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Levnadsvillkor och livskvalitet

Levnadsvillkor och livskvalitet är en av de sex huvudsakliga verksamheterna i Eurofounds arbetsprogram för perioden 2021–2024. Eurofound kommer att fortsätta att kartlägga och analysera viktiga aspekter som har att göra med förbättring av levnadsvillkoren för människor i Europa, däribland information om deras upplevelse av livskvaliteten och samhället. I och med att covid-19 -pandemin och den efterföljande ekonomiska krisen har haft en stor inverkan på människors liv kommer Eurofound att göra ytterligare undersökningar om hur denna kris har drabbat EU-medborgare i olika skeden av livet.

Eurofounds forskning under 2021–2024 kommer att ge en viktig inblick i utmaningarna och utsikterna på området levnadsvillkor och livskvalitet i EU och rollen för olika initiativ som syftar till att mildra de sociala påfrestningarna på olika grupper av medborgare. Särskilt intressanta frågor är följderna för äldre människor och vårdbehov, ungdomar och deras sociala delaktighet och rörlighet samt de olika konsekvenserna av krisen för män och kvinnor .

Offentliga tjänster i hela EU har spelat en viktig roll i hanteringen av covid-19-krisen samtidigt som de har stått inför stora utmaningar. De kommer att undersökas närmare med fokus på frågor som kvalitet, tillgång och överkomlighet. Som framgått av tidigare undersökningar har krisen haft oproportionerliga konsekvenser för vissa grupper beroende på ålder, omsorgsansvar och balans mellan arbete och fritid , och detta kommer att undersökas närmare av Eurofound.

I samordning med Europeiska jämställdhetsinstitutet (EIGE) avser Eurofound undersöka de flerdimensionella klyftorna mellan könen genom att undersöka vilka konsekvenser covid-19-krisen har haft för män respektive kvinnor när det gäller deltagande i arbetslivet, materiella levnadsvillkor och välbefinnande, för att kunna fastställa skillnaderna och bedöma dess inverkan på klyftorna mellan könen.

”Kvaliteten på offentliga tjänster har varit avgörande för att skapa förtroende för institutioner i dagens Europa och kommer att spela en betydande roll i hanteringen av nuvarande och framtida utmaningar. Tjänster av hög kvalitet utgör även ett område för innovation, särskilt när det gäller en övergång till digitala, mer miljövänliga tjänster och beredskap för risker, som pandemin, i framtiden.”

Tadas Leončikas, forskningsledare, enheten för socialpolitik

Topic

Recent updates

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In this episode of Eurofound Talks, Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound researchers Eszter Sandor and Massimiliano Mascherini about the situation for young people in Europe.

Podcast
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During the pandemic, many young people had to change their plans for the future. While at the end of 2023 young people’s labour market situation was more favourable than it...

21 maj 2024
Publication
Research report

Viktiga politiska budskap

Infografik

De viktigaste resultat som framkommit från Eurofounds forskning utgör underlag för beslutsfattare så att de kan ta itu med några av de viktigaste frågorna inom detta område.

