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Elinolot ja elämän laatu

Yksi Eurofoundin vuosien 2021–2024 työohjelman kuudesta keskeisestä toimesta on elinolot ja elämän laatu. Eurofound jatkaa Euroopassa asuvien ihmisten elinolojen parantamiseen liittyvien keskeisten näkökohtien kartoittamista ja analysointia. Tämä koskee myös tietoa siitä, miten he mieltävät elämän laadun ja yhteiskunnan. Koska Covid-19 -pandemia ja siitä johtunut talouskriisi on vaikuttanut syvästi ihmisten elämään, Eurofound selvittää myös kriisin vaikutusta EU:n kansalaisiin elämän eri vaiheissa.

Eurofoundin tutkimus tuottaa vuosina 2021–2024 tärkeää tietoa haasteista ja tulevaisuudennäkymistä elinolojen ja elämän laadun alalla EU:ssa sekä niiden erilaisten aloitteiden merkityksestä, joilla on tarkoitus lieventää eri kansalaisryhmien sosiaalisia vaikeuksia. Erityistä huomiota kiinnitetään seurauksiin iäkkäille ihmisille ja hoivatarpeille, nuorille ja heidän sosiaaliselle osallisuudelleen ja sosiaaliselle liikkuvuudelleen. Lisäksi käsitellään kriisin erilaisia vaikutuksia miehiin ja naisiin .

Julkisilla palveluilla oli koko EU:ssa tärkeä tehtävä ja suuria haasteita covid-19-kriisin hallinnassa. Niitä arvioidaan yksityiskohtaisesti ja siinä keskitytään laadun, pääsyn ja kohtuullisen hinnan kaltaisiin kysymyksiin. Kuten aiemmat tulokset ovat osoittaneet, kriisi on vaikuttanut epäsuhtaisesti tiettyihin ryhmiin iän, hoivavastuiden ja työ- ja yksityiselämän tasapainon osalta. Tätä vaikutusta Eurofound tutkii perusteellisemmin.

Eurofound aikoo yhteistyössä Euroopan tasa-arvoinstituutin (EIGE) kanssa tutkia sukupuolten moniulotteista epätasa-arvoa selvittämällä, miten covid-19-kriisi on vaikuttanut miehiin ja naisiin työhön osallistumisen, olennaisten elinolojen ja hyvinvoinnin osalta. Näin voidaan havaita erot ja arvioida kriisin vaikutusta sukupuolten epätasa-arvoon.

” Julkisten palvelujen laatu on ollut keskeistä siinä, että nyky-Euroopassa luotetaan instituutioihin. Se on myös ratkaisevan tärkeää nykyisistä ja tulevista haasteista selviämisessä. Laadukkaissa palveluissa myös innovoidaan, erityisesti siirtymällä digitaalisiin ja ympäristöystävällisempiin palveluihin ja valmistautumalla kohtaamaan tulevaisuuden riskit, kuten pandemiat.”

Tadas Leončikas, sosiaalipolitiikan yksikön vanhempi tutkimusjohtaja

Topic

Recent updates

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Increasing emphasis on independent living and social inclusion is driving deinstitutionalisation – the shift away from a reliance on residential institutions towards family- and community-based settings for the provision of...

25 lokakuu 2024
Publication
Research report

Keskeiset poliittiset viestit

Infografiikka

Päätöksentekijät saavat Eurofoundin tutkimuksen tärkeimmistä havainnoista tietoa, jonka avulla he voivat puuttua alan keskeisiin ongelmiin.

