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Levensomstandigheden en kwaliteit van het bestaan

Levensomstandigheden en de kwaliteit van het bestaan zijn een van de zes hoofdactiviteiten van het werkprogramma van Eurofound voor de periode 2021-2024. Eurofound zal de belangrijkste aspecten van de verbetering van de levensomstandigheden van de mensen in Europa in kaart blijven brengen en analyseren, met inbegrip van informatie over hun perceptie van de samenleving en de kwaliteit van het bestaan. Aangezien de COVID-19 -pandemie en de daaruit voortvloeiende economische crisis grote gevolgen hebben (gehad) voor ieders leven, zal Eurofound de gevolgen van deze crisis voor EU-burgers in verschillende levensfasen nader onderzoeken.

In de periode 2021-2024 zal het onderzoek van Eurofound een belangrijk inzicht verschaffen in de uitdagingen en vooruitzichten op het gebied van levensomstandigheden en de kwaliteit van het bestaan in de EU en de rol van diverse initiatieven om de sociale problemen van verschillende groepen burgers te verlichten. Van bijzonder belang zijn de gevolgen voor ouderen en zorgbehoeften, jongeren en hun sociale inclusie en sociale mobiliteit, en de – niet parallel lopende – gevolgen van de crisis voor mannen en vrouwen .

Openbare diensten in de hele EU spelen een belangrijke rol bij de aanpak van de COVID-19-crisis waarbij zij met grote uitdagingen worden geconfronteerd, en zij zullen uitvoeriger worden beoordeeld met bijzondere aandacht voor kwesties als kwaliteit, toegang en betaalbaarheid. Zoals uit eerdere bevindingen is gebleken, heeft de crisis onevenredige gevolgen (gehad) voor bepaalde groepen al naargelang leeftijd, zorgtaken en evenwicht tussen werk en privéleven , wat door Eurofound nader zal worden geanalyseerd.

In samenwerking met het Europees Instituut voor gendergelijkheid (EIGE) is Eurofound voornemens de multidimensionale genderkloof onder de loep te nemen door onderzoek te doen naar de gevolgen van de COVID-19-crisis voor mannen en vrouwen op het gebied van arbeidsparticipatie, materiële levensomstandigheden en welzijn – om de verschillen in kaart te brengen en het effect van die crisis op de verschillende vormen van de genderkloof te beoordelen.

De kwaliteit van de openbare diensten is van cruciaal belang geweest voor het opbouwen van vertrouwen in de instellingen in het hedendaagse Europa en zal van cruciaal belang zijn om de huidige en toekomstige uitdagingen aan te gaan. Kwaliteitsdiensten moeten ook steeds gelijke tred houden met de ontwikkelingen, met name wat betreft de overgang naar digitale, milieuvriendelijkere diensten en in de toekomst voorbereid zijn op risico’s zoals de pandemie.

— Tadas Leončikas, senior onderzoeksmanager, eenheid Sociaal Beleid

Topic

Recent updates

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In this episode of Eurofound Talks, Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound researchers Eszter Sandor and Massimiliano Mascherini about the situation for young people in Europe.

Podcast
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During the pandemic, many young people had to change their plans for the future. While at the end of 2023 young people’s labour market situation was more favourable than it...

21 mei 2024
Publication
Research report

Belangrijke beleidsboodschappen

Infographic

De belangrijkste bevindingen van het onderzoek van Eurofound dienen als input voor beleidsmakers om een aantal van de belangrijkste kwesties op dit gebied aan te pakken.

