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Salaris en inkomen

Salaris en inkomen zijn fundamentele elementen van arbeidsverhoudingen en levenskwaliteit. Gezien de ontwikkelingen binnen de economie en de samenleving in het algemeen als gevolg van de crisis staat dit thema des te meer in de schijnwerpers op EU-niveau.

Topic

Recent updates

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This 2024 annual review of minimum wages provides a synopsis of minimum wage setting during 2023 in the EU27 and Norway. It reports in detail on the processes and outcomes...

26 juni 2024
Publication
Research report

EU context

De inspanningen van de EU wat betreft de lonen staan beschreven in de Europese pijler van sociale rechten: het recht van werknemers op een billijk loon waarmee zij een fatsoenlijke levensstandaard kunnen genieten, de zorg voor toereikende minimumlonen en het voorkomen van armoede onder werkenden.

Het werk van Eurofound

Eurofound publiceert periodieke rapportages over diverse aspecten van salaris en inkomen gelet op de veranderende economische omstandigheden binnen Europa.

Salarisevaluatie

De verzamelde informatievoorziening van Eurofound over salaris is te vinden in het Europees Observatorium voor het arbeidsbestaan (EurWORK). Door het periodiek rapporteren ontstaat een doorlopende reeks van waarnemingen over salaris via cao's en is het mogelijk om trends te evalueren. Eurofound publiceert periodiek actuele updates over wettelijk minimumloon en salaris via cao's, naast evaluaties van landelijke ontwikkelingen in loonvormingsmechanismen, gelijke beloning, variabele beloning, lage beloning en de genderkloof in loon.

De landenprofielen betreffende het arbeidsbestaan bevatten informatie over landelijke salarissen en worden regelmatig bijgewerkt. EurWORK beheert twee databases voor salarissen (zie hieronder voor de bronnen).

De Europese Banenmonitor (EJM) van Eurofound hanteert diverse kwalitatieve maatstaven, waaronder salaris, om de verschuivingen in werkgelegenheid per baan te beoordelen. Zodoende vergroot de monitor met name onze kennis van de zogenoemde werkgelegenheidspolarisatie, waarbij de werkgelegenheidsgroei meestal kleiner blijkt in het midden van de loonschaal dan boven- en onderaan.

Onderzoeksgegevens

De enquêtes van Eurofound evalueren ook de salarisomstandigheden in de EU. Om de kwaliteit van het werk te beoordelen, stelt het onderzoek van Eurofound het salaris centraal. De Europese enquête naar de arbeidsomstandigheden (EWCS) benoemt zeven indicatoren van baankwaliteit, waaronder het inkomen. Daarnaast brengt de EWCS verslag uit van het loonverschil tussen mannen en vrouwen. Ontdek de interactieve datavisualisatietool voor de EWCS.

De Europese enquête over de kwaliteit van het bestaan (EQLS) evalueert in welke mate het inkomen invloed uitoefent op de levensstandaard en welk verband er bestaat tussen inkomensongelijkheid enerzijds en sociale samenhang en welzijn anderzijds. Deze evaluatie overziet de gevolgen van de crisis voor gezinnen, met de nadruk op lage inkomens, huishoudelijke schuld en groepen nabij de armoedegrens. Daarnaast verzamelt de EQLS informatie over het inkomen na het pensioen en het mogelijk verlengen van het werkzame leven. Ontdek de interactieve datavisualisatietool voor de EQLS.

De Europese Bedrijvenenquête (ECS) kijkt naar het benutten van regelingen voor variabele beloning in ondernemingen en de mate waarin de salarissen van hun werknemers via cao's worden geregeld. Door middel van deze enquête is het mogelijk om informatie over variabele beloning en loononderhandelingen te koppelen aan informatie over arbeidsorganisatie, personeelsbeleid, medezeggenschap en sociale dialoog, alsook aan prestaties en welzijn op de werkplek.

Key outputs

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De jaarlijkse evaluatie van de minimumlonen voor 2023 werd opgesteld in het kader van ongekende inflatie in heel Europa. Hoewel dit in veel landen tot forse stijgingen van de nominale...

