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Levnadsvillkor och livskvalitet

Levnadsvillkor och livskvalitet är en av de sex huvudsakliga verksamheterna i Eurofounds arbetsprogram för perioden 2021–2024. Eurofound kommer att fortsätta att kartlägga och analysera viktiga aspekter som har att göra med förbättring av levnadsvillkoren för människor i Europa, däribland information om deras upplevelse av livskvaliteten och samhället. I och med att covid-19 -pandemin och den efterföljande ekonomiska krisen har haft en stor inverkan på människors liv kommer Eurofound att göra ytterligare undersökningar om hur denna kris har drabbat EU-medborgare i olika skeden av livet.

Eurofounds forskning under 2021–2024 kommer att ge en viktig inblick i utmaningarna och utsikterna på området levnadsvillkor och livskvalitet i EU och rollen för olika initiativ som syftar till att mildra de sociala påfrestningarna på olika grupper av medborgare. Särskilt intressanta frågor är följderna för äldre människor och vårdbehov, ungdomar och deras sociala delaktighet och rörlighet samt de olika konsekvenserna av krisen för män och kvinnor .

Offentliga tjänster i hela EU har spelat en viktig roll i hanteringen av covid-19-krisen samtidigt som de har stått inför stora utmaningar. De kommer att undersökas närmare med fokus på frågor som kvalitet, tillgång och överkomlighet. Som framgått av tidigare undersökningar har krisen haft oproportionerliga konsekvenser för vissa grupper beroende på ålder, omsorgsansvar och balans mellan arbete och fritid , och detta kommer att undersökas närmare av Eurofound.

I samordning med Europeiska jämställdhetsinstitutet (EIGE) avser Eurofound undersöka de flerdimensionella klyftorna mellan könen genom att undersöka vilka konsekvenser covid-19-krisen har haft för män respektive kvinnor när det gäller deltagande i arbetslivet, materiella levnadsvillkor och välbefinnande, för att kunna fastställa skillnaderna och bedöma dess inverkan på klyftorna mellan könen.

”Kvaliteten på offentliga tjänster har varit avgörande för att skapa förtroende för institutioner i dagens Europa och kommer att spela en betydande roll i hanteringen av nuvarande och framtida utmaningar. Tjänster av hög kvalitet utgör även ett område för innovation, särskilt när det gäller en övergång till digitala, mer miljövänliga tjänster och beredskap för risker, som pandemin, i framtiden.”

Tadas Leončikas, forskningsledare, enheten för socialpolitik

Topic

Recent updates

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In this episode of Eurofound Talks, Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound researchers Eszter Sandor and Massimiliano Mascherini about the situation for young people in Europe.

Podcast
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During the pandemic, many young people had to change their plans for the future. While at the end of 2023 young people’s labour market situation was more favourable than it...

21 maj 2024
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Research report

Viktiga politiska budskap

Infografik

De viktigaste resultat som framkommit från Eurofounds forskning utgör underlag för beslutsfattare så att de kan ta itu med några av de viktigaste frågorna inom detta område.

  • Upplevelsen av spänningar i samhället är den faktor som har störst skada för förtroendet för institutionerna, medan den upplevda kvaliteten på de offentliga tjänsterna är en central drivkraft för ett ökat förtroende för institutionerna.
  • Det finns ett behov av mer långvarig vård och omsorg – med större flexibilitet. Tillgången till vård och omsorg i hemmet bör förbättras, särskilt i de EU-medlemsstater med lägst inkomst.
  • Snabb tillgång till primärvård, social omsorg och långtidsvård kan bidra till tidigt ingripande och övervakning av ändrade behov och förhindra att problem med långtidsvård trappas upp.
  • Den psykiska ohälsan ökar hos unga människor, men det är oklart om det beror på högre förekomst eller ökad medvetenhet och förbättrad diagnostisering. Psykisk hälsa är nära förknippad med andra ungdomsproblem och kan både vara ett resultat av ojämlikhet och i sig vara en källa till ojämlikhet. Bland riskfaktorerna för psykisk ohälsa finns funktionsnedsättning, långvarig sjukdom, familjeproblem, problem i kontakten med jämbördiga samt omfattande användning av sociala medier.
  • Förtroendet och den sociala sammanhållningen har överlag återhämtat sig i EU sedan den ekonomiska krisen, men utbrottet av covid-19 har haft stora konsekvenser på välbefinnandet i de länder som drabbats hårdast av pandemin.
  • Ungdomar håller på att bli en av de grupper som har förlorat mest på nedstängningen. Tillsammans med gruppen arbetslösa rapporterar ungdomar om de lägsta nivåerna av välbefinnande, trots vissa förbättringar sedan pandemins utbrott. Tillfredsställelsen med livet och optimismen har ökat sedan april 2020, men ungdomar känner sig fortfarande utestängda från samhället och löper fortfarande störst risk för depression, vilket visar att de har påverkats mer av restriktionerna under nedstängningen.
  • Åtgärder för att minska de psykiska hälsoriskerna för arbetslösa och ungdomar i sviterna av covid-19 kommer att vara avgörande vid nya vågor av coronaviruset. Att tillhandahålla riktat stöd för att göra det möjligt för arbetssökande att komma tillbaka på rätt spår och hantera effekterna av pandemin samt att se till att ungdomar kan delta fullt ut i samhället måste vara en del av de pågående politiska åtgärderna.
  • Covid-19-krisen har slagit hårt mot optimismen och påverkat balansen mellan arbete och fritid i högre grad för kvinnor än för män. Att reparera dessa skador kommer att vara avgörande för att se till att kvinnor inte betalar ett oproportionerligt högt pris för pandemin.
  • Att upprätthålla medborgarnas förtroende för nationella och europeiska institutioner måste fortsätta att stå i centrum i kristider, eftersom efterlevnaden av åtgärderna för att bekämpa covid-19 i hög grad är beroende av förtroendet för institutioner och vetenskaplig rådgivning. Det ökade förtroende för institutioner som rapporterades av de svarande som fått ta del av stödåtgärderna sänder också ett tydligt budskap till de nationella regeringarna och EU.