  • Luottamusta instituutioita kohtaan heikentää eniten yhteiskunnassa esiintyvien jännitteiden kokeminen ja eniten luottamusta vahvistaa mielikuva julkisten palvelujen laadusta.
  • Pitkäaikaishoitoa tarvitaan aiempaa enemmän, ja sen on oltava joustavampaa. Kotihoidon ja -tuen saatavuutta on lisättävä erityisesti jäsenvaltioissa, joissa tulotaso on matalin.
  • Kun perusterveydenhuoltoon, sosiaalipalveluihin ja pitkäaikaishoitoon pääsee nopeasti, voidaan toimia ajoissa ja seurata muuttuvia tarpeita sekä estää pitkäaikaishoitoa koskevien ongelmien laajeneminen.
  • Nuorten mielenterveysongelmat lisääntyvät, vaikka ei olekaan selvää, johtuuko se niiden yleistymisestä vai siitä, että ne tunnetaan ja diagnosoidaan aiempaa paremmin. Mielenterveys liittyy tiiviisti muihin nuorisokysymyksiin, ja siihen liittyvät ongelmat voivat olla sekä eriarvoisuuden seuraus että sen lähde. Mielenterveysongelmien riskitekijöitä ovat vammaisuus ja pitkäaikaissairaus, perheongelmat, suhdeongelmat vertaisryhmissä ja runsas sosiaalisen median käyttö.
  • Vaikka luottamuksen ja sosiaalisen yhteenkuuluvuuden tasot ovat koko EU:ssa palanneet ennalleen rahoituskriisin jälkeen, covid-19-pandemian puhkeaminen on vaikuttanut huomattavasti hyvinvointiin maissa, joihin se iski ankarimmin.
  • Nuoret kuuluvat rajoitustoimien suurimpiin häviäjiin, sillä heidän hyvinvointinsa taso on työttömien ohella matalin, huolimatta joistakin pandemian alun jälkeen aikaansaaduista parannuksista. Vaikka tyytyväisyys elämään ja optimismi ovat lisääntyneet huhtikuun 2020 jälkeen, nuoret tuntevat olevansa edelleen syrjässä yhteiskunnasta, ja heillä on suurin riski masentua. Se osoittaa, että käytössä olleet rajoitukset vaikuttavat heihin enemmän.
  • Toimenpiteet, joilla lievennetään työttömien ja nuorten mielenterveysriskejä covid-19-pandemian jälkimainingeissa, ovat ratkaisevan tärkeitä koronaviruksen mahdollisissa uusissa aalloissa. Toimintapoliittisilla toimenpiteillä on tarjottava jatkuvasti kohdennettua tukea, jotta työtä etsivät pääsevät jälleen jaloilleen ja pystyvät selviämään pandemian vaikutuksista. Niillä on myös varmistettava, että nuoret pystyvät osallistumaan yhteiskuntaan kokonaisvaltaisesti.
  • Covid-19-kriisi on vähentänyt optimismia ja vaikuttanut enemmän naisten työ- ja yksityiselämän tasapainoon kuin miesten. Tämän vaurion korjaaminen on ratkaisevan tärkeää, jotta voidaan varmistaa, etteivät naiset joudu maksamaan pandemiasta kohtuuttomasti.
  • Kansalaisten luottamus kansallisiin ja EU:n instituutioihin on pystyttävä säilyttämään kriisiaikana, koska covid-19-pandemian hallitsemiseksi toteutettavien toimenpiteiden noudattaminen riippuu suuresti siitä, miten paljon instituutioihin ja tieteelliseen neuvontaan luotetaan. Tukitoimenpiteistä hyötyneiden vastaajien ilmoittama instituutioita kohtaan tunnetun luottamuksen kasvu on myös selkeä viesti kansallisille hallituksille ja EU:lle.

2021–2024 work plan

During 2021–2024, Eurofound’s research will provide an important insight into the challenges and prospects in the area of living conditions and quality of life in the EU and the role played by various initiatives aimed at alleviating the social hardship of various groups of citizens. Of particular interest are the implications for older people and care needs, youth and their social inclusion and social mobility, and the varying consequences of the crisis on men and women.

Public services across the EU played a major role in addressing the COVID-19 crisis while facing significant challenges and they will be assessed in greater detail, focusing on issues such as quality, access and affordability. As previous findings have shown, the crisis has had disproportionate effects on certain groups according to age, care responsibilities and work-life balance, and Eurofound will analyse this further.

In coordination with the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE), Eurofound intends to research the multidimensional gender gap by investigating the impact on men and women of the COVID-19 crisis in terms of employment participation, material living conditions and well-being – in order to identify the differences and assess its effect on gender gaps.

