nivel nacional en relación con los mecanismos de fijación de salarios, la igualdad salarial, los salarios variables, los salarios bajos y la brecha salarial entre hombres y mujeres.

Los perfiles nacionales de la vida laboral contienen información sobre los salarios a nivel nacional, y son actualizados de forma periódica. EurWORK mantiene dos bases de datos sobre salarios (véanse los recursos más abajo).

El Observatorio Europeo del Empleo de Eurofound (EJM) evalúa los cambios en el empleo por puesto de trabajo, en función de diversas medidas cualitativas, entre las que se incluyen los salarios. En particular, el EJM contribuye a que se conozca el fenómeno de la polarización del empleo, es decir, hasta qué punto es probable que el crecimiento del empleo sea mayor en los tramos más alto y más bajo de la distribución salarial que en el tramo intermedio.

Datos de encuestas

Las encuestas de Eurofound también supervisan las condiciones salariales en la Unión. Los salarios son un elemento central de las investigaciones de Eurofound para valorar la calidad del empleo. En la Encuesta europea sobre las condiciones de trabajo (EWCS), los salarios son uno de los siete indicadores de la calidad del empleo. El EWCS también elabora informes sobre la brecha salarial entre hombres y mujeres. Explore la herramienta interactiva de visualización de datos de la EWCS.

La Encuesta europea sobre la calidad de vida (EQLS) supervisa el impacto de los ingresos sobre las condiciones de vida, y cómo la desigualdad de los ingresos está relacionada con la cohesión social y el bienestar. Examina también cómo ha afectado la crisis a las familias, analizando familias de bajos ingresos, la deuda contraída para atender a las necesidades familiares y los grupos en riesgo de pobreza. La EQLS reúne también información sobre ingresos en la jubilación y opciones para ampliar la vida laboral. Explore la herramienta interactiva de visualización de datos de la EQLS.

La Encuesta europea de empresas (ECS) refleja el uso de sistemas de salario variable en establecimientos, así como la cobertura de los empleados de esos establecimientos a través de convenios salariales colectivos. La encuesta permite vincular la información sobre salarios variables y negociación salarial con información sobre organización del trabajo, gestión de recursos humanos, participación directa de los empleados y diálogo social, así como rendimiento y bienestar en el lugar de trabajo.

Key outputs

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La revisión anual de los salarios mínimos de 2023 se elaboró en el contexto de una inflación sin precedentes en toda Europa. Aunque esto dio lugar a fuertes aumentos de...

29 Junio 2023
Publication
Research report
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El presente informe analiza la distribución de la riqueza de los hogares en los Estados miembros de la UE y analiza el papel de la riqueza en la movilidad social...

30 Marzo 2021
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

 

 

Eurofound expert(s)

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Christine Aumayr-Pintar is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. Her current research topics include minimum wages, collectively agreed wages and gender...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
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Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (126)

The issue of wages has attracted particular attention at European level since the onset of the economic crisis. Changes in economic governance, notably within the European semester, have prompted discussions on wage‑setting mechanisms. While, overall, wage‑bargaining regimes have remained relatively

13 April 2014

En el presente número de Foundation Focus se abordan diversas cuestiones relacionadas con la remuneración, los salarios y la renta en Europa, en un contexto de dificultad económica sostenida. Por ejemplo, ¿qué tipo de penurias padece el ciudadano de a pie? ¿Qué trabajadores se ven más afectados por

20 January 2014

Durante las últimas décadas, los trabajadores de la administración pública han estado sujetos a una serie de reformas estructurales y de modernización en el marco de la denominada «nueva gestión pública». El fuerte aumento de la deuda pública en el contexto de la crisis económica y financiera actual

12 January 2014

This report examines social inequalities in the distribution of freedoms and opportunities among individuals and population subgroups in Europe. Using data from the European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS), the report builds up an evidence base on social inequalities in four critical areas of life

03 December 2013

This policy brief highlights findings on a specific topic from Eurofound’s European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) that is of particular interest from a policy perspective. It brings results of the analysis of these data together with evidence from other Eurofound projects to formulate a number of

08 November 2013

Despite much legislative progress in gender equality over the past 40 years, there are still gender gaps across many aspects of the labour market. Inequalities are still evident in areas such as access to the labour market, employment patterns and associated working conditions. This report explores

29 October 2013

In recent years, practices such as outsourcing and contracting-out have increasingly blurred the boundaries between dependent employment and self-employment. A new group of workers has emerged, which comprises workers who are formally ‘self-employed’, but present some characteristics of employees

29 September 2013

EIRO’s annual analysis of collectively agreed pay for 2012 finds that although average nominal agreed increases were slightly greater than in 2011 in many countries, the rise in prices diminished people’s purchasing power. In real terms, only a handful of countries had positive collective pay

09 July 2013

With the average age of the population rising, people aged 55–64 make up an increasing share of workers in Europe. This demographic shift, as well as ongoing threats to the sustainability of national welfare and pension systems, has increased pressure for reforms to encourage longer careers. This