2021–2024 work plan

During 2021–2024, Eurofound’s research will provide an important insight into the challenges and prospects in the area of living conditions and quality of life in the EU and the role played by various initiatives aimed at alleviating the social hardship of various groups of citizens. Of particular interest are the implications for older people and care needs, youth and their social inclusion and social mobility, and the varying consequences of the crisis on men and women.

Public services across the EU played a major role in addressing the COVID-19 crisis while facing significant challenges and they will be assessed in greater detail, focusing on issues such as quality, access and affordability. As previous findings have shown, the crisis has had disproportionate effects on certain groups according to age, care responsibilities and work-life balance, and Eurofound will analyse this further.

In coordination with the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE), Eurofound intends to research the multidimensional gender gap by investigating the impact on men and women of the COVID-19 crisis in terms of employment participation, material living conditions and well-being – in order to identify the differences and assess its effect on gender gaps.

Addressing stakeholder priorities

Eurofound’s research aims to assist policy action addressing the challenges and opportunities for the EU and national levels in the area of living conditions and quality of life. In particular, it will monitor the impact of COVID-19 and the ensuing economic crisis by providing knowledge on status, trends, risks, as well as ways to improve living conditions in the EU. Eurofound will focus on identifying and analysing pressing issues for the most vulnerable groups, specifically older citizens and young people. Eurofound will also inform policymakers by producing evidence on trends and drivers in relation to the delivery of public services, also linking in, for example, with the European Pillar of Social Rights.

The Agency’s work plan is aligned with the European Commission’s political guidelines over the next four years, directly feeding into a number of key policy areas aimed at creating a strong social Europe. In particular, the research will support policy initiatives and activities linked with the implementation of the European Gender Equality Strategy 2020–2025, the Youth Guarantee, the Child Guarantee and the European Semester and its country-specific recommendations.

 

Eurofound research

In 2024, Eurofound continues to monitor trends in living conditions and quality of life, against the backdrop of the health-related and economic fallout of the COVID-19 pandemic, the implications of the war in Ukraine, rising energy prices, and increases in costs of living. Building on the various rounds of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey, as well as on data gathered in 2023, the Agency investigates the impact of these challenges on the living conditions of Europeans.

The European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) commences in 2024, including some questions on working conditions and living conditions relevant to the aftermath of COVID-19. The European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) follows in 2026 using lessons drawn from the 2024 EWCS.

Research concludes on identifying groups not covered by social protection, due to coverage gaps and non-take-up of minimum income and unemployment schemes. It also looks at adequacy of these benefits, digitalisation of application procedures, linked service entitlements and sanctioning measures. Eurofound also publishes its findings on EU citizens’ rights and opportunities to live independently. It analyses the situation faced by various vulnerable groups and provides an overview of measures that facilitate family- and community-based care and support in the Member States.

Building on previous work on young people, research concludes on the life and prospects of young people in the post-pandemic era. Using new data collected in 2023, this research assesses the long-term impact of the pandemic on this group, looking into changes in the social situation of young people, as well as their quality of life, mental health and future prospects.

Analysis of the monitoring framework of the European Child Guarantee comes to an end in 2024, while new research starts to support national governments and the EU institutions in the implementation and evaluation of the Child Guarantee since it came into force. This work investigates the Member States’ levels of performance and their disparities, building on its previous work on convergence. It focuses on the workforce needed to deliver the Child Guarantee in areas of early childhood education and care, education, healthcare and other relevant sectors.