Addressing stakeholder priorities

Eurofound’s research aims to assist policy action addressing the challenges and opportunities for the EU and national levels in the area of living conditions and quality of life. In particular, it will monitor the impact of COVID-19 and the ensuing economic crisis by providing knowledge on status, trends, risks, as well as ways to improve living conditions in the EU. Eurofound will focus on identifying and analysing pressing issues for the most vulnerable groups, specifically older citizens and young people. Eurofound will also inform policymakers by producing evidence on trends and drivers in relation to the delivery of public services, also linking in, for example, with the European Pillar of Social Rights.

The Agency’s work plan is aligned with the European Commission’s political guidelines over the next four years, directly feeding into a number of key policy areas aimed at creating a strong social Europe. In particular, the research will support policy initiatives and activities linked with the implementation of the European Gender Equality Strategy 2020–2025, the Youth Guarantee, the Child Guarantee and the European Semester and its country-specific recommendations.

 

Eurofound research

In 2024, Eurofound continues to monitor trends in living conditions and quality of life, against the backdrop of the health-related and economic fallout of the COVID-19 pandemic, the implications of the war in Ukraine, rising energy prices, and increases in costs of living. Building on the various rounds of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey, as well as on data gathered in 2023, the Agency investigates the impact of these challenges on the living conditions of Europeans.

The European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) commences in 2024, including some questions on working conditions and living conditions relevant to the aftermath of COVID-19. The European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) follows in 2026 using lessons drawn from the 2024 EWCS.

Research concludes on identifying groups not covered by social protection, due to coverage gaps and non-take-up of minimum income and unemployment schemes. It also looks at adequacy of these benefits, digitalisation of application procedures, linked service entitlements and sanctioning measures. Eurofound also publishes its findings on EU citizens’ rights and opportunities to live independently. It analyses the situation faced by various vulnerable groups and provides an overview of measures that facilitate family- and community-based care and support in the Member States.

Building on previous work on young people, research concludes on the life and prospects of young people in the post-pandemic era. Using new data collected in 2023, this research assesses the long-term impact of the pandemic on this group, looking into changes in the social situation of young people, as well as their quality of life, mental health and future prospects.

Analysis of the monitoring framework of the European Child Guarantee comes to an end in 2024, while new research starts to support national governments and the EU institutions in the implementation and evaluation of the Child Guarantee since it came into force. This work investigates the Member States’ levels of performance and their disparities, building on its previous work on convergence. It focuses on the workforce needed to deliver the Child Guarantee in areas of early childhood education and care, education, healthcare and other relevant sectors.

Considering the importance of care provision in EU societies, new research investigates informal care provision in the EU, the challenges faced by informal caregivers, and the measures in place to support them. This research considers care provided to people of all ages, while taking into consideration the diversity among informal carers. 

Eurofound launches new research on mental health services, investigating trends in and prevalence of mental health problems for different groups and how these needs are met in various countries in light of the pandemic and the arrival of Ukrainian refugees. 

Key outputs

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Eurofound's 2024 work programme is set in the context of the upcoming European elections, war in Ukraine, renewed Middle East conflict and rising cost of living across the EU.

23 tammikuu 2024
Publication
Work programme
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Kohtuuttoman kallis asuminen on suuri huoli EU:ssa. Se johtaa kodittomuuteen, asumiseen liittyvään epävarmuuteen, taloudelliseen ahdinkoon ja puutteelliseen asumisen tasoon. Se myös estää nuoria lähtemästä lapsuudenkodistaan. Nämä ongelmat vaikuttavat ihmisten terveyteen...

30 toukokuu 2023
Publication
Research report
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Vuosi 2022 alkoi varovaisen optimistisesti. Eurooppa oli toipumassa kaksi vuotta kestäneestä covid-19-pandemiasta, ja Euroopan unionin elpymisvälineessä esitettiin suunnitelma vahvan ja kestävän tulevaisuuden rakentamiseksi. Venäjän hyökkäys Ukrainaan alkuvuodesta muutti kuitenkin tilannetta...