  • Upplevelsen av spänningar i samhället är den faktor som har störst skada för förtroendet för institutionerna, medan den upplevda kvaliteten på de offentliga tjänsterna är en central drivkraft för ett ökat förtroende för institutionerna.
  • Det finns ett behov av mer långvarig vård och omsorg – med större flexibilitet. Tillgången till vård och omsorg i hemmet bör förbättras, särskilt i de EU-medlemsstater med lägst inkomst.
  • Snabb tillgång till primärvård, social omsorg och långtidsvård kan bidra till tidigt ingripande och övervakning av ändrade behov och förhindra att problem med långtidsvård trappas upp.
  • Den psykiska ohälsan ökar hos unga människor, men det är oklart om det beror på högre förekomst eller ökad medvetenhet och förbättrad diagnostisering. Psykisk hälsa är nära förknippad med andra ungdomsproblem och kan både vara ett resultat av ojämlikhet och i sig vara en källa till ojämlikhet. Bland riskfaktorerna för psykisk ohälsa finns funktionsnedsättning, långvarig sjukdom, familjeproblem, problem i kontakten med jämbördiga samt omfattande användning av sociala medier.
  • Förtroendet och den sociala sammanhållningen har överlag återhämtat sig i EU sedan den ekonomiska krisen, men utbrottet av covid-19 har haft stora konsekvenser på välbefinnandet i de länder som drabbats hårdast av pandemin.
  • Ungdomar håller på att bli en av de grupper som har förlorat mest på nedstängningen. Tillsammans med gruppen arbetslösa rapporterar ungdomar om de lägsta nivåerna av välbefinnande, trots vissa förbättringar sedan pandemins utbrott. Tillfredsställelsen med livet och optimismen har ökat sedan april 2020, men ungdomar känner sig fortfarande utestängda från samhället och löper fortfarande störst risk för depression, vilket visar att de har påverkats mer av restriktionerna under nedstängningen.
  • Åtgärder för att minska de psykiska hälsoriskerna för arbetslösa och ungdomar i sviterna av covid-19 kommer att vara avgörande vid nya vågor av coronaviruset. Att tillhandahålla riktat stöd för att göra det möjligt för arbetssökande att komma tillbaka på rätt spår och hantera effekterna av pandemin samt att se till att ungdomar kan delta fullt ut i samhället måste vara en del av de pågående politiska åtgärderna.
  • Covid-19-krisen har slagit hårt mot optimismen och påverkat balansen mellan arbete och fritid i högre grad för kvinnor än för män. Att reparera dessa skador kommer att vara avgörande för att se till att kvinnor inte betalar ett oproportionerligt högt pris för pandemin.
  • Att upprätthålla medborgarnas förtroende för nationella och europeiska institutioner måste fortsätta att stå i centrum i kristider, eftersom efterlevnaden av åtgärderna för att bekämpa covid-19 i hög grad är beroende av förtroendet för institutioner och vetenskaplig rådgivning. Det ökade förtroende för institutioner som rapporterades av de svarande som fått ta del av stödåtgärderna sänder också ett tydligt budskap till de nationella regeringarna och EU.

2021–2024 work plan

During 2021–2024, Eurofound’s research will provide an important insight into the challenges and prospects in the area of living conditions and quality of life in the EU and the role played by various initiatives aimed at alleviating the social hardship of various groups of citizens. Of particular interest are the implications for older people and care needs, youth and their social inclusion and social mobility, and the varying consequences of the crisis on men and women.

Public services across the EU played a major role in addressing the COVID-19 crisis while facing significant challenges and they will be assessed in greater detail, focusing on issues such as quality, access and affordability. As previous findings have shown, the crisis has had disproportionate effects on certain groups according to age, care responsibilities and work-life balance, and Eurofound will analyse this further.

In coordination with the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE), Eurofound intends to research the multidimensional gender gap by investigating the impact on men and women of the COVID-19 crisis in terms of employment participation, material living conditions and well-being – in order to identify the differences and assess its effect on gender gaps.

Addressing stakeholder priorities

Eurofound’s research aims to assist policy action addressing the challenges and opportunities for the EU and national levels in the area of living conditions and quality of life. In particular, it will monitor the impact of COVID-19 and the ensuing economic crisis by providing knowledge on status, trends, risks, as well as ways to improve living conditions in the EU. Eurofound will focus on identifying and analysing pressing issues for the most vulnerable groups, specifically older citizens and young people. Eurofound will also inform policymakers by producing evidence on trends and drivers in relation to the delivery of public services, also linking in, for example, with the European Pillar of Social Rights.

The Agency’s work plan is aligned with the European Commission’s political guidelines over the next four years, directly feeding into a number of key policy areas aimed at creating a strong social Europe. In particular, the research will support policy initiatives and activities linked with the implementation of the European Gender Equality Strategy 2020–2025, the Youth Guarantee, the Child Guarantee and the European Semester and its country-specific recommendations.

