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Levnadsvillkor och livskvalitet

Levnadsvillkor och livskvalitet är en av de sex huvudsakliga verksamheterna i Eurofounds arbetsprogram för perioden 2021–2024. Eurofound kommer att fortsätta att kartlägga och analysera viktiga aspekter som har att göra med förbättring av levnadsvillkoren för människor i Europa, däribland information om deras upplevelse av livskvaliteten och samhället. I och med att covid-19 -pandemin och den efterföljande ekonomiska krisen har haft en stor inverkan på människors liv kommer Eurofound att göra ytterligare undersökningar om hur denna kris har drabbat EU-medborgare i olika skeden av livet.

Eurofounds forskning under 2021–2024 kommer att ge en viktig inblick i utmaningarna och utsikterna på området levnadsvillkor och livskvalitet i EU och rollen för olika initiativ som syftar till att mildra de sociala påfrestningarna på olika grupper av medborgare. Särskilt intressanta frågor är följderna för äldre människor och vårdbehov, ungdomar och deras sociala delaktighet och rörlighet samt de olika konsekvenserna av krisen för män och kvinnor .

Offentliga tjänster i hela EU har spelat en viktig roll i hanteringen av covid-19-krisen samtidigt som de har stått inför stora utmaningar. De kommer att undersökas närmare med fokus på frågor som kvalitet, tillgång och överkomlighet. Som framgått av tidigare undersökningar har krisen haft oproportionerliga konsekvenser för vissa grupper beroende på ålder, omsorgsansvar och balans mellan arbete och fritid , och detta kommer att undersökas närmare av Eurofound.

I samordning med Europeiska jämställdhetsinstitutet (EIGE) avser Eurofound undersöka de flerdimensionella klyftorna mellan könen genom att undersöka vilka konsekvenser covid-19-krisen har haft för män respektive kvinnor när det gäller deltagande i arbetslivet, materiella levnadsvillkor och välbefinnande, för att kunna fastställa skillnaderna och bedöma dess inverkan på klyftorna mellan könen.

”Kvaliteten på offentliga tjänster har varit avgörande för att skapa förtroende för institutioner i dagens Europa och kommer att spela en betydande roll i hanteringen av nuvarande och framtida utmaningar. Tjänster av hög kvalitet utgör även ett område för innovation, särskilt när det gäller en övergång till digitala, mer miljövänliga tjänster och beredskap för risker, som pandemin, i framtiden.”

Tadas Leončikas, forskningsledare, enheten för socialpolitik

Topic

Recent updates

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In this episode of Eurofound Talks, Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound researchers Eszter Sandor and Massimiliano Mascherini about the situation for young people in Europe.

Podcast
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During the pandemic, many young people had to change their plans for the future. While at the end of 2023 young people’s labour market situation was more favourable than it...

21 maj 2024
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Research report

Viktiga politiska budskap

Infografik

De viktigaste resultat som framkommit från Eurofounds forskning utgör underlag för beslutsfattare så att de kan ta itu med några av de viktigaste frågorna inom detta område.

