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Rémunération et revenu

La rémunération et le revenu revêtent une importance primordiale dans les relations du travail et la qualité de vie. La question a reçu encore plus d’attention au niveau de l’UE en raison de l’évolution de l’économie et de la société dans son ensemble à la suite de la crise.

Topic

Recent updates

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This 2024 annual review of minimum wages provides a synopsis of minimum wage setting during 2023 in the EU27 and Norway. It reports in detail on the processes and outcomes...

26 juin 2024
Publication
Research report

EU context

Le socle européen des droits sociaux fixe les engagements de l’UE en ce qui concerne les salaires: le droit des travailleurs à un salaire juste permettant un niveau de vie décent; la garantie de salaires minimaux appropriés; la prévention du phénomène des travailleurs pauvres.

Études d’Eurofound

Eurofound établit régulièrement des rapports sur différents aspects de la rémunération et du revenu en tenant compte de l’évolution de la conjoncture économique en Europe.

Suivi de l’évolution de la rémunération

Par l’intermédiaire de son Observatoire européen de la vie active (EurWORK), Eurofound rassemble de nombreuses informations sur la rémunération. La nature régulière de ces rapports donne lieu à de nombreuses observations sur les rémunérations fixées par convention collective, de sorte que leur évolution peut être suivie. Eurofound publie régulièrement des rapports sur les salaires minimaux légaux et les rémunérations fixées par convention collective. Elle suit également les évolutions, au niveau national, concernant les mécanismes de fixation des salaires, l’égalité salariale, la rémunération variable, la faible rémunération et les écarts de rémunération entre les femmes et les hommes.

Les profils nationaux sur la vie active contiennent des informations sur la rémunération au niveau national et font l’objet de mises à jour régulières. EurWORK gère une base de données sur la rémunération.

L’Observatoire européen de l’emploi (EJM) d’Eurofound évalue les changements observés dans l’emploi par profession, à l’aune de divers indicateurs qualitatifs, dont la rémunération. En particulier, il aide à mieux comprendre le phénomène de la polarisation de l’emploi, c’est-à-dire la mesure dans laquelle la croissance de l’emploi est susceptible d’être plus élevée parmi les postes à haute et à faible rémunération que parmi les postes à rémunération moyenne.

Enquêtes

Eurofound mène également des enquêtes pour suivre l’évolution des conditions de rémunération dans l’UE. La rémunération est une donnée essentielle des études réalisées par Eurofound pour évaluer la qualité du travail. Dans l’enquête européenne sur les conditions de travail (EWCS), la rémunération est l’un des sept indices de qualité du travail. L’EWCS fait également le point sur les écarts de rémunération entre les femmes et les hommes. Découvrez l’ outil interactif de visualisation des données de l’EWCS

L’enquête européenne sur la qualité de vie (EQLS) observe l’incidence du revenu sur le niveau de vie et la mesure dans laquelle les inégalités de revenu sont liées à la cohésion sociale et au bien-être. Elle analyse comment la crise a touché les familles, en accordant une attention particulière aux familles à bas revenu, à l’endettement des ménages et aux groupes exposés au risque de pauvreté. L’EQLS rassemble également des informations sur le revenu à la retraite et sur les possibilités de prolonger la vie active. Découvrez l’ outil interactif de visualisation des données de l’EQLS

L’enquête sur les entreprises en Europe (ECS) rend compte de l’utilisation de régimes de rémunération variable dans les entreprises, ainsi que de la couverture des employés de ces entreprises par des conventions collectives. L’enquête permet d’établir des liens entre les informations sur la rémunération variable et la négociation salariale et celles qui concernent l’organisation du travail, la gestion des ressources humaines, la participation directe des employés et le dialogue social, ainsi que le rendement et le bien-être au travail.

Key outputs

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La révision annuelle 2023 des salaires minimaux a été préparée dans le contexte d’une inflation sans précédent à travers l’Europe. Même si elle a entraîné de fortes hausses des salaires...

29 juin 2023
Publication
Research report
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Le présent rapport examine la répartition du patrimoine des ménages dans les États membres de l’UE et analyse le rôle du patrimoine dans la mobilité sociale. Fondé sur trois ensembles...

30 mars 2021
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

 

 

Eurofound expert(s)

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Christine Aumayr-Pintar is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. Her current research topics include minimum wages, collectively agreed wages and gender...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
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Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (125)

This paper is one in a series of sector profiles giving an overview of structural characteristics, work organisation practices, human resource management, employee participation and social dialogue in the education sector. It is based on the third European Company Survey (ECS). The sector includes

22 December 2016

This paper is one in a series of sector profiles giving an overview of structural characteristics, work organisation practices, human resource management, employee participation and social dialogue in the public administration and defence sector. It is based on the third European Company Survey (ECS

22 December 2016

This paper is one in a series of sector profiles giving an overview of structural characteristics, work organisation practices, human resource management, employee participation and social dialogue in the business, administration and other services sector. It is based on the third European Company

22 December 2016

This paper is one in a series of sector profiles giving an overview of structural characteristics, work organisation practices, human resource management, employee participation and social dialogue in the industry sector. It is based on the third European Company Survey (ECS). The sector includes

22 December 2016

The sixth European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) builds on the lessons learned from the previous five surveys to paint a wide-ranging picture of Europe at work across countries, occupations, sectors and age groups. EU employment policy priorities aim to boost employment levels, prolong working

17 November 2016

This article summarises the recent developments in collectively agreed pay in the European Union. It discusses the levels at which it is carried out, its coordination and coverage. The wage outcomes are put into the perspective of past collectively agreed wage changes and key institutional variables

19 October 2016

Women’s labour market participation in the European Union has increased over recent decades, passing 70% in 2014. In that year, women comprised almost 46% of the active EU labour market population.