29 juni 2023
Publication
Research report
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In dit verslag wordt de welvaartsverdeling van huishoudens in de EU-lidstaten onderzocht en wordt de rol van rijkdom in de sociale mobiliteit geanalyseerd. Aan de hand van gegevens uit drie...

30 maart 2021
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

 

 

Eurofound expert(s)

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Christine Aumayr-Pintar is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. Her current research topics include minimum wages, collectively agreed wages and gender...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
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Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (125)

In dit verslag wordt de welvaartsverdeling van huishoudens in de EU-lidstaten onderzocht en wordt de rol van rijkdom in de sociale mobiliteit geanalyseerd. Aan de hand van gegevens uit drie datasets (de enquête naar de financiën en consumptie van huishoudens, de enquête naar gezondheid, vergrijzing

30 March 2021

This publication consists of individual country reports on working life during 2020 for 29 countries – the 27 EU Member States, Norway and the United Kingdom. The country reports summarise first evidence on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on working life based on national research and survey

23 March 2021

Disclaimer: Please note that this report was updated with revised data (specifically for Bulgaria) on 23 March 2021.Met dit verslag wordt beoogd de initiële impact van de COVID-19-crisis op de werkgelegenheid in Europa (tot en met het tweede kwartaal van 2020) te beoordelen, met inbegrip van de

11 March 2021

Closing gender gaps in the labour market by achieving the equal participation of women is among the key objectives of the new Gender Equality Strategy 2020–2025. Despite significant progress in reducing the gender employment gap, it has stagnated over the past few years. Moreover, segregation in

09 December 2020

The EU strives for the upward convergence of its Member States, where their performance improves and gaps between them decrease. Nearly a decade after the Great Recession, the COVID-19 crisis has again put this objective under pressure. This policy brief focuses on convergence in material well-being

08 December 2020

The uneven impact of the 2008–2013 economic crisis on Member States brought upward convergence to the fore in EU political debates. The focus was on orienting social policy towards getting the EU back on track, as encapsulated in the European Pillar of Social Rights. However, the meaning of the conc

30 September 2020

This report presents the findings of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey, carried out by Eurofound to capture the far-reaching implications of the pandemic for the way people live and work across Europe. The survey was fielded online, among respondents who were reached via Eurofound’s

28 September 2020

This report, as part of an annual series on minimum wages, summarises the key developments during 2019 and early 2020 around the EU initiative on fair wages and puts the national debates on setting the rates for 2020 and beyond in this context. The report features how minimum wages were set and the

04 June 2020

In slechts enkele weken tijd heeft de COVID-19-pandemie, veroorzaakt door het nieuwe coronavirus, het leven van mensen over de hele wereld radicaal veranderd. Afgezien van de verwoestende gevolgen voor de gezondheid van personen die rechtstreeks door het virus worden getroffen, heeft de COVID-19

06 May 2020

This report addresses the problem of household over-indebtedness, which is broadly defined as being unable to make payments related to regular commitments.

12 March 2020

Online resources results (889)

Towards adequate minimum wages: Fairness and a decent standard of living

The adequacy of minimum wages established by the EU Minimum Wage Directive shall be assessed on two dimensions: fairness and the provision of a decent standard of living. It is up to the Member States to decide on their approaches to assessing the adequacy of minimum wage levels.

In this special episode of Eurofound Talks for International Women's Day 2024, Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound researchers Carlos Vacas and Barbara Gerstenberger about the gender pay and employment gaps in Europe.