 

Eurofound research

In 2024, Eurofound continues to monitor trends in living conditions and quality of life, against the backdrop of the health-related and economic fallout of the COVID-19 pandemic, the implications of the war in Ukraine, rising energy prices, and increases in costs of living. Building on the various rounds of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey, as well as on data gathered in 2023, the Agency investigates the impact of these challenges on the living conditions of Europeans.

The European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) commences in 2024, including some questions on working conditions and living conditions relevant to the aftermath of COVID-19. The European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) follows in 2026 using lessons drawn from the 2024 EWCS.

Research concludes on identifying groups not covered by social protection, due to coverage gaps and non-take-up of minimum income and unemployment schemes. It also looks at adequacy of these benefits, digitalisation of application procedures, linked service entitlements and sanctioning measures. Eurofound also publishes its findings on EU citizens’ rights and opportunities to live independently. It analyses the situation faced by various vulnerable groups and provides an overview of measures that facilitate family- and community-based care and support in the Member States.

Building on previous work on young people, research concludes on the life and prospects of young people in the post-pandemic era. Using new data collected in 2023, this research assesses the long-term impact of the pandemic on this group, looking into changes in the social situation of young people, as well as their quality of life, mental health and future prospects.

Analysis of the monitoring framework of the European Child Guarantee comes to an end in 2024, while new research starts to support national governments and the EU institutions in the implementation and evaluation of the Child Guarantee since it came into force. This work investigates the Member States’ levels of performance and their disparities, building on its previous work on convergence. It focuses on the workforce needed to deliver the Child Guarantee in areas of early childhood education and care, education, healthcare and other relevant sectors.

Considering the importance of care provision in EU societies, new research investigates informal care provision in the EU, the challenges faced by informal caregivers, and the measures in place to support them. This research considers care provided to people of all ages, while taking into consideration the diversity among informal carers. 

Eurofound launches new research on mental health services, investigating trends in and prevalence of mental health problems for different groups and how these needs are met in various countries in light of the pandemic and the arrival of Ukrainian refugees. 

Key outputs

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Eurofound's 2024 work programme is set in the context of the upcoming European elections, war in Ukraine, renewed Middle East conflict and rising cost of living across the EU.

23 januari 2024
Publication
Work programme
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Bostäder till oöverkomliga priser är ett stort bekymmer i EU. Det leder till hemlöshet, otrygga bostadsförhållanden, ekonomiska påfrestningar och undermåliga bostäder. Det är också ett hinder för unga människor när...

30 maj 2023
Publication
Research report
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År 2022 inleddes med försiktig optimism. Europa höll på att återhämta sig från två år med covid-19-pandemin, och genom NextGenerationEU fastställdes en plan för återhämtning för en stark och hållbar...

4 maj 2023
Publication
Annual report

Eurofound expert(s)

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Hans Dubois is a senior research manager in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. His research topics include housing, over-indebtedness, healthcare, long-term care, social...

Senior research manager,
Social policies research unit
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Massimiliano Mascherini has been Head of the Social Policies unit at Eurofound since October 2019. He joined Eurofound in 2009 as a research manager, designing and coordinating...

Head of Unit,
Social policies research unit
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Sanna Nivakoski is a research officer in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. Before joining Eurofound in 2021, she worked as a post-doctoral researcher at University College...

Research officer,
Social policies research unit
Publications results (308)

During the pandemic, many young people had to change their plans for the future. While at the end of 2023 young people’s labour market situation was more favourable than it had been in recent years, many obstacles remained on their route to independence, such as the rising cost of living and

21 May 2024

The post-pandemic recovery of Europe continued in 2023, with strong job creation despite subdued economic growth, against a background of rising geopolitical tension. Eurofound’s research over the year brought to light evidence on the key issues shaping the daily lives and work of Europeans.