4 toukokuu 2023
Publication
Annual report

Eurofound expert(s)

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Hans Dubois is a senior research manager in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. His research topics include housing, over-indebtedness, healthcare, long-term care, social...

Senior research manager,
Social policies research unit
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Massimiliano Mascherini has been Head of the Social Policies unit at Eurofound since October 2019. He joined Eurofound in 2009 as a research manager, designing and coordinating...

Head of Unit,
Social policies research unit
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Sanna Nivakoski is a research officer in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. Before joining Eurofound in 2021, she worked as a post-doctoral researcher at University College...

Research officer,
Social policies research unit
Publications results (310)

This paper is one in a series on EU enlargement countries covered by the European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) 2012: Croatia, Iceland, Kosovo, Montenegro, Serbia, Turkey and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. One way of measuring a society’s progress is by assessing the subjective well

01 September 2013

This document provides background information to the profiles on quality of life in seven EU enlargement countries that are published as individual papers – Croatia, Iceland, Kosovo, Montenegro, Serbia, Turkey and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia . It identifies the countries that

01 September 2013

This paper is one in a series on EU enlargement countries covered by the European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) 2012: Croatia, Iceland, Kosovo, Montenegro, Serbia, Turkey and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. One way of measuring a society’s progress is by assessing the subjective well

01 September 2013

This report highlights the key challenges facing the EU10 as a result of the high number of health professionals leaving to work abroad, focusing on specific problems and identifying topics for further research. A thorough analysis of the consequences is critical, since it appears the inflow of

21 July 2013

Croatia became the 28th Member State of the European Union on 1 July 2013. Eurofound gathers information on living and working conditions across Europe in order to provide knowledge to assist in the development of social and work-related policies. This fact sheet presents information about Croatia

11 July 2013

Lithuania became a Member State of the European Union in 2004 and took up the Presidency of the Council of the European Union on 1 July 2013. It is the largest of the three Baltic states, with a population of three million. Eurofound gathers information on living and working conditions across Europe

08 July 2013

This report briefly summarises the policy relevant experiences of the CLIP network (cities for local integration policy) of more than 35 European cities in 22 countries over a period of five years from 2006 to 2010. CLIP was founded with the objective of improving local integration policy for

06 May 2013

This issue of Foundation Focus looks at the state of play of the European labour market and what governments, social partners and companies are doing to overcome the crisis. Over the last few years, many jobs have been lost, and mass unemployment has become the reality in some Member States

19 March 2013

The influence of parenting on the well-being and future opportunities of children is widely acknowledged, but it is only recently that parenting support and education have come to be viewed as a social investment that contributes towards reducing parental stress and helping parents to manage their

03 March 2013

Eurofound gathers information on living and working conditions across Europe in order to provide knowledge to assist in the development of social and work-related policies. This fact sheet presents information about Ireland drawn from two of Eurofound’s major research undertakings, the European

01 January 2013

Online resources results (219)

Sweden: Latest working life developments – Q2 2017

Continued conflict at the Port of Gothenburg and an increase in sick leave due to mental ill-health in the workplace are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Sweden in the second quarter of 2017.

Latvia: Latest working life developments – Q2 2017

Restrictions on extended working hours and tax reforms in the healthcare sector, strike action by family doctors, and social partner discussions on the national minimum wage are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in

Austria: Latest working life developments – Q2 2017

A new minimum wage of €1,500, the breakdown of negotiations on working time flexibility, a record low of occupational accidents and difficult working conditions in the health sector are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working

Spain: Agreement to reduce temporary employment in public administration

Approximately 250,000 temporary employment positions in Spain’s public administration will become permanent in the next three years, after an agreement on the issue was reached by the Spanish Ministry of Finance and Public Function and the major Spanish unions representing public employees. The

Estonia: Latest working life developments – Q1 2017

Sectoral collective bargaining in the healthcare sector, changes to the dispute resolution mechanism and equal treatment for men and women in the workplace are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Estonia in the first

Portugal: Gender differences in time use

A national survey, carried out in 2015, sheds light on how men and women in Portugal use their time. It shows that, especially with regard to paid work and unpaid care work, the working day for women is, on average, longer than it is for men and that women spend longer on unpaid care work.