  • De perceptie van spanningen in de samenleving heeft de grootste schadelijke impact op het vertrouwen in instellingen. De kwaliteit van openbare diensten is een belangrijke drijvende kracht voor het vergroten van het vertrouwen in instellingen.
  • Er is niet alleen behoefte aan meer, maar ook aan flexibelere langdurige zorg. De beschikbaarheid van thuiszorg en -ondersteuning moet worden verbeterd, met name in de EU-lidstaten met de laagste inkomens.
  • Aangezien snelle toegang tot eerstelijnsgezondheidszorg, sociale zorg en langdurige zorg als voordeel heeft dat vroegtijdig kan worden ingegrepen en veranderende behoeften in kaart kunnen worden gebracht, kan voorkomen worden dat problemen op het vlak van langdurige zorg erger worden.
  • De geestelijke-gezondheidsproblemen van jongeren nemen toe, maar het is niet duidelijk of dit een kwestie is van een inderdaad hogere incidentie, of dat dit komt door betere diagnose en een toegenomen bewustzijn van deze problematiek. Geestelijke gezondheid hangt nauw samen met andere problemen van jongeren en kan zowel oorzaak als gevolg zijn van ongelijkheid. Risicofactoren voor de geestelijke gezondheid zijn onder meer handicaps en langdurige ziekte, gezinsproblemen, (relatie)problemen met leeftijdsgenoten en intensief gebruik van sociale media.
  • Hoewel het vertrouwen en de sociale cohesie in de EU zich sinds de financiële crisis in grote lijnen hebben hersteld, heeft de uitbraak van COVID-19 aanzienlijke gevolgen gehad voor het welzijn in de landen die het hardst door de pandemie zijn getroffen.
  • Jongeren komen naar voren als een van de grootste verliezers van de lockdown: samen met werklozen geven zij de laagste score aan hun welzijn, hoewel er sinds het begin van de pandemie sprake is van enige verbetering. Hoewel de algemene tevredenheid en het optimisme sinds april 2020 zijn toegenomen, voelen jongeren zich nog steeds uitgesloten van de maatschappij en lopen zij nog steeds het grootste risico op depressie, waaruit blijkt dat zij grotere nadelen ondervinden van de beperkingen tijdens de lockdown.
  • Maatregelen om de risico’s voor de geestelijke gezondheid van werklozen en jongeren als gevolg van COVID-19 te beperken, zijn van cruciaal belang als zich nog meer golven van het coronavirus gaan voordoen. Bestaande beleidsmaatregelen moeten gerichte steun omvatten om werkzoekenden weer op weg te helpen zodat ze het hoofd kunnen bieden aan de gevolgen van de pandemie, en ervoor zorgen dat jongeren volledig aan de samenleving kunnen deelnemen.
  • De COVID-19-crisis heeft het optimisme uitgehold en het evenwicht tussen werk en privéleven voor vrouwen meer aangetast dan voor mannen. Alleen door deze schade te herstellen, kan worden gewaarborgd dat vrouwen niet onevenredig voor de pandemie betalen.
  • Ervoor zorgen dat burgers vertrouwen houden in nationale en Europese instellingen moet in tijden van crisis centraal staan, omdat de naleving van maatregelen om COVID-19 tegen te gaan in hoge mate afhangt van de mate van vertrouwen in instellingen en wetenschappelijk advies. De toename van vertrouwen in de overheid waarvan melding wordt gemaakt door respondenten die hebben geprofiteerd van ondersteuningsmaatregelen, vormt tevens een duidelijke boodschap aan de nationale overheden en de EU.

2021–2024 work plan

During 2021–2024, Eurofound’s research will provide an important insight into the challenges and prospects in the area of living conditions and quality of life in the EU and the role played by various initiatives aimed at alleviating the social hardship of various groups of citizens. Of particular interest are the implications for older people and care needs, youth and their social inclusion and social mobility, and the varying consequences of the crisis on men and women.

Public services across the EU played a major role in addressing the COVID-19 crisis while facing significant challenges and they will be assessed in greater detail, focusing on issues such as quality, access and affordability. As previous findings have shown, the crisis has had disproportionate effects on certain groups according to age, care responsibilities and work-life balance, and Eurofound will analyse this further.

In coordination with the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE), Eurofound intends to research the multidimensional gender gap by investigating the impact on men and women of the COVID-19 crisis in terms of employment participation, material living conditions and well-being – in order to identify the differences and assess its effect on gender gaps.