02 May 2024

This background paper focuses on one important aspect of social protection: unemployment benefits, both first tier (usually contributory) and lower tier (predominantly tax-based, non-contributory and means-tested). Unemployment benefits help to cushion the impact of job loss on household finances an

02 February 2024

The various economic and social shocks of the past decade and a half – most recently the COVID-19 pandemic – have ongoing consequences for the living standards and prospects of Europeans, and sometimes these outcomes have been uneven across age groups. Social policies – such as those in the areas of

19 December 2023

The urban-rural divide in EU countries has grown in recent years, and the depopulation of certain rural areas in favour of cities is a challenge when it comes to promoting economic development and maintaining social cohesion and convergence.

18 October 2023

I denna rapport behandlas covid-19-krisens inverkan på de sociala tjänsterna i EU. Pandemin hade en negativ inverkan på de sociala tjänsterna, men tack vare den drog vi samtidigt lärdomar av hur vi kan anpassa de sociala tjänsterna för att hantera nya utmaningar och sociala risker. En lärdom är att

16 August 2023

Bostäder till oöverkomliga priser är ett stort bekymmer i EU. Det leder till hemlöshet, otrygga bostadsförhållanden, ekonomiska påfrestningar och undermåliga bostäder. Det är också ett hinder för unga människor när det gäller att flytta hemifrån. Dessa problem påverkar människors hälsa och

30 May 2023

År 2022 inleddes med försiktig optimism. Europa höll på att återhämta sig från två år med covid-19-pandemin, och genom NextGenerationEU fastställdes en plan för återhämtning för en stark och hållbar framtid. Den ryska attacken mot Ukraina i början av året förändrade dock situationen drastiskt och

04 May 2023

This paper presents an analytical summary of current academic and policy literature on the impact of climate change and policies to manage the transition to a carbon-neutral economy on four key domains: employment, working conditions, social dialogue and living conditions. It maps the main empirical

12 April 2023

Eurofound lanserade undersökningen Leva, arbeta och covid-19 för första gången i början av 2020. Undersökningen syftar till att identifiera pandemins omfattande inverkan på EU-medborgarnas arbetsliv och deras liv i allmänhet. Den femte omgången av Eurofounds undersökning, som genomfördes våren 2022

07 December 2022

Online resources results (219)

New centralised incomes policy agreement concluded

The Finnish central social partners - except AKAVA, the trade union confederation representing professionals with a high level of education - successfully concluded negotiations over a new centralised incomes policy agreement on 17 November 2000. The two-year wage agreement will mean an increase in

Commission issues new employment package

On 6 September 2000, the European Commission issued an employment package within the framework of the "Luxembourg employment strategy" (EU9711168F [1]), enshrined in Article 128 the EC Treaty. This requires Member States to formulate annual National Action Plans (NAP s) on employment, based on

Pensioners' trade union organisations examined

Pensioners' trade union organisations are an important component of Italian trade union confederations, today representing about half of their total membership. These bodies have progressively taken an important role in all level of social dialogue and collective bargaining on welfare issues, as

Cheap labour conflict continues in merchant shipping

Despite a government decision to grant subsidies to shipowners, tensions over "outflagging" and the use of foreign labour in Finnish merchant shipping continued in August 2000, with a shipowner hiring Polish seafarers. The Finnish Seafarers' Union considers these contracts of employment invalid and

Conflicts highlight regulation of industrial disputes

There is widespread consensus among the Austrian social partners that strikes and other forms of industrial action should be prevented. However, recent debates about the current government's reform plans, especially those relating to pensions and expenditure cuts in the social welfare system, have

Care services in private hands as local authorities increase use of outsourcing

Outsourcing, or contracting-out, of tasks to private enterprises has been expanding rapidly among local authorities and this development will gain increasing momentum, according to a new study [1] carried out by the municipal sector employers' organisation, the National Association of Local

EPSU agrees framework for coordinated action

The European Federation of Public Service Unions [1] (EPSU) - which groups 180 trade unions across Europe representing 10 million public service workers - agreed a policy statement entitled /Public service trade unions and collective bargaining in a European environment/ on 18 April 2000 at its

Public consultation on reorganisation of civil service opposed by unions

The Belgian government is undertaking a major reorganisation of the federal civil service, and in early June 2000 it launched a public consultation exercise, which has drawn criticism from civil service trade unions.

