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Palkka ja tulot

Palkka ja tulot ovat työmarkkinasuhteissa ja elämänlaadun kannalta keskeinen asia. Tämä seikka on saanut lisähuomiota EU:n tasolla kriisiin johtaneen taloudellisen ja yhteiskunnallisen kehityksen vuoksi.

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Recent updates

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This 2024 annual review of minimum wages provides a synopsis of minimum wage setting during 2023 in the EU27 and Norway. It reports in detail on the processes and outcomes...

26 kesäkuu 2024
Publication
Research report

EU context

Euroopan sosiaalisten oikeuksien pilarissa määritetään EU:n palkkoja koskevat sitoumukset: työntekijöiden oikeus oikeudenmukaiseen palkkaan, joka mahdollistaa kohtuullisen elintason; riittävän vähimmäispalkan varmistaminen; työssäkäyvien köyhyyden estäminen.

Eurofoundin toiminta

Eurofound raportoi säännöllisesti palkkaan ja tuloihin liittyvistä seikoista Euroopan muuttuvien taloudellisten olosuhteiden valossa.

Palkkaseuranta

Eurofound kokoaa palkkoihin liittyviä tietoja Euroopan työelämänseurantakeskuksen (EurWORK) avulla. Säännöllisen raportoinnin ansiosta saadaan työehtosopimuksen mukaista palkkaa koskevia pitkiä havaintosarjoja, joiden avulla voidaan seurata palkkasuuntauksia. Eurofound julkaisee säännöllisesti aihekohtaisia päivityksiä lakisääteisistä vähimmäispalkoista ja työehtosopimuksen mukaisesta palkasta. Lisäksi se seuraa kehitystä kansallisella tasolla palkanmuodostusmekanismien, tasa-arvoisten palkkojen, vaihtelevien palkkojen ja matalien palkkojen sekä sukupuolten palkkaerojen osalta.

Työelämää koskevat maaprofiilit sisältävät palkkoja koskevia kansallisen tason tietoja, ja niitä päivitetään säännöllisesti. EurWORK ylläpitää kahta palkkatietokantaa (katso alla olevat tietolähteet).

Eurofoundin Euroopan työpaikkojen seurantayksikkö (EJM) arvioi työllisyyden vaihteluja työkohtaisesti erilaisilla laadullisilla menetelmillä, palkka mukaan luettuna. Erityisesti se hankkii tietoa työllisyyden polarisoitumisesta eli siitä, missä määrin työllisyyden kasvu on todennäköisesti suurempaa palkkajakauman huipulla ja pohjalla kuin keskellä.

Tutkimustiedot

Eurofoundin tutkimuksilla seurataan myös EU:n palkkatilannetta. Palkka on keskeinen seikka työn laatua arvioivassa Eurofoundin tutkimuksessa. Euroopan työolotutkimuksessa (EWCS) palkka on yksi seitsemästä työn laadun indikaattorista. Euroopan työolotutkimuksessa raportoidaan myös sukupuolten palkkaeroista. Tutustu interaktiiviseen Euroopan työolotutkimustietojen visualisointityökaluun.

Euroopan elämänlaatututkimus (EQLS) seuraa tulojen vaikutusta elintasoon ja sitä, miten tuloerot liittyvät sosiaaliseen yhteenkuuluvuuteen ja hyvinvointiin. Siinä analysoidaan kriisin vaikutusta perheisiin tarkastelemalla pienituloisia perheitä, kotitalouksien velkoja ja köyhyysriskissä olevia ryhmiä. Euroopan elämänlaatututkimuksella kerätään tietoa myös eläkeläisten tuloista ja mahdollisuuksista työelämän jatkamiseen. Tutustu interaktiiviseen Euroopan elämänlaatututkimustietojen visualisointityökaluun.

Euroopan yritystutkimuksessa (ECS) tarkastellaan vaihtelevien palkkajärjestelmien käyttöä yrityksissä sekä kollektiivisten palkkasopimusten kattavuutta kyseisten yritysten työntekijöiden osalta. Tutkimus mahdollistaa vaihtelevia palkkoja ja palkkaneuvotteluja koskevien tietojen yhdistämisen työn organisointia, henkilöstöhallintoa, työntekijöiden suoraa osallistumista ja työmarkkinaosapuolten vuoropuhelua sekä suoritusta ja työpaikan hyvinvointia koskeviin tietoihin.