Considering the importance of care provision in EU societies, new research investigates informal care provision in the EU, the challenges faced by informal caregivers, and the measures in place to support them. This research considers care provided to people of all ages, while taking into consideration the diversity among informal carers. 

Eurofound launches new research on mental health services, investigating trends in and prevalence of mental health problems for different groups and how these needs are met in various countries in light of the pandemic and the arrival of Ukrainian refugees. 

Key outputs

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Eurofound's 2024 work programme is set in the context of the upcoming European elections, war in Ukraine, renewed Middle East conflict and rising cost of living across the EU.

23 januari 2024
Publication
Work programme
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Bostäder till oöverkomliga priser är ett stort bekymmer i EU. Det leder till hemlöshet, otrygga bostadsförhållanden, ekonomiska påfrestningar och undermåliga bostäder. Det är också ett hinder för unga människor när...

30 maj 2023
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Research report
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År 2022 inleddes med försiktig optimism. Europa höll på att återhämta sig från två år med covid-19-pandemin, och genom NextGenerationEU fastställdes en plan för återhämtning för en stark och hållbar...

4 maj 2023
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Annual report

Eurofound expert(s)

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Hans Dubois is a senior research manager in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. His research topics include housing, over-indebtedness, healthcare, long-term care, social...

Senior research manager,
Social policies research unit
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Massimiliano Mascherini has been Head of the Social Policies unit at Eurofound since October 2019. He joined Eurofound in 2009 as a research manager, designing and coordinating...

Head of Unit,
Social policies research unit
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Sanna Nivakoski is a research officer in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. Before joining Eurofound in 2021, she worked as a post-doctoral researcher at University College...

Research officer,
Social policies research unit
Publications results (308)

This report draws a picture of life in present-day Croatia by looking at key indicators of quality of life, such as: the economic situation of households; housing and the local environment; employment and education; health, healthcare and access to health services; household and family size and

11 July 2007
Publication
Research report

The Foundation’s research into quality of life in Turkey is largely based on findings from the EQLS, supplemented by national data, academic surveys and related social science studies. The research offers a comparison of the social circumstances of people in Turkey with those in the ‘old’ EU15

20 May 2007
Publication
Report summary

This timely report draws on some of the findings of the European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS), along with other pieces of key research, on issues affecting quality of life in the candidate country, Turkey. Never before has a candidate country as unique and diverse as Turkey raised such interesting

17 May 2007
Publication
Research report

This issue of Foundation Focus places the spotlight on equal opportunities, viewed in the light of recent policy developments at EU and national level and based on Foundation research findings in this area. The aim of the series is to explore a subject of social and economic policy importance and

14 May 2007

This report summarises the main findings of the survey as presented in the reports and explores the implications of these findings for EU policy, along with challenges for future policies. Among the more interesting findings are the perception of strong social support networks across Europe, the

26 April 2007
Publication
Research report

This report addresses the key issue of time use and work–life options over the life course. The report aims to contribute to current debates on the subject, placing them in the wider context of 25 European countries and viewing them from a life course perspective. It considers the ways in which the

10 April 2007

This analytical report addresses the important question concerning the extent to which quality of work influences people’s overall quality of life. More specifically, the report undertakes a detailed analysis of how working conditions, job satisfaction and work–life balance affect life satisfaction

09 April 2007

This is a report of a conference held in Helsinki 2–3 October 2006, organised by the European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, in cooperation with the National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health (STAKES) and the Finnish Institute of Occupational

22 January 2007

This analytical report addresses the interesting theme of participation in civil society, exploring the diverse range of activities that constitute active participation. A central part of the analysis involves identifying factors that influence participation, or in other words understanding why some

09 January 2007

This report explores the issue of urban–rural differences in Europe according to a number of quality of life domains, namely: income and deprivation; housing; employment and education; work–life balance; access to work, school, family, friends and services; and subjective well-being.

18 December 2006

Online resources results (219)

Spain: Latest working life developments – Q2 2016

A small rise in employment, the issue of pensions, and efforts to form a new coalition government in the wake of the June General Election are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Spain in the second quarter of 2016..

Czech Republic: Transformations in the quality of working life

Findings from a recent survey aim to capture national developments in the Czech Republic in the quality of working life. Results from the survey on the nature of work, job security, workers’ experiences of stress and its intensity, and the evaluation of different aspects of work are highlighted in

Norway: Developments in working life – Q1 2016

Rising unemployment, the start of the biannual collective bargaining round, a report from the expert committee on working time, and a new report focusing on young workers and sustainable work life are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments

France: Social partners approve Workplace health plan for 2016–2020

On 8 December 2015, following lengthy consultations, the government and all representative social partners at national level adopted the third Workplace health plan. The plan has two key objectives: to reinforce a culture of risk prevention and to improve the quality of working conditions.