  • Upplevelsen av spänningar i samhället är den faktor som har störst skada för förtroendet för institutionerna, medan den upplevda kvaliteten på de offentliga tjänsterna är en central drivkraft för ett ökat förtroende för institutionerna.
  • Det finns ett behov av mer långvarig vård och omsorg – med större flexibilitet. Tillgången till vård och omsorg i hemmet bör förbättras, särskilt i de EU-medlemsstater med lägst inkomst.
  • Snabb tillgång till primärvård, social omsorg och långtidsvård kan bidra till tidigt ingripande och övervakning av ändrade behov och förhindra att problem med långtidsvård trappas upp.
  • Den psykiska ohälsan ökar hos unga människor, men det är oklart om det beror på högre förekomst eller ökad medvetenhet och förbättrad diagnostisering. Psykisk hälsa är nära förknippad med andra ungdomsproblem och kan både vara ett resultat av ojämlikhet och i sig vara en källa till ojämlikhet. Bland riskfaktorerna för psykisk ohälsa finns funktionsnedsättning, långvarig sjukdom, familjeproblem, problem i kontakten med jämbördiga samt omfattande användning av sociala medier.
  • Förtroendet och den sociala sammanhållningen har överlag återhämtat sig i EU sedan den ekonomiska krisen, men utbrottet av covid-19 har haft stora konsekvenser på välbefinnandet i de länder som drabbats hårdast av pandemin.
  • Ungdomar håller på att bli en av de grupper som har förlorat mest på nedstängningen. Tillsammans med gruppen arbetslösa rapporterar ungdomar om de lägsta nivåerna av välbefinnande, trots vissa förbättringar sedan pandemins utbrott. Tillfredsställelsen med livet och optimismen har ökat sedan april 2020, men ungdomar känner sig fortfarande utestängda från samhället och löper fortfarande störst risk för depression, vilket visar att de har påverkats mer av restriktionerna under nedstängningen.
  • Åtgärder för att minska de psykiska hälsoriskerna för arbetslösa och ungdomar i sviterna av covid-19 kommer att vara avgörande vid nya vågor av coronaviruset. Att tillhandahålla riktat stöd för att göra det möjligt för arbetssökande att komma tillbaka på rätt spår och hantera effekterna av pandemin samt att se till att ungdomar kan delta fullt ut i samhället måste vara en del av de pågående politiska åtgärderna.
  • Covid-19-krisen har slagit hårt mot optimismen och påverkat balansen mellan arbete och fritid i högre grad för kvinnor än för män. Att reparera dessa skador kommer att vara avgörande för att se till att kvinnor inte betalar ett oproportionerligt högt pris för pandemin.
  • Att upprätthålla medborgarnas förtroende för nationella och europeiska institutioner måste fortsätta att stå i centrum i kristider, eftersom efterlevnaden av åtgärderna för att bekämpa covid-19 i hög grad är beroende av förtroendet för institutioner och vetenskaplig rådgivning. Det ökade förtroende för institutioner som rapporterades av de svarande som fått ta del av stödåtgärderna sänder också ett tydligt budskap till de nationella regeringarna och EU.

2021–2024 work plan

During 2021–2024, Eurofound’s research will provide an important insight into the challenges and prospects in the area of living conditions and quality of life in the EU and the role played by various initiatives aimed at alleviating the social hardship of various groups of citizens. Of particular interest are the implications for older people and care needs, youth and their social inclusion and social mobility, and the varying consequences of the crisis on men and women.

Public services across the EU played a major role in addressing the COVID-19 crisis while facing significant challenges and they will be assessed in greater detail, focusing on issues such as quality, access and affordability. As previous findings have shown, the crisis has had disproportionate effects on certain groups according to age, care responsibilities and work-life balance, and Eurofound will analyse this further.

In coordination with the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE), Eurofound intends to research the multidimensional gender gap by investigating the impact on men and women of the COVID-19 crisis in terms of employment participation, material living conditions and well-being – in order to identify the differences and assess its effect on gender gaps.

Addressing stakeholder priorities

Eurofound’s research aims to assist policy action addressing the challenges and opportunities for the EU and national levels in the area of living conditions and quality of life. In particular, it will monitor the impact of COVID-19 and the ensuing economic crisis by providing knowledge on status, trends, risks, as well as ways to improve living conditions in the EU. Eurofound will focus on identifying and analysing pressing issues for the most vulnerable groups, specifically older citizens and young people. Eurofound will also inform policymakers by producing evidence on trends and drivers in relation to the delivery of public services, also linking in, for example, with the European Pillar of Social Rights.

The Agency’s work plan is aligned with the European Commission’s political guidelines over the next four years, directly feeding into a number of key policy areas aimed at creating a strong social Europe. In particular, the research will support policy initiatives and activities linked with the implementation of the European Gender Equality Strategy 2020–2025, the Youth Guarantee, the Child Guarantee and the European Semester and its country-specific recommendations.