Addressing stakeholder priorities

Eurofound’s research aims to assist policy action addressing the challenges and opportunities for the EU and national levels in the area of living conditions and quality of life. In particular, it will monitor the impact of COVID-19 and the ensuing economic crisis by providing knowledge on status, trends, risks, as well as ways to improve living conditions in the EU. Eurofound will focus on identifying and analysing pressing issues for the most vulnerable groups, specifically older citizens and young people. Eurofound will also inform policymakers by producing evidence on trends and drivers in relation to the delivery of public services, also linking in, for example, with the European Pillar of Social Rights.

The Agency’s work plan is aligned with the European Commission’s political guidelines over the next four years, directly feeding into a number of key policy areas aimed at creating a strong social Europe. In particular, the research will support policy initiatives and activities linked with the implementation of the European Gender Equality Strategy 2020–2025, the Youth Guarantee, the Child Guarantee and the European Semester and its country-specific recommendations.

 

Eurofound research

In 2024, Eurofound continues to monitor trends in living conditions and quality of life, against the backdrop of the health-related and economic fallout of the COVID-19 pandemic, the implications of the war in Ukraine, rising energy prices, and increases in costs of living. Building on the various rounds of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey, as well as on data gathered in 2023, the Agency investigates the impact of these challenges on the living conditions of Europeans.

The European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) commences in 2024, including some questions on working conditions and living conditions relevant to the aftermath of COVID-19. The European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) follows in 2026 using lessons drawn from the 2024 EWCS.

Research concludes on identifying groups not covered by social protection, due to coverage gaps and non-take-up of minimum income and unemployment schemes. It also looks at adequacy of these benefits, digitalisation of application procedures, linked service entitlements and sanctioning measures. Eurofound also publishes its findings on EU citizens’ rights and opportunities to live independently. It analyses the situation faced by various vulnerable groups and provides an overview of measures that facilitate family- and community-based care and support in the Member States.

Building on previous work on young people, research concludes on the life and prospects of young people in the post-pandemic era. Using new data collected in 2023, this research assesses the long-term impact of the pandemic on this group, looking into changes in the social situation of young people, as well as their quality of life, mental health and future prospects.

Analysis of the monitoring framework of the European Child Guarantee comes to an end in 2024, while new research starts to support national governments and the EU institutions in the implementation and evaluation of the Child Guarantee since it came into force. This work investigates the Member States’ levels of performance and their disparities, building on its previous work on convergence. It focuses on the workforce needed to deliver the Child Guarantee in areas of early childhood education and care, education, healthcare and other relevant sectors.

Considering the importance of care provision in EU societies, new research investigates informal care provision in the EU, the challenges faced by informal caregivers, and the measures in place to support them. This research considers care provided to people of all ages, while taking into consideration the diversity among informal carers. 

Eurofound launches new research on mental health services, investigating trends in and prevalence of mental health problems for different groups and how these needs are met in various countries in light of the pandemic and the arrival of Ukrainian refugees. 

Key outputs

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Eurofound's 2024 work programme is set in the context of the upcoming European elections, war in Ukraine, renewed Middle East conflict and rising cost of living across the EU.

23 januari 2024
Publication
Work programme
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Onbetaalbare huisvesting is een punt van grote zorg in de EU. Gebrek aan betaalbare woningen leidt tot dakloosheid, woononzekerheid, financiële druk en ontoereikende huisvesting. Ook ontneemt het jongeren de mogelijkheid...

30 mei 2023
Publication
Research report
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Het jaar 2022 begon met voorzichtig optimisme. Europa was na twee jaar COVID-19-pandemie weer aan het opkrabbelen met het herstelplan NextGenerationEU, dat moet helpen bouwen aan een sterke en duurzame...

4 mei 2023
Publication
Annual report

Eurofound expert(s)

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Hans Dubois is a senior research manager in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. His research topics include housing, over-indebtedness, healthcare, long-term care, social...

Senior research manager,
Social policies research unit
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Massimiliano Mascherini has been Head of the Social Policies unit at Eurofound since October 2019. He joined Eurofound in 2009 as a research manager, designing and coordinating...