11 October 2016

Many EU Member States have implemented reforms to improve the sustainability of their pension systems. However, the impact of discouraging early retirement and increasing the pension age on effective retirement ages is limited, as many people are unable or unmotivated to work until pension age.

09 September 2016

Well-functioning social dialogue is a key component for the successful design and implementation of reforms needed to increase the competitiveness of Europe’s economies and create more jobs. It balances workers’ and employers’ interests and contributes to both economic competitiveness and social

06 September 2016

Developments in Working Life in Europe is part of a series of annual reviews published by Eurofound and provides an overview of the latest developments in industrial relations and working conditions across the European Union and Norway.

05 September 2016

Online resources results (889)

Austria: Social partners agree on €1,500 monthly minimum wage for all sectors

The social partners have agreed on a monthly gross minimum wage of €1,500 for all sectors, to be implemented nationally by 2020. The federal government asked them to negotiate on this in early 2017, warning them that it would legislate for a minimum wage if the social partners could not find a

Romania: New law aims to reduce pay inequality in the public sector

New government legislation to reduce financial inequalities in the public sector will see workers receive considerable wage increases, the introduction of paid overtime and a reduction in the wage gap. However, some employer organisations fear such legislation could see an exodus of workers from the

Slovenia: Latest working life developments – Q2 2017

New apprenticeship legislation, an ombudsman’s report on unpaid wages and posted workers, failure of the ‘mini-labour law reform’ and the resulting amendments to a range of labour legislation are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in

Romania: Latest working life developments – Q2 2017

Strikes on the railways and in manufacturing, protests over public sector pay, and consultations on changes to social dialogue and labour legislation are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Romania in the second

United Kingdom: Latest working life developments – Q2 2017

Mounting pressure to end the 1% pay cap on public sector workers, falling union membership, the ‘gig economy’, and a strike at British Airways are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in the United Kingdom in the second

Slovakia: Latest working life developments – Q2 2017

A strike at Volkswagen Slovakia over pay negotiations and the introduction of stricter conditions for the support given to unemployed workers are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Slovakia in the second quarter of

Denmark: Private sector collective agreements concluded – despite difficulties

Collective agreements concluded in March in the private sector provided for small wage increases and improvements to education and training. However, many union members voted against an agreement about systematic overtime and measures to avoid social dumping. The deals follow the pace-setting

Spain: Milestone agreement in retail sector

An agreement between social partners in the Spanish retail sector will govern working and employment conditions for the next three years. About 260,000 employees are expected to benefit from this agreement, which is likely to set the standards for other sector agreements due to be negotiated during

Latvia: Impact of austerity measures on the public health sector

Workers in Latvia’s public healthcare sector have protested about the less favourable working conditions in their sector, not just low pay, but also the level of shift work, overtime work and work during public holidays.

Ireland: Latest working life developments – Q1 2017

Agreement on an earlier pay rise for public service staff, strikes at Tesco and Bus Éireann, and proposals on minimum pay and working hours for security guards are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Ireland in the


Blogs results (22)
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Following a sluggish response by many Member States to introduce or modify gender pay transparency measures, as it recommended in 2014, the European Commission intends to table a proposal for EU-level legislation on pay transparency later in 2020. In this context, a new Eurofound study investigated

6 novembre 2020
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As one of their ‘100 days in office’ initiatives, the new European Commission intends to propose an initiative for an EU minimum wage. The aim is that by 2024 every worker in the EU should earn a fair and adequate wage, no matter where they live.

15 janvier 2020
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The Socialist-led Spanish government that emerged last summer had, by the end of 2018, approved a hike in the statutory minimum wage. This was agreed with the left-wing Podemos party as part of an attempt to secure the parliamentary support needed for passing the proposed 2019 budget – although fail

17 juillet 2019
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Seniority entitlements have largely been on the decline since the 1990s, and have been gradually phased-out from legislation in Europe, as well as in collective agreements. However, it would be premature to dismiss seniority-based entitlements as a thing of the past, as they remain in force across E

17 avril 2019
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One year after Germany’s introduction of the Entgelttransparenzgesetz (Wage Transparency Act), the results are somewhat underwhelming. This law is Germany’s take on the European Commission’s recommendation on introducing pay transparency measures to combat the gender pay gap.

4 février 2019
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Wages grew and wage inequality fell in most EU countries in 2015. Germany is not one of the countries where wages rose most, but it did have the largest reduction of wage inequality. Our analysis shows that the German minimum wage policy introduced in 2015 strongly lifted the wages of the lowest-pai

14 juin 2018
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Measures to promote gender pay transparency haven’t been delivered yet in half of Europe – making EU level legislative action to speed up implementation an option. In this blog, originally posted in Social Europe, Christine Aumayr-Pintar details what we know about the measures from countries that ha

28 février 2018
Pay inequalities come back into focus in post-crisis Europe

The ability to make ends meet is a vital issue for many Europeans and an important priority for European policymakers. In the immediate aftermath of the 2008 economic crisis the initial focus was to mitigate and reverse job loss, particularly in the countries most affected. With employment back to p

3 novembre 2017
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The Great Recession depressed real income levels across European countries. But the impact was very unequal across countries and income groups. Countries in the European periphery have been more affected than those in the core, halting the process of income convergence between European countries tha

23 juin 2017
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EU-wide income inequality declined notably prior to 2008, driven by a strong process of income convergence between European countries. The Great Recession broke this trend. After 2008, income convergence has been sluggish, while inequality within many countries has increased significantly.

21 mars 2017

Data results (4)

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