 

Eurofound research

In 2024, Eurofound continues to monitor trends in living conditions and quality of life, against the backdrop of the health-related and economic fallout of the COVID-19 pandemic, the implications of the war in Ukraine, rising energy prices, and increases in costs of living. Building on the various rounds of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey, as well as on data gathered in 2023, the Agency investigates the impact of these challenges on the living conditions of Europeans.

The European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) commences in 2024, including some questions on working conditions and living conditions relevant to the aftermath of COVID-19. The European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) follows in 2026 using lessons drawn from the 2024 EWCS.

Research concludes on identifying groups not covered by social protection, due to coverage gaps and non-take-up of minimum income and unemployment schemes. It also looks at adequacy of these benefits, digitalisation of application procedures, linked service entitlements and sanctioning measures. Eurofound also publishes its findings on EU citizens’ rights and opportunities to live independently. It analyses the situation faced by various vulnerable groups and provides an overview of measures that facilitate family- and community-based care and support in the Member States.

Building on previous work on young people, research concludes on the life and prospects of young people in the post-pandemic era. Using new data collected in 2023, this research assesses the long-term impact of the pandemic on this group, looking into changes in the social situation of young people, as well as their quality of life, mental health and future prospects.

Analysis of the monitoring framework of the European Child Guarantee comes to an end in 2024, while new research starts to support national governments and the EU institutions in the implementation and evaluation of the Child Guarantee since it came into force. This work investigates the Member States’ levels of performance and their disparities, building on its previous work on convergence. It focuses on the workforce needed to deliver the Child Guarantee in areas of early childhood education and care, education, healthcare and other relevant sectors.

Considering the importance of care provision in EU societies, new research investigates informal care provision in the EU, the challenges faced by informal caregivers, and the measures in place to support them. This research considers care provided to people of all ages, while taking into consideration the diversity among informal carers. 

Eurofound launches new research on mental health services, investigating trends in and prevalence of mental health problems for different groups and how these needs are met in various countries in light of the pandemic and the arrival of Ukrainian refugees. 

Key outputs

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Eurofound's 2024 work programme is set in the context of the upcoming European elections, war in Ukraine, renewed Middle East conflict and rising cost of living across the EU.

23 januari 2024
Publication
Work programme
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Bostäder till oöverkomliga priser är ett stort bekymmer i EU. Det leder till hemlöshet, otrygga bostadsförhållanden, ekonomiska påfrestningar och undermåliga bostäder. Det är också ett hinder för unga människor när...

30 maj 2023
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Research report
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År 2022 inleddes med försiktig optimism. Europa höll på att återhämta sig från två år med covid-19-pandemin, och genom NextGenerationEU fastställdes en plan för återhämtning för en stark och hållbar...

4 maj 2023
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Annual report

Eurofound expert(s)

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Hans Dubois is a senior research manager in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. His research topics include housing, over-indebtedness, healthcare, long-term care, social...

Senior research manager,
Social policies research unit
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Massimiliano Mascherini has been Head of the Social Policies unit at Eurofound since October 2019. He joined Eurofound in 2009 as a research manager, designing and coordinating...

Head of Unit,
Social policies research unit
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Sanna Nivakoski is a research officer in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. Before joining Eurofound in 2021, she worked as a post-doctoral researcher at University College...

