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Rémunération et revenu

La rémunération et le revenu revêtent une importance primordiale dans les relations du travail et la qualité de vie. La question a reçu encore plus d’attention au niveau de l’UE en raison de l’évolution de l’économie et de la société dans son ensemble à la suite de la crise.

Topic

Recent updates

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This 2024 annual review of minimum wages provides a synopsis of minimum wage setting during 2023 in the EU27 and Norway. It reports in detail on the processes and outcomes...

26 juin 2024
Publication
Research report

EU context

Le socle européen des droits sociaux fixe les engagements de l’UE en ce qui concerne les salaires: le droit des travailleurs à un salaire juste permettant un niveau de vie décent; la garantie de salaires minimaux appropriés; la prévention du phénomène des travailleurs pauvres.

Études d’Eurofound

Eurofound établit régulièrement des rapports sur différents aspects de la rémunération et du revenu en tenant compte de l’évolution de la conjoncture économique en Europe.

Suivi de l’évolution de la rémunération

Par l’intermédiaire de son Observatoire européen de la vie active (EurWORK), Eurofound rassemble de nombreuses informations sur la rémunération. La nature régulière de ces rapports donne lieu à de nombreuses observations sur les rémunérations fixées par convention collective, de sorte que leur évolution peut être suivie. Eurofound publie régulièrement des rapports sur les salaires minimaux légaux et les rémunérations fixées par convention collective. Elle suit également les évolutions, au niveau national, concernant les mécanismes de fixation des salaires, l’égalité salariale, la rémunération variable, la faible rémunération et les écarts de rémunération entre les femmes et les hommes.

Les profils nationaux sur la vie active contiennent des informations sur la rémunération au niveau national et font l’objet de mises à jour régulières. EurWORK gère une base de données sur la rémunération.

L’Observatoire européen de l’emploi (EJM) d’Eurofound évalue les changements observés dans l’emploi par profession, à l’aune de divers indicateurs qualitatifs, dont la rémunération. En particulier, il aide à mieux comprendre le phénomène de la polarisation de l’emploi, c’est-à-dire la mesure dans laquelle la croissance de l’emploi est susceptible d’être plus élevée parmi les postes à haute et à faible rémunération que parmi les postes à rémunération moyenne.

Enquêtes

Eurofound mène également des enquêtes pour suivre l’évolution des conditions de rémunération dans l’UE. La rémunération est une donnée essentielle des études réalisées par Eurofound pour évaluer la qualité du travail. Dans l’enquête européenne sur les conditions de travail (EWCS), la rémunération est l’un des sept indices de qualité du travail. L’EWCS fait également le point sur les écarts de rémunération entre les femmes et les hommes. Découvrez l’ outil interactif de visualisation des données de l’EWCS

L’enquête européenne sur la qualité de vie (EQLS) observe l’incidence du revenu sur le niveau de vie et la mesure dans laquelle les inégalités de revenu sont liées à la cohésion sociale et au bien-être. Elle analyse comment la crise a touché les familles, en accordant une attention particulière aux familles à bas revenu, à l’endettement des ménages et aux groupes exposés au risque de pauvreté. L’EQLS rassemble également des informations sur le revenu à la retraite et sur les possibilités de prolonger la vie active. Découvrez l’ outil interactif de visualisation des données de l’EQLS

L’enquête sur les entreprises en Europe (ECS) rend compte de l’utilisation de régimes de rémunération variable dans les entreprises, ainsi que de la couverture des employés de ces entreprises par des conventions collectives. L’enquête permet d’établir des liens entre les informations sur la rémunération variable et la négociation salariale et celles qui concernent l’organisation du travail, la gestion des ressources humaines, la participation directe des employés et le dialogue social, ainsi que le rendement et le bien-être au travail.

Key outputs

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La révision annuelle 2023 des salaires minimaux a été préparée dans le contexte d’une inflation sans précédent à travers l’Europe. Même si elle a entraîné de fortes hausses des salaires...

29 juin 2023
Publication
Research report
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Le présent rapport examine la répartition du patrimoine des ménages dans les États membres de l’UE et analyse le rôle du patrimoine dans la mobilité sociale. Fondé sur trois ensembles...

30 mars 2021
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

 

 

Eurofound expert(s)

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Christine Aumayr-Pintar is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. Her current research topics include minimum wages, collectively agreed wages and gender...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
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Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (124)

The German national statutory minimum wage for international truck drivers has caused considerable controversy. Some Member States fear it will damage the competitiveness of companies sending drivers to destinations via Germany. However, it is important to find a balance between promoting the free

16 June 2016

In 22 out of 28 EU Member States, there is a generally applicable statutory minimum wage and the level of this minimum wage varies greatly from one country to another. This article provides information on statutory minimum wage levels and how this is determined across the EU in January 2016.