Head of Unit,
Social policies research unit
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Sanna Nivakoski is a research officer in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. Before joining Eurofound in 2021, she worked as a post-doctoral researcher at University College...

Research officer,
Social policies research unit
Publications results (308)

On November 18 2008, the City of Frankfurt, a CLIP network member from the start, the Heinrich-Böll-Foundation and Eurofound jointly organised and hosted a conference on ‘Integration und Diversity in Kommunen’. In this conference, findings from the second module (on diversity policy) have been

08 March 2009

European cities are faced with the ongoing challenge of integrating people from very different backgrounds. Access to jobs is recognised as a key dimension of this process, as is the provision of services that migrants can access fully and effectively, without discrimination. This report, published

08 March 2009

This issue of Foundation Findings deals with childcare services in Europe. Overall, the childcare sector is growing in the EU; however, working conditions vary in terms of employment practices, opening hours and coverage. Across Europe, a lack of availability, high costs and inaccessibility of

02 March 2009

This issue of Foundation Focus looks at families in the light of recent policy developments at EU and national level and based on Foundation research findings in this area. The aim of each issue of the series is to explore a subject of social and economic policy importance and contribute to argument

25 February 2009

This issue of Foundation Focus places the spotlight on age and employment, viewed in the light of recent policy developments at EU and national level and based on Foundation research findings in this area. The aim of the series is to explore a subject of social and economic policy importance and

25 February 2009

This issue of Foundation Findings deals with older women workers in Europe. Older women workers represent an increasing proportion of the workforce in the EU, especially in the 55–64 years age group. Employment rates for older women workers have been increasing in Europe. Foundation Findings provide

22 February 2009

The aims of the study are to provide an outline of SMEs in their social, economic, and environmental context; a rough determination of SMEs’ needs for education and training relating to the environment and sustainable development; a rough determination of training and information needs of regulatory

04 February 2009

Presentation of two Foundation publications on Social public services.

03 February 2009

The aims of the study are to provide an outline of SMEs in their social, economic, and environmental context; a rough determination of SMEs’ needs for education and training relating to the environment and sustainable development; a rough determination of training and information needs of regulatory

03 February 2009

The growth of employment in household services in Europe is one measure to increase activity rates. There is, however, a growing policy emphasis across the Union on the need not only to achieve and sustain higher rates of economic and employment growth, but also to ensure that this growth is

21 January 2009

Online resources results (219)

Sweden: Latest working life developments – Q2 2017

Continued conflict at the Port of Gothenburg and an increase in sick leave due to mental ill-health in the workplace are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Sweden in the second quarter of 2017.

Latvia: Latest working life developments – Q2 2017

Restrictions on extended working hours and tax reforms in the healthcare sector, strike action by family doctors, and social partner discussions on the national minimum wage are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in

Austria: Latest working life developments – Q2 2017

A new minimum wage of €1,500, the breakdown of negotiations on working time flexibility, a record low of occupational accidents and difficult working conditions in the health sector are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working

Spain: Agreement to reduce temporary employment in public administration

Approximately 250,000 temporary employment positions in Spain’s public administration will become permanent in the next three years, after an agreement on the issue was reached by the Spanish Ministry of Finance and Public Function and the major Spanish unions representing public employees. The

Estonia: Latest working life developments – Q1 2017

Sectoral collective bargaining in the healthcare sector, changes to the dispute resolution mechanism and equal treatment for men and women in the workplace are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Estonia in the first

Portugal: Gender differences in time use

A national survey, carried out in 2015, sheds light on how men and women in Portugal use their time. It shows that, especially with regard to paid work and unpaid care work, the working day for women is, on average, longer than it is for men and that women spend longer on unpaid care work.