Research officer,
Social policies research unit
Publications results (308)

Urban populations have become increasingly heterogeneous in ethnic, cultural and religious terms. These multi-ethnic, multicultural and multi-religious structures challenge the ability of municipalities to establish or maintain peaceful relations among the different segments of the population. The

19 May 2010

This interim evaluation study was carried out to provide preliminary answers to a set of questions concerning the project intervention of CLIP, primarily from the organisational perspective of Eurofound as a central agent in the conceptualisation, design and operation of CLIP to date, and within a

18 May 2010

Urban populations have become increasingly heterogeneous in ethnic, cultural and religious terms. These multi-ethnic, multicultural and multi-religious structures challenge the ability of municipalities to establish or maintain peaceful relations among the different segments of the population. The

18 May 2010

The workshop held on 27 November 2009 was designed to examine how early childhood services are providing parents/carers with educational and social support, and how these services can contribute to more effective parenting. Policymakers, experts and practitioners working in the field presented

20 April 2010

Public services are the bedrock of modern society. They impact on people’s everyday lives to a greater or lesser degree: from education and health services to public transport, refuse collection and state pensions. This report explores the interaction between individuals and institutions, analysing

23 March 2010

The EU designated 2010 as the European Year for Combating Poverty and Social Exclusion. Social exclusion is the consequence of a series of problems affecting an individual or groups, for example unemployment, discrimination, low levels of skills, or low income. Foundation Findings provide pertinent

18 March 2010

What are the factors that give rise to a feeling of satisfaction with one’s life and do these vary from country to country across Europe? This report explores the role of different aspects of an individual’s life – such as income, age, employment, marital status and health – in shaping the quality

10 March 2010

Over the past two decades, the concept of social exclusion has increasingly replaced the concept of poverty within the EU policy discussion on social vulnerability and disadvantage. It has been shown that unequal access to the labour market and poor living conditions negatively affect social

10 February 2010

This report reviews the evidence to support the contention that increasing numbers of young people (16 - 34 years) are entering the disability benefits system. It attempts to place this evidence within the context of the many factors that are known to influence the economic activity and labour

01 February 2010

The results of Eurofound’s second European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS 2007) show that older people run the risk of being socially excluded. The highest proportion of people reporting a feeling of being ‘left out of society’ is in the over-65 age bracket. Compared to younger age groups, a much

19 January 2010

Online resources results (219)

Medical specialists strike

In September and October 2001, Belgian clinical biologists, radiologists and kidney specialists were due to strike for a total of 12 days. They were primarily protesting against 'unusual' savings and budget over-run recovery measures being applied to their sector.

35-hour week negotiations in public hospitals

Negotiations over the introduction of the 35-hour week in France's public hospitals started in earnest in September 2001, following a government announcement that 40,000 jobs (a figure later raised to 45,000) were to be created to accompany the working time reductions. Trade unions have reservations

Changes ahead in hospital sector industrial relations

On 1 January 2002, the ownership of public hospitals in Norway will be transferred from the local government level (mainly county municipalities) to the state. The hospitals will be organised as subsidiaries under the control of one of five regional public enterprises that will also be established

National minimum wage developments and trends in income distribution

A national minimum wage of IEP 4.40 per hour was first introduced in Ireland in April 2000 under the National Minimum Wage Act 2000. The minimum wage directly benefited approximately 163,000 workers, or 13.5% of the total workforce (ie those earning less than IEP 4.40 per hour) (IE9907140F [1]). [1]

Unions protest against new management models for public services

Early 2001 saw trade union protests in various areas of the Portuguese public services - notably healthcare and some municipal services - where new management models are being tried out. The changes have led trade unions to protest against what they see as a privatisation of essential services. In

New law reforms social services

In October 2000, the Italian parliament approved a new framework law reforming the national system of social service provision. The new law provides for an integrated network of all types of provision (including social, healthcare, labour market measures), with new responsibilities for regional and

Controversial health sector reform proposed

On 18 January 2000, the Minister of Health, Tore Tønne, presented a government proposal for a public health sector reform. The reform involves a transfer of the ownership of all public hospitals from the county authorities to the state, and a complete financial and organisational restructuring of

Study examines gender differences in working and living conditions

An interdisciplinary research project on modern working and living conditions for women and men [1] (Moderna arbets- och livsvillkor för kvinnor och män, MOA), aimed at developing policies and methods better adjusted to modern working and living conditions, has been carried out recently in