Sweden: Work-related diseases more often caused by social factors

Work-related diseases due to organisational and social factors are increasing in Sweden, according to the Swedish Environment Authority. Since 2011, diseases due to these factors have increased by 77%. This, plus a recent spike in sick leave, has sparked a debate on how best to combat ill-health in

Norway: Equal treatment of temporary agency workers

An evaluation of the implementation of Norwegian regulations transposing the directive on temporary agency work concluded that the ‘equal treatment’ principle had led to more equality, in practice, but that challenges remained in smaller temporary work agencies and where agencies were hiring out

EU Level: Latest working life developments – Q2 2016

The latest Country Specific Recommendations for Member States, the recent EU-level boost for social dialogue, the latest developments on the revision of the Posting of Workers Directive and recent migration initiatives are among the main topics of interest in this article. This update reports on the

Romania: Latest working life developments – Q2 2016

Opposition to new measures to reduce public sector wage inequality, a fresh start for the Social and Economic Council, and new measures to reconcile family and working life are the main topics of interest of this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in Romanian working


Blogs results (32)
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Discussions on Germany at European level invariably focus on the country’s strong economic performance and how this relates to the labour market and broader society. This is a narrative I have myself contributed to in a previous blog piece. However, Eurofound’s European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS)

7 maaliskuu 2018
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The European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS), carried out by Eurofound every four years, explores a variety of aspects related to living standards, health, family and work–life balance, as well as people's happiness levels, satisfaction with their lives, and their perceptions regarding the quality of

21 helmikuu 2018
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In this blog piece, originally published in Social Europe, Eurofound Research Officer Daniel Molinuevo looks at the service providers delivering long-term care to older people in Europe.

18 tammikuu 2018
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In this blog piece, originally published in Social Europe, Eurofound Research Manager Anna Ludwinek looks at the substantial section of the population that is not working and does not figure in unemployment statistics, but retains significant employment potential.

20 joulukuu 2017
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Europe – a world-class place to live and work? ‘A world-class place to live and work.’ That is how President Juncker described Europe at the summit to formally proclaim the EU Pillar of Social Rights in Gothenburg last month. And he added: ‘Europe is more than just a single market, more than money

7 joulukuu 2017
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In-work poverty increased during the economic and financial crisis that hit European shores in 2008. By 2014, ten per cent of European workers were at risk of poverty, up from eight per cent in 2007. Ten per cent is a significant figure: the working poor represent a substantial group that can’t be i

13 lokakuu 2017
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Average unemployment rates continue to fall across Europe, employment is growing again in middle-paying jobs, offshoring is on the decline, the proportion of routine jobs is falling, and efforts to make work more sustainable have borne fruit.

6 kesäkuu 2017
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Equality of opportunity and upward social mobility are important aspects of the European social model. Until quite recently concerns about rising inequalities were often countered by assurances about protecting social mobility, and the assertion that an individual’s status is mainly down to their wo

26 huhtikuu 2017
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There are limits to the effectiveness of member states’ pension reforms. Europe, it’s often said, is experiencing a worsening ageing crisis. European governments grappling with this and the related unsustainability of many pension schemes have taken measures to keep older workers longer in employmen

26 syyskuu 2016
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In this blog piece, originally posted on Social Europe, Eurofound Director Juan Menéndez-Valdés looks the complex and multi-faceted story of what it is to live and work in the European Union of today.

13 kesäkuu 2016

Upcoming publications results (2)

This report analyses data from Eurofound’s European Working Conditions Telephone Survey (EWCTS), the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey and official statistics to examine employment trends, working conditions and social inclusion challenges experienced by young people in the Western Balkans (Alba

December 2024
Forthcoming
Publication
Research report

This factsheet will provide a snapshot of society and quality of life in spring 2024. It will look at a number of issues, including mental well-being, trust, access to healthcare, social support and coping with increases in the cost of living. The analysis is based on the Living and working in the

December 2024
Data results (1)
24 lokakuu 2023
Reference period:

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