Sweden: Work-related diseases more often caused by social factors

Work-related diseases due to organisational and social factors are increasing in Sweden, according to the Swedish Environment Authority. Since 2011, diseases due to these factors have increased by 77%. This, plus a recent spike in sick leave, has sparked a debate on how best to combat ill-health in

Norway: Equal treatment of temporary agency workers

An evaluation of the implementation of Norwegian regulations transposing the directive on temporary agency work concluded that the ‘equal treatment’ principle had led to more equality, in practice, but that challenges remained in smaller temporary work agencies and where agencies were hiring out

EU Level: Latest working life developments – Q2 2016

The latest Country Specific Recommendations for Member States, the recent EU-level boost for social dialogue, the latest developments on the revision of the Posting of Workers Directive and recent migration initiatives are among the main topics of interest in this article. This update reports on the

Romania: Latest working life developments – Q2 2016

Opposition to new measures to reduce public sector wage inequality, a fresh start for the Social and Economic Council, and new measures to reconcile family and working life are the main topics of interest of this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in Romanian working


Blogs results (32)
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Discussions on Germany at European level invariably focus on the country’s strong economic performance and how this relates to the labour market and broader society. This is a narrative I have myself contributed to in a previous blog piece. However, Eurofound’s European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS)

7 maart 2018
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The European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS), carried out by Eurofound every four years, explores a variety of aspects related to living standards, health, family and work–life balance, as well as people's happiness levels, satisfaction with their lives, and their perceptions regarding the quality of

21 februari 2018
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In this blog piece, originally published in Social Europe, Eurofound Research Officer Daniel Molinuevo looks at the service providers delivering long-term care to older people in Europe.

18 januari 2018
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In this blog piece, originally published in Social Europe, Eurofound Research Manager Anna Ludwinek looks at the substantial section of the population that is not working and does not figure in unemployment statistics, but retains significant employment potential.

20 december 2017
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Europe – a world-class place to live and work? ‘A world-class place to live and work.’ That is how President Juncker described Europe at the summit to formally proclaim the EU Pillar of Social Rights in Gothenburg last month. And he added: ‘Europe is more than just a single market, more than money

7 december 2017
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In-work poverty increased during the economic and financial crisis that hit European shores in 2008. By 2014, ten per cent of European workers were at risk of poverty, up from eight per cent in 2007. Ten per cent is a significant figure: the working poor represent a substantial group that can’t be i

13 oktober 2017
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Average unemployment rates continue to fall across Europe, employment is growing again in middle-paying jobs, offshoring is on the decline, the proportion of routine jobs is falling, and efforts to make work more sustainable have borne fruit.

6 juni 2017
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Equality of opportunity and upward social mobility are important aspects of the European social model. Until quite recently concerns about rising inequalities were often countered by assurances about protecting social mobility, and the assertion that an individual’s status is mainly down to their wo

26 april 2017
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There are limits to the effectiveness of member states’ pension reforms. Europe, it’s often said, is experiencing a worsening ageing crisis. European governments grappling with this and the related unsustainability of many pension schemes have taken measures to keep older workers longer in employmen

26 september 2016
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In this blog piece, originally posted on Social Europe, Eurofound Director Juan Menéndez-Valdés looks the complex and multi-faceted story of what it is to live and work in the European Union of today.

13 juni 2016

Upcoming publications results (4)

This factsheet will provide a snapshot of society and quality of life in spring 2024. It will look at a number of issues, including mental well-being, trust, access to healthcare, social support and coping with increases in the cost of living. The analysis is based on the Living and working in the

December 2024

This report analyses data from Eurofound’s European Working Conditions Telephone Survey (EWCTS), the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey and official statistics to examine employment trends, working conditions and social inclusion challenges experienced by young people in the Western Balkans (Alba

November 2024
Forthcoming
Publication
Research report

This report explores the implications of the right of all EU citizens to live independently. It investigates the barriers faced by people who wish to live independently, and the situation of people at risk of living in institutional settings. It maps the various measures taken by EU Member States to

October 2024

Social protection can include a range of entitlements to monetary and in-kind benefits. Eurofound’s project focuses on unemployment and minimum income benefits. Social protection can provide a safety net for people who are negatively impacted by the green and digital transitions. During the COVID-19

September 2024
Data results (1)
24 oktober 2023
Reference period:

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