29 January 2016

Temporary employment has increased since the 1980s in most European countries as a result of demands for greater flexibility in labour markets and subsequent reforms of employment protection legislation. This report presents a broad picture of temporary employment across the EU27 between 2001 and

15 December 2015

Collective bargaining systems in the EU have undergone a steady change since the end of the 1990s. But as businesses across Europe struggle to respond to intensifying global competition, pressure from employers for greater flexibility in collective bargaining is increasing, especially since the 2008

04 November 2015

Developments in Working Life in Europe is part of a series of annual reviews published by Eurofound and provides an overview of the latest developments in industrial relations and working conditions across the European Union and Norway

04 November 2015

Occupation is a critical factor in determining the type of working conditions a person will experience during their professional life. This report explores the working conditions of workers – particularly medium-to-low skilled and unskilled – in occupations that are found to have low levels of job

29 October 2015

This article presents some of the key developments and research findings on aspects of public sector pay and collective bargaining in the EU during the third quarter of 2015. Its main focus is a growing trend of restored pay levels in public sector agreements. It also deals with the broadening scope

27 October 2015

National wage-bargaining institutions are crucial in achieving pay outcomes that help to increase employment and economic growth within the context of avoiding macroeconomic imbalances within the European Monetary Union. Using a large set of empirical macroeconomic data from a variety of sources

11 September 2015

This report describes the developments in collectively agreed pay in the EU Member States in 2014 and compares them to developments in previous years. While growth in collectively agreed pay in nominal terms declined, the declining growth of prices resulted in real collectively agreed pay increasing

05 August 2015

The Maternity Leave Directive (92/85/EEC) is concerned with improvements in the safety and health at work of women who are pregnant, have recently given birth or who are breastfeeding. This report finds that nearly all Member States comply with the directive’s provision of granting at least two

13 July 2015

Online resources results (889)

Towards adequate minimum wages: Fairness and a decent standard of living

The adequacy of minimum wages established by the EU Minimum Wage Directive shall be assessed on two dimensions: fairness and the provision of a decent standard of living. It is up to the Member States to decide on their approaches to assessing the adequacy of minimum wage levels.

In this special episode of Eurofound Talks for International Women's Day 2024, Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound researchers Carlos Vacas and Barbara Gerstenberger about the gender pay and employment gaps in Europe.

4 mars 2024

Working life in Moldova

Eurofound and the European Training Foundation have developed the first working life country profile for Moldova in recognition of its new status as an EU candidate country. The profile is intended to provide an overview of Moldova’s key socioeconomic characteristics and regulations to serve as a ba

Working life in Georgia

Eurofound and the European Training Foundation have developed the first working life country profile for Georgia, which is an EU candidate country. The profile is intended to provide an overview of Georgia’s key socioeconomic characteristics and regulations to serve as a background for its work t

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Minimum wages in Belgium

Minimum wages in Belgium exist at national and sectoral levels and are the outcome of collective bargaining. The national minimum wage typically lags behind sectoral minimum wages in Belgium, and policymakers have been concerned about the relative decrease in the national minimum wage compared with

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Cyprus introduces a national statutory minimum wage

On 31 August 2022, a new decree on minimum wages was published in Cyprus after a long and arduous process of negotiations and social dialogue. The ministerial decree, which came into effect on 1 January 2023, established a national minimum wage in Cyprus for the first time, a groundbreaking and cont

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Minimum wage debate in Italy

Italy has no minimum wage prescribed by law. Minimum wages are set through collective agreements at sectoral level, and the majority of employees in Italy are covered by a collective bargaining agreement in which wages are set. This article outlines the latest positions (2023) of the government and

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Minimum wage hikes struggle to offset inflation

As the EU economy advanced its recovery following the pandemic, the high rate of inflation throughout 2022 meant that wage setting actors made their decisions under a cloud of uncertainty. While nominal increases in statutory minimum wages reached an all-time high, minimum wage workers in most count

The rise in cost of living and energy poverty: Social impact and policy responses. 14 October 2022, Informal Meeting of Employment and Social Affairs Ministers (EPSCO). Presentation by Ivailo Kalfin, Executive Director, Eurofound.

14 octobre 2022

Blogs results (22)

The housing crisis could be tackled by improving public services, better urban planning and ensuring that social protection benefits reach the people who need them most.

2 mai 2024
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The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the way we live and work. With the lifting of restrictions across the globe, we are now able to examine the many repercussions on the world of work. In particular, the unique demands of the last few years have shone a harsh spotlight on the pressures brought to bear

17 janvier 2023
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Rising energy prices are putting more people under increased financial pressure and at greater risk of energy poverty. In this data story, we take a closer look at the data from the fifth round of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey to explore the extent of the issue and the threat of energy

3 août 2022
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Minimum wages have risen significantly in 2022, as the EU Member States leave behind the cautious mood of the pandemic. However, rising inflation is eating up these wage increases, and only flexibility in the regular minimum wage setting processes may avoid generalised losses in purchasing power amo

15 juin 2022
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While the number of employees earning the minimum wage has increased across Europe over the last decade, spurred by significant minimum wage hikes, a clear gender divide emerges, with minimum wage earners more likely to be women. Minimum wage earners are also more likely to live in materially depriv

26 octobre 2021
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With its proposed directive on gender pay transparency, the European Commission has significantly bolstered the set of tools for delivering its objectives compared to those presented in its 2014 Recommendation. The proposed portfolio of measures addresses many shortcomings of the instruments that

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Decision-makers approached minimum wage setting for 2021 cautiously due to the economic uncertainty caused by the pandemic. Despite this, nominal statutory minimum wages rose in most Member States and the UK, although at lower rates than in recent years.

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The pandemic has had differential impacts on women. Raised consciousness about them must be applied to advance gender equality in recovery measures. All crises have a strongly gendered impact and none more so than the current pandemic, across a range of indicators. While the virus itself seems to ta

28 avril 2021
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​​​​​​​To date, close to six million workers in the EU have lost their jobs due to COVID-19. Many businesses have closed their doors forever or been pushed to the brink, bringing severe financial and psychological hardship to the individuals and families affected. However, the toll of the pandemic

9 février 2021

Upcoming publications results (1)

The report maps trends in income inequality and examines the situation of the middle classes in the EU during 2020, the year most associated with the COVID-19 lockdowns. It charts developments in the size and composition of middle-class households across countries, identifies those that suffered dis

July 2024
Data results (4)

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