29 April 2013

This paper looks at wages from two different angles: from the perspective of individual employees, discussed in conjunction with their working conditions, and from the perspective of the industrial relations system. After a brief overview of EU-level policy developments with a potential impact on

29 January 2013

Online resources results (920)

Latvia: Latest working life developments – Q3 2016

The drafting of the State budget (including discussions on the minimum wage), civil service reforms, an agreement on the State revenue system and debates on social insurance are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in

Slovenia: Latest working life developments – Q3 2016

Wage negotiations in the public sector, the suspension of dialogue between employer organisations and the government over tax amendments, and protests by assistant kindergarten teachers regarding pay are among the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest

Slovakia: Latest working life developments – Q3 2016

Differences between social partners on a proposal to increase the minimum wage, demands by industrial trade unions for higher wages and strike action by teachers are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Slovakia in the

Germany: Latest working life developments – Q3 2016

Falling unemployment and an improved business outlook, the views of social partners on proposed equal pay legislation, and the rise of the right-wing AfD party are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Germany in the

Poland: Latest working life developments – Q3 2016

A protest in the public healthcare system, discontent in the education sector, significant legislative initiatives and support for a ban on Sunday shop opening are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Poland in the

Spain: Latest working life developments – Q3 2016

A slight fall in unemployment and trade union concerns over labour precariousness, and the need for social partners to reach agreement on a new salary pact are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Spain in the third

Germany: Latest findings from DGB Good Work Index

The German Confederation of Trade Unions (DGB) introduced the DGB Good Work Index in 2007 as a measurement tool, based on data from an annual survey, for monitoring quality of work. This article describes the background to the DGB Good Work Index, the most recent findings and the debate around the

Latvia: Latest working life developments – Q2 2016

Radical changes in the State Revenue Service targeted at fighting corruption and the shadow economy, the battle by education and healthcare unions for better pay, and the publication of several important research reports are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on

Finland: Tripartite Competitiveness Pact signed

The ‘Competitiveness Pact’, a tripartite labour market agreement, was signed in June 2016 after over a year of difficult negotiations. The Pact involves a nationally and internationally exceptional deterioration of workers’ terms and conditions. The negotiation process had disruptive repercussions

Romania: Protests over proposed law on wage-setting in the public sector

A new emergency bill on public sector employees’ wage-setting was adopted on 8 June 2016, despite opposition and protest from trade unions.


Blogs results (22)
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Following a sluggish response by many Member States to introduce or modify gender pay transparency measures, as it recommended in 2014, the European Commission intends to table a proposal for EU-level legislation on pay transparency later in 2020. In this context, a new Eurofound study investigated

6 Noviembre 2020
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As one of their ‘100 days in office’ initiatives, the new European Commission intends to propose an initiative for an EU minimum wage. The aim is that by 2024 every worker in the EU should earn a fair and adequate wage, no matter where they live.

15 Enero 2020
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The Socialist-led Spanish government that emerged last summer had, by the end of 2018, approved a hike in the statutory minimum wage. This was agreed with the left-wing Podemos party as part of an attempt to secure the parliamentary support needed for passing the proposed 2019 budget – although fail

17 Julio 2019
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Seniority entitlements have largely been on the decline since the 1990s, and have been gradually phased-out from legislation in Europe, as well as in collective agreements. However, it would be premature to dismiss seniority-based entitlements as a thing of the past, as they remain in force across E

17 Abril 2019
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One year after Germany’s introduction of the Entgelttransparenzgesetz (Wage Transparency Act), the results are somewhat underwhelming. This law is Germany’s take on the European Commission’s recommendation on introducing pay transparency measures to combat the gender pay gap.

4 Febrero 2019
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Wages grew and wage inequality fell in most EU countries in 2015. Germany is not one of the countries where wages rose most, but it did have the largest reduction of wage inequality. Our analysis shows that the German minimum wage policy introduced in 2015 strongly lifted the wages of the lowest-pai

14 Junio 2018
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Measures to promote gender pay transparency haven’t been delivered yet in half of Europe – making EU level legislative action to speed up implementation an option. In this blog, originally posted in Social Europe, Christine Aumayr-Pintar details what we know about the measures from countries that ha

28 Febrero 2018
Pay inequalities come back into focus in post-crisis Europe

The ability to make ends meet is a vital issue for many Europeans and an important priority for European policymakers. In the immediate aftermath of the 2008 economic crisis the initial focus was to mitigate and reverse job loss, particularly in the countries most affected. With employment back to p

3 Noviembre 2017
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The Great Recession depressed real income levels across European countries. But the impact was very unequal across countries and income groups. Countries in the European periphery have been more affected than those in the core, halting the process of income convergence between European countries tha

23 Junio 2017
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EU-wide income inequality declined notably prior to 2008, driven by a strong process of income convergence between European countries. The Great Recession broke this trend. After 2008, income convergence has been sluggish, while inequality within many countries has increased significantly.

21 Marzo 2017

Data results (4)

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