Key outputs

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Vuoden 2023 vähimmäispalkkojen vuotuinen tarkastelu laadittiin tilanteessa, jossa inflaatio on ollut ennennäkemätöntä kaikkialla Euroopassa. Vaikka tämä johti monissa maissa nimellispalkkojen huomattaviin korotuksiin, se ei monissa tapauksissa riittänyt työntekijöiden ostovoiman säilyttämiseen...

29 kesäkuu 2023
Publication
Research report
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Covid-19-pandemialla oli erilaisia vaikutuksia eri yhteiskuntaryhmiin. Ne riippuivat pitkälti jo olemassa olleista haittatekijöistä, ja pandemian uskottiin lisänneen laajalti eriarvoisuutta eri elämänalueilla. Tässä raportissa hyödynnetään moniulotteista eriarvoisuutta koskevan Euroopan unionin seurantakehyksen...

24 tammikuu 2023
Publication
Research report
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Tässä raportissa selvitetään kotitalouksien varallisuuden jakautumista EU:n jäsenvaltioissa ja analysoidaan varallisuuden roolia sosiaalisessa liikkuvuudessa. Raportissa käytetään kolmen datajoukon (tutkimus kotitalouksien varoista ja kulutuksesta, terveyttä, ikääntymistä ja eläkkeelle siirtymistä Euroopassa koskeva...

30 maaliskuu 2021
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

 

 

Eurofound expert(s)

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Christine Aumayr-Pintar is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. Her current research topics include minimum wages, collectively agreed wages and gender...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
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Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (125)

The Maternity Leave Directive (92/85/EEC) is concerned with improvements in the safety and health at work of women who are pregnant, have recently given birth or who are breastfeeding. This report finds that nearly all Member States comply with the directive’s provision of granting at least two

13 July 2015

This report gives an overview of recent developments in the distribution of wages in Europe from 2004 to 2011 – the period before and after the onset of the Great Recession. While the main focus is on the EU dimension, the report analyses relevant trends and developments within countries in a

11 May 2015

This article presents some of the key developments and research findings in the EU during the first quarter of 2014. It features trends in pay, collective wage bargaining, wage-setting mechanisms and issues around minimum wages and equal pay.

18 February 2015

This article presents some of the key developments and research findings on pay in the EU during the second quarter of 2014. Post-crisis shifts in pay levels, national debates on the minimum wage and research into the gender pay gap are the main focus of this report.

18 February 2015

In the recent past, the policy debate around wage setting – both at European and the national level – has reflected the view that wages should better reflect differences in productivity developments. This article provides an overview of related debates in a number of Member States in 2014. By and

18 February 2015

This report describes the main developments in industrial relations and working conditions in 2013 in the 28 EU Member States and in Norway, from both a national and EU-level perspective. Beginning with an overview of the current economic and political context in these countries, the report goes on

16 January 2015

In order to develop effective and focused strategies to uphold social cohesion and improve happiness and quality of life in Europe, it is above all necessary to understand how complex social developments interact with each other. In particular since – as this study amply demonstrates – the different

25 November 2014

The available national data reveal that average nominal collectively agreed pay increases in 2013 were roughly the same as or lower than those in 2012 in all the countries examined. However, because of lower inflation rates, employees in a number of countries saw the purchasing power of their wages

12 June 2014

This report maps the impact of the global financial, economic and public debt crisis on industrial relations and working conditions at national level in the EU Member States from 2008 to end 2012. The impact of the crisis on industrial relations is mapped with regard to the actors, processes and

22 April 2014

The issue of wages has attracted particular attention at European level since the onset of the economic crisis. Changes in economic governance, notably within the European semester, have prompted discussions on wage‑setting mechanisms. While, overall, wage‑bargaining regimes have remained relatively

13 April 2014

Online resources results (889)

High pay differentials can lead to low staff morale

On 20 January 2014, the High Pay Centre [1] published a research report on pay differential in UK businesses. The report, The high cost of high pay: an analysis of pay inequality within firms (580 KB PDF) [2], argues that workplaces with the biggest differences between the highest and lowest paid

Dispute over minimum wage indexation

Slovenia’s minimum wage is one of the highest among EU Member States. While average wages remained stagnant, the minimum wage increased to 50% of the average wage in 2012. The In-depth review for Slovenia (665 KB PDF) [1] published by the European Commission [2] in April 2013 stated that the minimum

Trend toward collective agreements with no fixed pay increase

The National Mediation Office (MI [1]) in Sweden recently released its yearly report, revealing a trend towards collective agreements that set no fixed pay increase during the bargaining round of 2013. Although this trend has been seen in previous years, the increase in 2013 was significant. [1]

Working mothers entitled to paid breastfeeding breaks

The right to breastfeeding breaks has guaranteed by labour legislation since the 1950s, although employers have been left to decided whether working mothers who take them should be paid or not.