Rescuing Ireland's social pact

Over the course of 2000, the current national agreement, the Programme for Prosperity and Fairness [1] (PPF) (IE0003149F [2]), became subject to considerable pressure as workers and trade unions pushed for compensation for increases in the cost of living (IE0010159F [3]). Inflation stood at 6.8% as

Flexible career options introduced in the Flemish not-for-profit sector

In late October 2000, the Flemish minister of employment, Renaat Landuyt (of the Socialist Party), reached an agreement with employers' and employees' organisations on the practical implementation of an agreement for the not-for-profit (also known as "social profit") sector - welfare, healthcare and


Blogs results (32)
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Discussions on Germany at European level invariably focus on the country’s strong economic performance and how this relates to the labour market and broader society. This is a narrative I have myself contributed to in a previous blog piece. However, Eurofound’s European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS)

7 mars 2018
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The European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS), carried out by Eurofound every four years, explores a variety of aspects related to living standards, health, family and work–life balance, as well as people's happiness levels, satisfaction with their lives, and their perceptions regarding the quality of

21 februari 2018
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In this blog piece, originally published in Social Europe, Eurofound Research Officer Daniel Molinuevo looks at the service providers delivering long-term care to older people in Europe.

18 januari 2018
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In this blog piece, originally published in Social Europe, Eurofound Research Manager Anna Ludwinek looks at the substantial section of the population that is not working and does not figure in unemployment statistics, but retains significant employment potential.

20 december 2017
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Europe – a world-class place to live and work? ‘A world-class place to live and work.’ That is how President Juncker described Europe at the summit to formally proclaim the EU Pillar of Social Rights in Gothenburg last month. And he added: ‘Europe is more than just a single market, more than money

7 december 2017
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In-work poverty increased during the economic and financial crisis that hit European shores in 2008. By 2014, ten per cent of European workers were at risk of poverty, up from eight per cent in 2007. Ten per cent is a significant figure: the working poor represent a substantial group that can’t be i

13 oktober 2017
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Average unemployment rates continue to fall across Europe, employment is growing again in middle-paying jobs, offshoring is on the decline, the proportion of routine jobs is falling, and efforts to make work more sustainable have borne fruit.

6 juni 2017
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Equality of opportunity and upward social mobility are important aspects of the European social model. Until quite recently concerns about rising inequalities were often countered by assurances about protecting social mobility, and the assertion that an individual’s status is mainly down to their wo

26 april 2017
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There are limits to the effectiveness of member states’ pension reforms. Europe, it’s often said, is experiencing a worsening ageing crisis. European governments grappling with this and the related unsustainability of many pension schemes have taken measures to keep older workers longer in employmen

26 september 2016
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In this blog piece, originally posted on Social Europe, Eurofound Director Juan Menéndez-Valdés looks the complex and multi-faceted story of what it is to live and work in the European Union of today.

13 juni 2016

Upcoming publications results (4)

This factsheet will provide a snapshot of society and quality of life in spring 2024. It will look at a number of issues, including mental well-being, trust, access to healthcare, social support and coping with increases in the cost of living. The analysis is based on the Living and working in the

December 2024

This report analyses data from Eurofound’s European Working Conditions Telephone Survey (EWCTS), the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey and official statistics to examine employment trends, working conditions and social inclusion challenges experienced by young people in the Western Balkans (Alba

November 2024
Forthcoming
Publication
Research report

This report explores the implications of the right of all EU citizens to live independently. It investigates the barriers faced by people who wish to live independently, and the situation of people at risk of living in institutional settings. It maps the various measures taken by EU Member States to

October 2024

Social protection can include a range of entitlements to monetary and in-kind benefits. Eurofound’s project focuses on unemployment and minimum income benefits. Social protection can provide a safety net for people who are negatively impacted by the green and digital transitions. During the COVID-19

September 2024
Data results (1)
24 oktober 2023
Reference period:

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