Report examines competition and regulation in network-based public services

A report submitted in April 2000 by a working party of France's National Economic Planning Agency advocates various measures to combine the introduction of competition into the "network-based" public sector (eg transport and utilities) with the "fulfilment of a public service role". The report

Parliament approves reform of law on strikes in essential public services

At the beginning of April 2000, the Italian parliament approved a reform of law 146/1990, which regulates the right to strike in essential public services and defines the role of the Guarantee Authority which oversees application of the law. The reform has introduced important changes as regards the


Blogs results (32)
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Vaccine acceptance is key to the success of COVID-19 vaccination campaigns worldwide. Worryingly, over a quarter of people living in Europe are hesitant about taking a COVID-19 vaccine, and the level of hesitancy is especially high among heavy users of social media. The spread of misinformation on s

23 juni 2021
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An ageing Europe and rising public expenditure on long-term care have signalled for some time that the fundamentals of care provision need to be addressed. However, the shocking death toll in care homes during the COVID-19 pandemic and the fact that many long-term care services were ill-equipped to

2 december 2020
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As Europe faces into what appears to be a second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, concern is mounting about the evolution and dramatic impact of the disease, with rising numbers of infections, hospitalisations and deaths. There is also a growing focus on the repercussions for the economy, the labour m

7 oktober 2020
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​​​​​​​While women appear to be more resilient than men to COVID-19 in terms of health outcomes, that is not the case when it comes to the economic and social fallout. Measures taken by governments to control the spread of the virus are exacerbating gender divides in unemployment, domestic labour an

image_blog_covid_youth_18052020.png

While we now know that the idea that ‘COVID-19 only affects older people’ is fake news, the first weeks of the pandemic have shown that young people are in general more resilient than older people to the disease. But are they also more resilient to its social and economic impacts?

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The impact of COVID-19 continues to create chaos in people’s lives across Europe and the world. The economy is heading towards another major dip, and a sense of general insecurity pervades. The daunting challenges confronting health services and projections on the long-term impact of the crisis domi

ef19051.png

The votes have been cast, tallied and declared and we can now see the political landscape of the new European Parliament. It is a complex picture: there has been growth of far-right and populist parties, but well short of what was projected, and at the same time there has been a boost for pro

image_1_blog_rural_europe_08052019.png

Depopulation of rural areas and the concentration of employment and education opportunities in urban centres is a fact of modern life. What impact does this have on the quality of life of rural residents? Do they feel increasingly isolated, and what are the emerging trends? New research by Eurofound

8 maj 2019
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Europe is showing visible signs of progress; in most countries, labour markets are healthier than they have been in a decade, with more people active and in work than ever before, while social exclusion is declining. However, it is also a continent in transition, where an imbalance in opportunities

18 juni 2018

Upcoming publications results (4)

This factsheet will provide a snapshot of society and quality of life in spring 2024. It will look at a number of issues, including mental well-being, trust, access to healthcare, social support and coping with increases in the cost of living. The analysis is based on the Living and working in the

December 2024

This report analyses data from Eurofound’s European Working Conditions Telephone Survey (EWCTS), the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey and official statistics to examine employment trends, working conditions and social inclusion challenges experienced by young people in the Western Balkans (Alba

November 2024
Forthcoming
Publication
Research report

This report explores the implications of the right of all EU citizens to live independently. It investigates the barriers faced by people who wish to live independently, and the situation of people at risk of living in institutional settings. It maps the various measures taken by EU Member States to

October 2024

Social protection can include a range of entitlements to monetary and in-kind benefits. Eurofound’s project focuses on unemployment and minimum income benefits. Social protection can provide a safety net for people who are negatively impacted by the green and digital transitions. During the COVID-19

September 2024
Data results (1)
24 oktober 2023
Reference period:

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