Sweden: Government scraps contested labour market reforms

Sweden’s coalition government has reversed changes to the welfare system made by the previous centre-right government. It has removed a cut-off point of 2.5 years for claiming sickness benefit and scrapped a scheme for mandatory workplace activities for the unemployed. The decision to reverse rather

Ireland: National Minimum Wage rise follows Low Pay Commission report

The first rise in Ireland's National Minimum Wage (NMW) since 2007 was implemented on January 1, 2016. It comes after a recommendation in the Low Pay Commission’s first annual report to increase the NMW by 50 cents per hour to a new hourly rate of €9.15.

France: Agreement signed to protect compulsory supplementary pension schemes

In France, two compulsory supplementary pension schemes managed by the social partners are facing financial difficulties. The social partners have signed an agreement to protect the schemes. The agreement introduces a bonus–penalty system to encourage employees to retire later.

Denmark: Greater acceptance of LGBT colleagues in female-dominated workplaces

It is likely to be more difficult to be an LGBT person in a male-dominated Danish workplace than a female-dominated one, according to a recent union-backed survey. The survey reveals significant differences between men’s and women’s experiences regarding the acceptance of LGBT people in Danish

Spain: Impact of social dialogue among workers with disabilities

A report on the reasons for the limited integration of people with disabilities in the labour market in Spain concludes that there is no uniform approach regarding the inclusion of issues affecting disabled workers in collective agreements. The report finds that these issues are dealt with in a


Blogs results (32)
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Discussions on Germany at European level invariably focus on the country’s strong economic performance and how this relates to the labour market and broader society. This is a narrative I have myself contributed to in a previous blog piece. However, Eurofound’s European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS)

7 mars 2018
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The European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS), carried out by Eurofound every four years, explores a variety of aspects related to living standards, health, family and work–life balance, as well as people's happiness levels, satisfaction with their lives, and their perceptions regarding the quality of

21 februari 2018
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In this blog piece, originally published in Social Europe, Eurofound Research Officer Daniel Molinuevo looks at the service providers delivering long-term care to older people in Europe.

18 januari 2018
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In this blog piece, originally published in Social Europe, Eurofound Research Manager Anna Ludwinek looks at the substantial section of the population that is not working and does not figure in unemployment statistics, but retains significant employment potential.

20 december 2017
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Europe – a world-class place to live and work? ‘A world-class place to live and work.’ That is how President Juncker described Europe at the summit to formally proclaim the EU Pillar of Social Rights in Gothenburg last month. And he added: ‘Europe is more than just a single market, more than money

7 december 2017
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In-work poverty increased during the economic and financial crisis that hit European shores in 2008. By 2014, ten per cent of European workers were at risk of poverty, up from eight per cent in 2007. Ten per cent is a significant figure: the working poor represent a substantial group that can’t be i

13 oktober 2017
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Average unemployment rates continue to fall across Europe, employment is growing again in middle-paying jobs, offshoring is on the decline, the proportion of routine jobs is falling, and efforts to make work more sustainable have borne fruit.

6 juni 2017
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Equality of opportunity and upward social mobility are important aspects of the European social model. Until quite recently concerns about rising inequalities were often countered by assurances about protecting social mobility, and the assertion that an individual’s status is mainly down to their wo

26 april 2017
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There are limits to the effectiveness of member states’ pension reforms. Europe, it’s often said, is experiencing a worsening ageing crisis. European governments grappling with this and the related unsustainability of many pension schemes have taken measures to keep older workers longer in employmen

26 september 2016
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In this blog piece, originally posted on Social Europe, Eurofound Director Juan Menéndez-Valdés looks the complex and multi-faceted story of what it is to live and work in the European Union of today.

13 juni 2016

Upcoming publications results (4)

This factsheet will provide a snapshot of society and quality of life in spring 2024. It will look at a number of issues, including mental well-being, trust, access to healthcare, social support and coping with increases in the cost of living. The analysis is based on the Living and working in the

December 2024

This report analyses data from Eurofound’s European Working Conditions Telephone Survey (EWCTS), the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey and official statistics to examine employment trends, working conditions and social inclusion challenges experienced by young people in the Western Balkans (Alba

November 2024
Forthcoming
Publication
Research report

Social protection can include a range of entitlements to monetary and in-kind benefits. Eurofound’s project focuses on unemployment and minimum income benefits. Social protection can provide a safety net for people who are negatively impacted by the green and digital transitions. During the COVID-19

October 2024

This report explores the implications of the right of all EU citizens to live independently. It investigates the barriers faced by people who wish to live independently, and the situation of people at risk of living in institutional settings. It maps the various measures taken by EU Member States to

October 2024
Data results (1)
24 oktober 2023
Reference period:

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