4 maart 2024

Working life in Moldova

Eurofound and the European Training Foundation have developed the first working life country profile for Moldova in recognition of its new status as an EU candidate country. The profile is intended to provide an overview of Moldova’s key socioeconomic characteristics and regulations to serve as a ba

Working life in Georgia

Eurofound and the European Training Foundation have developed the first working life country profile for Georgia, which is an EU candidate country. The profile is intended to provide an overview of Georgia’s key socioeconomic characteristics and regulations to serve as a background for its work t

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Minimum wages in Belgium

Minimum wages in Belgium exist at national and sectoral levels and are the outcome of collective bargaining. The national minimum wage typically lags behind sectoral minimum wages in Belgium, and policymakers have been concerned about the relative decrease in the national minimum wage compared with

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Cyprus introduces a national statutory minimum wage

On 31 August 2022, a new decree on minimum wages was published in Cyprus after a long and arduous process of negotiations and social dialogue. The ministerial decree, which came into effect on 1 January 2023, established a national minimum wage in Cyprus for the first time, a groundbreaking and cont

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Minimum wage debate in Italy

Italy has no minimum wage prescribed by law. Minimum wages are set through collective agreements at sectoral level, and the majority of employees in Italy are covered by a collective bargaining agreement in which wages are set. This article outlines the latest positions (2023) of the government and

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Minimum wage hikes struggle to offset inflation

As the EU economy advanced its recovery following the pandemic, the high rate of inflation throughout 2022 meant that wage setting actors made their decisions under a cloud of uncertainty. While nominal increases in statutory minimum wages reached an all-time high, minimum wage workers in most count

The rise in cost of living and energy poverty: Social impact and policy responses. 14 October 2022, Informal Meeting of Employment and Social Affairs Ministers (EPSCO). Presentation by Ivailo Kalfin, Executive Director, Eurofound.

14 oktober 2022

Blogs results (22)
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Following a sluggish response by many Member States to introduce or modify gender pay transparency measures, as it recommended in 2014, the European Commission intends to table a proposal for EU-level legislation on pay transparency later in 2020. In this context, a new Eurofound study investigated

6 november 2020
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As one of their ‘100 days in office’ initiatives, the new European Commission intends to propose an initiative for an EU minimum wage. The aim is that by 2024 every worker in the EU should earn a fair and adequate wage, no matter where they live.

15 januari 2020
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The Socialist-led Spanish government that emerged last summer had, by the end of 2018, approved a hike in the statutory minimum wage. This was agreed with the left-wing Podemos party as part of an attempt to secure the parliamentary support needed for passing the proposed 2019 budget – although fail

17 juli 2019
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Seniority entitlements have largely been on the decline since the 1990s, and have been gradually phased-out from legislation in Europe, as well as in collective agreements. However, it would be premature to dismiss seniority-based entitlements as a thing of the past, as they remain in force across E

17 april 2019
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One year after Germany’s introduction of the Entgelttransparenzgesetz (Wage Transparency Act), the results are somewhat underwhelming. This law is Germany’s take on the European Commission’s recommendation on introducing pay transparency measures to combat the gender pay gap.

4 februari 2019
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Wages grew and wage inequality fell in most EU countries in 2015. Germany is not one of the countries where wages rose most, but it did have the largest reduction of wage inequality. Our analysis shows that the German minimum wage policy introduced in 2015 strongly lifted the wages of the lowest-pai

14 juni 2018
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Measures to promote gender pay transparency haven’t been delivered yet in half of Europe – making EU level legislative action to speed up implementation an option. In this blog, originally posted in Social Europe, Christine Aumayr-Pintar details what we know about the measures from countries that ha

28 februari 2018
Pay inequalities come back into focus in post-crisis Europe

The ability to make ends meet is a vital issue for many Europeans and an important priority for European policymakers. In the immediate aftermath of the 2008 economic crisis the initial focus was to mitigate and reverse job loss, particularly in the countries most affected. With employment back to p

3 november 2017
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The Great Recession depressed real income levels across European countries. But the impact was very unequal across countries and income groups. Countries in the European periphery have been more affected than those in the core, halting the process of income convergence between European countries tha

23 juni 2017
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EU-wide income inequality declined notably prior to 2008, driven by a strong process of income convergence between European countries. The Great Recession broke this trend. After 2008, income convergence has been sluggish, while inequality within many countries has increased significantly.

21 maart 2017

Data results (4)

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