New agreement on pay and training in chemicals sector

The German Federation of Chemicals Employers’ Associations (BAVC [1]) and the Mining, Chemicals and Energy Industrial Union (IG BCE [2]) announced in a press release (in German, 121 KB PDF) [3] that they had concluded a new collective agreement on 5 February 2014. Only nine local and two sectoral

Social partners and experts examine wage model

In December 2012, the Norwegian government set up a public committee to analyse Norway’s wage formation system. It was composed of representatives from all the major trade unions and employers’ organisations and a number of independent economic experts. The tripartite committee was chaired by the

Government adopts bill to stop board members receiving unemployment benefit

At the end of March, the Estonian parliament adopted an amendment to the Labour Market Services and Benefits Act proposed by the government. The amendment is designed to prevent members of a board of management or supervisory body of a legal entity from receiving labour market services and

New work voucher scheme under scrutiny

Belgium’s service voucher scheme, introduced in 2001, has many different objectives. It is designed to help reduce undeclared work, create new jobs and give vulnerable workers access to employment. The scheme is defined in Article 2 of the law of 20 July 2001 in favour of ‘proximity services and

Sharp fall in minimum pension scheme claims

The French minimum pension scheme supports people on low incomes. It helps them reach the legally guaranteed minimum income.

New government launches plan to tackle unemployment

Luxembourg’s parliamentary elections in October 2013 removed former Prime Minister Jean-Claude Juncker from office after 18 years, even though his Christian-Social People’s Party (CSV [1]) topped the polls. Three smaller parties agreed to form a coalition: the liberal Democratic Party (DP [2]); the


Blogs results (22)

The housing crisis could be tackled by improving public services, better urban planning and ensuring that social protection benefits reach the people who need them most.

2 toukokuu 2024
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The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the way we live and work. With the lifting of restrictions across the globe, we are now able to examine the many repercussions on the world of work. In particular, the unique demands of the last few years have shone a harsh spotlight on the pressures brought to bear

17 tammikuu 2023
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Rising energy prices are putting more people under increased financial pressure and at greater risk of energy poverty. In this data story, we take a closer look at the data from the fifth round of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey to explore the extent of the issue and the threat of energy p

3 elokuu 2022
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Minimum wages have risen significantly in 2022, as the EU Member States leave behind the cautious mood of the pandemic. However, rising inflation is eating up these wage increases, and only flexibility in the regular minimum wage setting processes may avoid generalised losses in purchasing power amo

15 kesäkuu 2022
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While the number of employees earning the minimum wage has increased across Europe over the last decade, spurred by significant minimum wage hikes, a clear gender divide emerges, with minimum wage earners more likely to be women. Minimum wage earners are also more likely to live in materially depriv

26 lokakuu 2021
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With its proposed directive on gender pay transparency, the European Commission has significantly bolstered the set of tools for delivering its objectives compared to those presented in its 2014 Recommendation. The proposed portfolio of measures addresses many shortcomings of the instruments that na

18 kesäkuu 2021
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Decision-makers approached minimum wage setting for 2021 cautiously due to the economic uncertainty caused by the pandemic. Despite this, nominal statutory minimum wages rose in most Member States and the UK, although at lower rates than in recent years.

8 kesäkuu 2021
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The pandemic has had differential impacts on women. Raised consciousness about them must be applied to advance gender equality in recovery measures. All crises have a strongly gendered impact and none more so than the current pandemic, across a range of indicators. While the virus itself seems to ta

28 huhtikuu 2021
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​​​​​​​To date, close to six million workers in the EU have lost their jobs due to COVID-19. Many businesses have closed their doors forever or been pushed to the brink, bringing severe financial and psychological hardship to the individuals and families affected. However, the toll of the pandemic c

9 helmikuu 2021

Data results (4)

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